Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus
Introductory
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Habeck, R. J. 1992. Physocarpus malvaceus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/phymal/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
PHYMAL
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
PHMA5
COMMON NAMES :
mallow ninebark
few-flowered ninebark
mallow ninebark
mallowleaved ninebark
mountain ninebark
ninebark
shallow ninebark
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of mallow ninebark is Physocarpus
malvaceus (Green) Kuntze [17]. There are no recognized subspecies,
varieties, or forms.
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Mallow ninebark generally occurs east of the Cascades, from south-central
British Columbia to central and eastern Washington and Oregon; east to
southwestern Alberta, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah [17].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES25 Larch
FRES28 Western hardwoods
STATES :
ID MT NV OR UT WA WY AB BC
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
KO11 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K063 Foothills prairie
SAF COVER TYPES :
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
217 Aspen
237 Interior ponderosa pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Mallow ninebark occurs in a wide variety of habitat types from cool/moist
subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), grand fir (A. grandis), and Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) to more mesic Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) sites. Mallow ninebark's
associates generally include ocean-spray (Holodiscus discolor), common
snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos
oreophilus), white spirea (Spiraea betulifolia), serviceberry
(Amelanchier alnifolia), Oregon grape (Mahonia repens), and pinegrass
(Calamagrostis rubescens) [8,20,40,45,47].
Publications listing mallow ninebark as an indicator or dominant species in
habitat types (hts), plant associations (pas), or community types (cts)
are as follows:
Area Classification Authority
---- -------------- ---------
c ID forest (hts) Steele and others 1981
c ID forest (hts) Steele & Geier-Hayes 1989
e ID, w WY forest (hts) Steele and others 1983
n ID forest (hts) Cooper and others 1991
MT forest (hts) Pfister and others 1977
w MT forest (hts) Arno and others 1985
OR forest (cts) Cole 1982
OR: Wallowa-Whitman forest (pas) Johnson & Simon 1987
National Forest
n UT forest (hts) Mauk & Henderson 1984
WA forest (hts) Williams & Lillybridge 1983
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Mallow ninebark's importance to livestock and wildlife is generally low to
moderate. In central Idaho and western Montana, the grazing values for
livestock and wildlife are poor to none [35,46]. Mallow ninebark made up only
8 percent of bighorn sheep browse in central Idaho [12].
Wildlife use of mallow ninebark is usually minimal because more palatable
shrubs are commonly associated with it. For up to 3 years following
fire, mallow ninebark sprouts are frequently browsed by deer. Mallow ninebark becomes
a more important browse species on drier sites [38].
PALATABILITY :
Mallow ninebark is generally avoided as browse. In northern Idaho, mallow ninebark
was scarcely browsed when it exhibited a high cover percent [31]. In
cedar/hemlock (Thuja/Tsuga) ecosystems, it was found to be less
palatable than associated browse species [19]. In northern Utah,
however, mule deer browsed on mallow ninebark during the summer months [44].
In northern Idaho, livestock browsing on mallow ninebark seemed to increase its
utilization by producing more palatable stems. Thilenius [48] found
that mallow ninebark became more palatable to white-tailed deer following
browsing by livestock.
The degree of mallow ninebark use shown by livestock and wildlife species
in several western states is rated as follows [3,10]:
Montana Utah British Columbia
------- ---- ----------------
Cattle poor poor ---
Sheep fair fair ---
Horses poor poor ---
Bighorn --- --- poor
Elk --- --- poor
Moose --- --- poor
Mule deer --- --- poor
White-tailed deer --- --- poor
Caribou --- --- poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
In Montana and Utah, mallow ninebark only rated "fair" in energy and protein
values [10].
Mean mineral concentration values of the upper one-third of mallow ninebark's
current annual growth measured over 3 years (1974-76) on burned and
unburned sites on the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho, were as
follows [32]:
N K Mn Cu Mg Ca P Zn Na
% % ppm ppm % % % ppm ppm
------------------------------------------------------------
Burned 1.30 1.60 40 6.50 0.22 1.20 0.30 14 48
Unburned 0.90 1.20 60 5.80 0.20 1.00 0.28 20 53
COVER VALUE :
Mallow ninebark can form dense thickets, which provide good shelter and cover
for a variety of wildlife species from small birds to large mammals.
