Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Carya glabra
Introductory
SPECIES: Carya glabra
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/cargla/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
CARGLA
SYNONYMS :
Carya glabra var. glabra
Carya glabra var. hirsuta (Ashe) Ashe
Carya glabra var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sarg.
Carya leiodermis Sarg.
Carya magnifloridana Murrill
Carya megacarpa Sarg.
Carya microcarpa Nutt.
SCS PLANT CODE :
CAGL8
COMMON NAMES :
pignut hickory
broom hickory
swamp hickory
sweet pignut hickory
smoothbark hickory
coast pignut hickory
pignut
false shagbark
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of pignut hickory is Carya glabra
(P.Mill.) Sweet. (Juglandaceae)[25].
The taxonomic relationship between C. glabra and C. ovalis is
particularly difficult [32], and many taxonomists prefer to treat
these sympatric taxa as a complex [51]. Many intermediates have been reported;
some authorities treat C. ovalis as an interspecific hybrid between C.
glabra and C. ovata [32,51].
Pignut hickory hybridizes with butternut hickory (C.
cordiformis) [54]. Demaree hickory, C. X demareei Palmer, is a hybrid
product of pignut hickory and butternut hickory.
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Carya glabra
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Pignut hickory grows from eastern Maine westward to southern Michigan,
Illinois, and southeastern Iowa [17]. It extends southward to eastern
Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, and eastward to central Florida [17,54].
It is common but not abundant throughout much of eastern North America
[51]. Pignut hickory reaches greatest abundance in the Ohio River Basin
and is the most common hickory of the Appalachian Mountains [51]..
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
STATES :
AL AR CT DE FL GA IA IL IN KY
LA MA MD MI MO NE NH NJ NY NC
OH OK PA RI SC TN VA VT WV
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
NO-ENTRY
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
21 Eastern white pine
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow poplar
59 Yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
64 Sassafras - persimmon
65 Pin oak - sweet gum
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
87 Sweet gum - yellow poplar
88 Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
110 Black oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Pignut hickory codominates certain upland hardwood forests of eastern
North America. Common codominants include white oak (Quercus alba) and
northern red oak (Q. rubra). Pignut hickory is included as a dominant
or indicator in the following community type classifications (cts):
Area Classification Authority
sw OH forest cts Braun 1936
TN general veg. cts Quarterman and others 1972
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Carya glabra
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
Pignut hickory wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and elastic [41,54].
Early uses included broomhandles, skis, wagon wheels and, early
automobile parts [41,54]. Sporting goods, agricultural implements, and
tool handles are made from the wood of pignut hickory [24,41,54].
Specialty products include shuttle blocks, mallets, and mauls [51].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Browse: White-tailed deer occasionally browse pignut hickory, and small
mammals may eat the leaves [51].
Nuts: Pignut hickory nuts provide food for the fox squirrel in many
areas [33] and are preferred by the gray squirrel during fall and winter
in parts of New York [31]. Hickory nuts may comprise up to 10 to 25
percent of squirrel diets in some locations [51]. The eastern chipmunk
relies on hickory nuts for 5 to 10 percent of its diet [51]. Hickory
nuts are also eaten by the black bear, gray fox, raccoon, red squirrel,
pocket mouse, woodrat, and rabbits [27,51]. Hickory nuts are utilized
by black bears at lower elevations in parts of New England during the
fall; the abundance of such mast crops can affect black bear
reproductive success during the following year [12]. Value to fur and
game mammals is good [8].
Hickory nuts are eaten by many birds including the wood duck, ring-necked
pheasant, northern bobwhite, wild turkey, common crow, blue jay,
white-breasted nuthatch, red-bellied woodpecker, and yellow-bellied
sapsucker [37]. The value of hickory nuts to upland game birds and
songbirds is fair [8].
PALATABILITY :
Pignut hickory nuts are highly palatable; browse appears to be of low
palatability.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Browse: The nutrient content of pignut hickory browse varies
seasonally. Mean foliar ash content has been reported as 12.75 percent
in the spring and 11.61 percent during the fall [28].
Nuts: Pignut hickory nuts are high in protein and fats [31]. Crude fat
content may reach 70 to 80 percent in some species of hickory [51].
Nuts are moderate to low in phosphorus, and calcium and very low in
crude fiber [51]. The nuts provide a relatively low rate of energy
uptake for gray squirrels.
COVER VALUE :
Pignut hickory presumably provides cover for a variety of birds and
mammals. Many hickories are used as den trees by several species of
squirrels [8].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Pignut hickory may have potential value for use on some types of
disturbed sites. It recolonizes abandoned strip mines in Maryland and
West Virginia [22].
Pignut hickory can be readily propagated through seed. Cleaned seed
averages 200 per pound (440/kg) [2]. Seed may be planted during the
fall or stratified and planted in the spring. Pignut hickory is
difficult to transplant or to propagate by cuttings [51,54].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Nuts of pignut hickory are large and edible [401 and in some areas are
grown commercially, although they are of minor importance when compared
to shagbark hickory nuts [20].
Pignut hickory is used as a shade tree throughout much of its range
[51].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Insects/disease: Some diseases cause premature nut drop [3]. Insect
and disease damage may be particularly severe and can result in the
death of large tracts of timber during drought years [51].
Damage: Pignut hickory is windfirm and resists ice damage.
Mechanical treatment: Hickories commonly produce epicormic branches or
water sprouts after pruning [7].
Chemical control: Pignut hickory is resistant to most herbicides [39],
but good results have been obtained with Garlon [38,39].
Silviculture: Following timber harvest, most hickory regeneration
develops from advance regeneration [48]. Some advance regeneration may
be mechanically damaged during logging operations, but plants typically
sprout readily and many quickly overtop older residual stems. New
sprouts generally grow rapidly and develop a straight bole and rapid
growth. Sprouts are considered the most desirable hickory regeneration
in new stands. Hickory regeneration following various types of timber
harvest was as follows in an Indiana oak-hickory stand [48]:
clearcut shelterwood med. partial
(percent of total regeneration)
new seedlings 2 2 2
adv. regeneration 30 77 73
new sprouts 56 21 24
stump sprouts 12 0 1
Average early (fifth year) height growth of hickories was greater in
clearcut (11.0 feet [3.4 m]) stands than in selection (2.0 feet [0.6 m])
or shelterwood (3.2 feet [1.0 m]) treatments.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Carya glabra
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Pignut hickory is a slow-growing deciduous tree which reaches 65 to 98
feet (20-30 m) in height and 11 to 39 inches (30-100 cm) in diameter
[10,17,27,54]. On extremely favorable sites, individuals may reach 131
feet (40 m) in height [11]. Pignut hickory is characterized by a narrow
oblong crown and somewhat pendulous branches [54]. The gray bark is
shallowly ridged and furrowed [10,17]. Plants generally possess a
pronounced taproot but few laterals [51].
Pignut hickory is monoecious [51]. Pistillate flowers are borne in two-
to five-flowered spikes [27,54], which develop on the shoots of the
current year [51]. Slender, staminate catkins averaging 2 to 3.1 inch
(5-8 cm) in length are borne from the axils of leaves on the previous
season or from the inner buds of terminal scales on the current year's
growth [17,27,51]. The fruit of pignut hickory is a hard, pear-shaped
nut [10,45]. The nut is thick-shelled and approximately 0.6 to 1.4
inches (1.5-3.5 cm) in length [27,54]. The husk splits about halfway to
the base [10,45]. The small kernel is sweet to bitter [17,54].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Pignut hickory regenerates through seed and by vegetative means.
Seed: Pignut hickory begins producing seed at approximately 30 years of
age; maximum seed production generally occurs between 75 and 200 years
of age [2,51]. Maximum age of seed production is approximately 300
years [51]. Good seed crops occur at 1- or 2-year intervals, but may be
reduced by frost, insects, and seed-eating birds and mammals. Seed is
dispersed by gravity and by birds and mammals [51,57]. Mammals such as
squirrels and chipmunks are typically more effective dispersal agents
than birds [57].
Germination: Seeds of pignut hickory exhibit embryo dormancy that can
be broken by stratification at 33 to 40 degrees F (1-4 deg C) for 30 to
150 days [2]. Seeds rarely remain viable in the forest floor for more
than one winter [51]. Early seedling growth is typically slow.
Vegetative regeneration: Pignut hickory sprouts from the root or stump
after plants are cut or top-killed by fire. Smalley [51] reported that
sprouting "is not as prolific as in other deciduous tree species but
sprouts that are produced are vigorous and grow rapidly in height."
Sprouts may be killed by drought, frost, fire, or herbivory, but roots
often survive and sprout from dormant buds located near the root collar
or lower part of the stem [48]. Smaller diameter pignut hickories
typically sprout more frequently than do larger trees. Sprouts that
originate at or below the ground level tend to be less subject to decay
than those that originate higher on the trees [51].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Pignut hickory grows in mesic to xeric mixed woodlands, bottomland
woodlands, wet hammocks, on stable dunes, and rocky hillsides
[10,11,17,40]. It is a common component of southern mixed hardwood
forests, flatwoods, and eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)
[18,40,42]. It is also common but rarely abundant in oak-hickory
forests [51].