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
The Soil Conservation Service in Pullman, Washington, has evaluated
mallow ninebark in order to develop this shrub's soil-stabilizing
characteristics for streambank stabilization projects [26]. Results
from this evaluation are not available.
Mallow ninebark suitability ratings for revegetating road cuts in northwestern
Montana are as follows [18]:
Initial(1) Final (2) Natural Soil (4) Composite
Survival Survival Growth Vigor(3) Spread Stabilization Rating
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 8 5 5 0 4 28
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Ratings for each factor are based on a scale from 0 to 10 with 10
being best.
(2) Final survival based on percentage of initial survivors alive after
4 years.
(3) Based on flowering growth rate and appearance.
(4) Based on root system and observed holding power.
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Mallow ninebark decreases the productivity of forest lands by severely
restricting regeneration. Tordon 22K and Tordon 101 have been used
successfully to control this deep-rooted, perennial shrub [41]. Distortion,
curling, and browning of mallow ninebark leaf margins were
noted 1 week after application. At the end of one growing season, there
was almost 100 percent browning and drying of foliage [41].
In northern Idaho, mallow ninebark showed two peaks of apparent susceptibility
to damage from spraying 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T: in June, when the plants
were in bloom, and again in September before leaf drop. Crown kill
averaged 99 and 80 percent respectively. Following these treatments,
sprouts averaged about two per plant. Spraying at these times decreases
mallow ninebark, thereby possibly benefiting associated species [28,36].
Two to three quarts (1.9-2.8 l) of Roundup herbicide with water
top-killed 62 to 80 percent of mallow ninebark foliage when applied during late
foliar development [33]. Mallow ninebark control using Esteron brush killer
achieved best results when this herbicide was mixed with diesel and
sprayed by helicopter from low altitudes [less than 150 feet/(46 m)]
[34].
In many Douglas-fir/mallow ninebark habitat types, pocket gophers have been
identified as a management problem. They apparently damage young pines,
perhaps allowing mallow ninebark communities to outcompete conifer species.
Burning, livestock grazing, and scarification have been attempted to rid
mallow ninebark sites of pocket gophers [46].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
This deciduous shrub is generally 2.0 to 7.0 feet (0.6-2.1 m) tall;
broad stem structure; twigs glabrous; bark shreddy on older branchlets;
inflorescence corymbose [21]. The fruit is an inflated two- to
three-chambered capsule with two to four very small seeds per chamber.
Mallow ninebark leaves are palmately three- to five-lobed, and begin to turn
color as early as late July, becoming brownish-red by early autumn [23].
Mallow ninebark has a horizontal perennating root system, although it is often
called a "rootcrown shrub". Sectioning revealed that its perennating
organ is a rhizome [3].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Seeds, flowering, and fruiting: Flowering dates vary from May to July,
and fruit ripening occurs between late August and early October.
Mallow ninebark averaged 756,000 cleaned seeds per pound (344,000/kg), with a
16 percent soundness value [16]. Mallow ninebark seeds are primarily
transported by gravity. Seeds stored in the soil are 11 percent viable,
and germinate in partial shade on scarified soil [46].
Regeneration following disturbance: In western Montana, Bradley [4]
found mallow ninebark to occur in two forms: singularly or in small clumps of
stems sprouting from one rhizome; or in large groupings with many stems
originating from a number of interlaced rhizomes. External observations
of rhizomes revealed numerous suppressed buds along the entire length of
the axis. One half of the shrubs excavated had stems arising from more
than one section of the rhizome. Presence of buds throughout the
rhizome may permit sprouting at many points given the proper
environmental conditions [4].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Mallow ninebark is most commonly found on hillsides, canyons, and grasslands on
mesic ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir sites [17,23]. It also has been
found on moist slopes and streamsides in mountain-brush, aspen, and
mixed-conifer woodlands at 5,250 to 10,000 feet (1,600-3,000 m)
elevation [37].
Soils: Mallow ninebark is found predominantly on soils with no exposed rocks.
Parent materials range from calcareous/noncalcareous sedimentary rocks
such as limestone, sandstone, and conglomerates, to igneous rock such as
granites and basalts. Soil textures found on mallow ninebark sites range from
sandy loams to silty clay loams. Ash layers have been found on some
loess soils in central Idaho. Surface soil acidity range from pH 5.5 to
7.1. The average duff layer is 2.6 inches (6.5 cm) with an effective
rooting depth generally at 15 inches (38 cm) [8,40,47].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Mallow ninebark is associated with a variety of species through its
successional progression. In early seral stages, mallow ninebark is a part of
communities that reflect great species diversity. This would include
overstory species such as quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), shrub
species like redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus), and numerous
herbaceous species. In mid-seral communities mallow ninebark is associated
mostly with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, shrubs in the Salix and
Prunus genera, and herbs such as penstemon (Penstemon attenuatus) and
Fragaria species. In climax mallow ninebark associations, Douglas-fir is the
dominant overstory species and occurs in pure stands. Shrub layers
become increasingly simple, consisting primarily of Physocarpus,
Symphoricarpos, Amelanchier, and Spiraea. The herbaceous layer decreases
and is generally limited to shade-tolerant rhizomatous species [46].
In the Intermountain West, mallow ninebark forms a union primarily in the
Douglas-fir/mallow ninebark association. In northern Idaho, this association
is generally found between the drier ponderosa pine/Idaho fescue
(Festuca idahoensis) or ponderosa pine/mallow ninebark associations, and the
moister grand fir/mountain lover (Pachistima myrsinites) association
[6].
Mallow ninebark responds to various forms of disturbance such as silvicultural
cutting or wildfire by major vegetative responses. This includes an
increase in coverage from existing plants and vigorous rhizome sprouting
[46]. Mallow ninebark is an obligate pioneer species that predictably
increases rapidly in average height following disturbance. Over time,
as overstory competition increases, the height of mallow ninebark generally
decreases [24].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Mallow ninebark flowering and fruiting dates are as follows [16]:
Flowering Fruit Ripening Seed Dispersal
Site Elevation Dates Dates Dates
--------------- --------- --------- -------------- --------------
Kootenai Co. ID 3200 ft 5/20 - 6/30 August Sept. 15 +
Missoula Co. MT 3200 ft 5/30 - 6/25 8/20 - 9/5 Oct. 10 +
4400 ft 6/20 - 7/10 8/20 - 9/25 Oct. 5 +
5400 ft 6/25 - 7/15 8/20 - 9/30 Oct. 5 +
6400 ft 7/5 - 7/25 9/5 - 9/25 Oct. 10 +
Mallow ninebark shrubs in northern Idaho showed stem elongation 25 days earlier
on southern aspects than on the cooler eastern aspects. From this, it
is hypothesized that stem elongation may be controlled by air
temperature [11].
Seasonal development for mallow ninebark east of the Continental Divide in
Montana and Yellowstone National Park from 1928 to 1937 are as follows
[43]:
Average Earliest Latest Standard Number of
Date Date Date Error Observations
First Appearance May 3 Apr 6 May 20 2 23
Leaves Full Grown June 18 May 17 July 20 3 23
Flowers Start June 13 May 22 June 30 2 24
Flowers End July 6 June 18 July 21 2 24
Fruits Ripe Aug 4 June 16 Sept 9 4 24
Seed Fall Starts Aug 17 July 26 Sept 18 16 3
Leaves Wither Aug 9 July 1 Sept 19 3 24
Leaves Fallen Aug 24 July 23 Sept 26 3 24
First Frost Injury Sept 25 Aug 28 Oct 26 3 24
Major phenological activities of mallow ninebark in northern Idaho are as
follows [36]:
Bud Leafing Stem Fruit Leaf Color Leaf
Year Swell Out Growth Blooming Growth Change Fall
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1971 NA 4/21-5/11 5/4-6/18 5/26-6/18 6/18-NA 9/23 9/23
1972 NA 4/19-5/23 5/6-6/13 5/19-6/13 6/13-NA 9/26 9/26
1973 4/3-4/15 4/23-6/4 5/2-6/4 5/23-6/12 6/19-NA 8/28 10/2
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Mallow ninebark sprouts vigorously following fire. Sprouts originate from
horizontal rhizomes, of which a high proportion are situated in mineral
soil. Mallow ninebark has 36 to 99 percent of its rhizomes buried in mineral
soil, ensuring its potential for survival and sprouting following a
fire. It has been ranked in the highest fire-survival category in a
western Montana study [4,9,14,38].
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
survivor species; on-site surviving rhizomes
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Mallow ninebark is classified as fire resistant [14]. It is, however,
susceptible to death from severe fire temperatures. Roots may be damaged by
moderate to severe fires. Often there is a decrease in aboveground
parts following fire, subsequently delaying regeneration [9,14].
Prefire and postfire measurements of mallow ninebark in central Idaho are as
follows [25]:
Avg. Live Avg. Live Avg. Crown Avg. Dead No. Avg. Sprout
Crown Diameter Crown Height Below 7ft. Crown Basal Height
(ft) (ft) (%) (%) Sprouts (ft)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prefire 2.5 4.5 100.0 20.0 4.0 2.0
Postfire 1.5 3.0 100.0 100.0 21.0 2.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* prefire measurements taken March/1965; postburn measurements taken
August/1965.
** postfire measurements were taken on the part of the plant which
existed before treatment.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Mallow ninebark has been found to be more abundant on burned sites than on
unburned sites. Twig densities on mallow ninebark shrubs increased through the
third postfire growing season in northern Idaho. Shrub heights on
burned and unburned sites were equal by the fourth growing season, while
aboveground biomass of burned shrubs was only 64 percent of that of
unburned shrubs [5,32]. Owens [39] found that the annual twig
production for mallow ninebark increased proportional to the removal of shrub
canopy by fire in northern Idaho.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
The Research Project Summary Understory recovery after low- and high-intensity
fires in northern Idaho ponderosa pine forests provides information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of plant species including mallow ninebark.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
References for species: Physocarpus malvaceus
1. Arno, Stephen F.; Simmerman, Dennis G.; Keane, Robert E. 1986. Characterizing succession within a forest habitat type--an approach designed for resource managers. Res. Note INT-357. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 8 p. [347]
2. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]
3. Blower, Dan. 1982. Key winter forage plants for B.C. ungulates. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Terrestrial Studies Branch. [17065]
4. Bradley, Anne Foster. 1984. Rhizome morphology, soil distribution, and the potential fire survival of eight woody understory species in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 183 p. Thesis. [502]
5. Cattelino, Peter J. 1980. A reference base for vegetative response and species reproductive strategies. Final Report. Supplement No. 10 to Master Memorandum between Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station and Gradient Modeling, Inc. Missoula, MT: Gradient Modeling, Inc. 30 p. [12085]
6. Cholewa, Anita F.; Johnson, Frederic D. 1983. Secondary succession in the Pseudotsuga menziesii/Phyaocarpus malvaceus association. Northwest Science. 57(4): 273-282. [11402]
7. Cole, David N. 1982. Vegetation of two drainages in Eagle Cap Wilderness, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Res. Pap. INT-288. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 42 p. [658]
8. Cooper, Stephen V.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Roberts, David W. 1991. (Rev.) Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-236. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 143 p. [14792]
9. Crane, M. F.; Fischer, William C. 1986. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-218. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 85 p. [5297]
10. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
11. Wagonfehr, Bob. 1987. Chaparral and the Tonto land management plan. In: Wagner, Michael R., ed. Challenges and opportunities in chaparral management: Proceedings of the Southwestern Society of American Foresters annual fall meeting; 1986 November 12-14; Prescott, AZ. SAF Publication No. SAF 87.10. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona State University and the San Francisco Peaks Chapter of the Society of American Foresters: 14. [5654]
12. Elliott, Charles R.; Flinders, Jerran T. 1984. Plant nutrient levels on two summer ranges in the River of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho. The Great Basin Naturalist. 44(1): 621-626. [859]
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14. Fischer, William C.; Bradley, Anne F. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 95 p. [633]
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16. Gill, John D.; Pogge, Franz L. 1974. Physocarpus Maxim. Ninebark. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 584-586. [7727]
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21. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954]
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41. Potter, Dale R. 1968. New herbicide kills ninebark. Research Note INT-75. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station. 2 p. [5399]
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45. Steele, Robert; Cooper, Stephen V.; Ondov, David M.; [and others]. 1983. Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 122 p. [2230]
46. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1989. The Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-252. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 65 p. [8136]
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