Plant associates: Various oaks, including post oak (Quercus stellata),
southern red oak (Q. falcata), black oak (Q. velutinus), northern red
oak, white oak, chestnut oak (Q. prinus), and blackjack oak (Q.
marilandica), are common overstory associates [18,45]. Shortleaf pine
(Pinus echinata), loblolly pine (P. taeda), bald cypress (Taxodium
distichum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and water tupelo (Nyssa
aquatica) also grow with pignut hickory [50]. Southern magnolia
(Magnolia grandiflora), cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), and redbay
(Persea borbonia) are particularly common overstory associates in the
South [8,50], whereas sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (A.
rubrum), black birch (Betula lenta), and yellow birch (B.
alleghaniensis) frequently grow with pignut hickory in the northern
portion of its range [15,24,59].
Understory associates of pignut hickory are both numerous and diverse
and vary according to site and location [51]. In portions of the South,
flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum),
muscadine grape (Vitus rotundifolia), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.),
rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.), and common greenbrier (Smilax
rotundifolia) are common associates [5].
Climate: Pignut hickory occurs in a humid climatic regime [51].
Soils: Pignut hickory grows best on light, well-drained, loamy soils
[41]. Soil fertility is variable [51]. It occurs on soils derived from
a variety of metamorphic and sedimentary parent materials including
limestone, granitic-basic and mica schist-phyllite, glacial till, and
shale [17,18,51].
Elevation: Generalized elevational ranges by geographic location are as
follows:
Elevation Location Authority
> 2,952 feet (> 900 m) s Appalachians Duncan and Duncan 1988
< 2,500-3,000 feet (763-915 m)Great Smoky Mtns. Whittaker 1954
up to 4,850 ft (1,480 m) Great Smoky Mtns Smalley 1991
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Pignut hickory is tolerant of shade in the Southeast, but relatively
intolerant in the northeastern portion of its range [51]. It grows as a
common codominant in climax communities of the North Carolina Plain [43]
and occurs in climax hammock communities of Florida [14,53]. In parts
of Florida, early seral pine-oak-hickory forests are replaced by mature
oak-hickory stands [30]. Species such as southern magnolia, beech,
cabbage palmetto, and redbay may ultimately assume prominence, but
long-lived dominants such as pignut hickory commonly persist in climax
stands [9]. Pignut hickory grows in climax white oak-hickory forests of
southwestern Ohio, in old-growth oak-hickory forests of southern
Michigan, and in low-elevation climax stands in parts of the southern
Appalachians [4,21,59].
Heavy-seeded species such as pignut hickory are generally slow to invade
new areas [18]. However, pignut hickory, along with various oaks
(northern red oak, black oak, white oak), may replace early seral gray
birch (Betula populifolia)-eastern redcedar stands in oldfield
communities of New York [47]. More shade-tolerant species such as red
maple (Acer rubrum) may ultimately replace oak and hickory. In some
portions of the Appalachian Highlands, hickory may ultimately replace
chestnut killed by chestnut blight [51].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Across most of its range, pignut hickory flowers in April or May [2].
Staminate flowers typically develop before the pistillate flowers [51].
Fruit ripens during September or October as the husk splits part way to
the base [2,27]. Seed dispersal occurs from September through December
[51]. Flowering and fruit ripening dates by geographic location are as
follows:
Location Flowering Fruiting Authority
se U.S. April-May ---- Duncan & Duncan 1988
SW April-May Sept.-Oct. Vines 1960
New England May 17-June 23 ---- Seymour 1985
NC, SC April-May October Radford and others 1968
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Carya glabra
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Periodic fires favor oaks over less fire-resistant species such as
hickories [23]. In the Northeast, reduced fire frequencies may have
resulted in the conversion of oak-hickory forests to mixed mesophytic
stands [56]. Fire suppression may have favored both hickories and beech
throughout much of the Southeast. In the Great Smoky Mountains, fire
suppression since the 1940's has allowed pignut hickory to reach
fire-resistant sizes [23].
Pignut hickory commonly sprouts from the root crown or stem base after
aboveground foliage is killed by fire. Seedling establishment may also
occur as birds and mammals transport seed from off-site.
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Carya glabra
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Pignut hickory is readily damaged by fire [51], but the specific effects
of fire vary with topography, slope, aspect, and season of burn [34].
Seedlings are often top-killed by fire [35,48], while larger trees with
thicker bark tend to be somewhat more resistant to fire. Ward and
Stephens [56] reported that postfire mortality of hickory saplings was
much greater than for sawtimber. Fires which occur when hickories are
dormant tend to be less damaging [34].
The tight, solid bark of hickories tends to be more severely scarred by
fire than the rough or corky bark of other species [26]. Once
fire-scarred, trees often succumb to rot or fungi.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Hickories often sprout from the base after plants are top-killed by fire
[35]. Seedlings commonly sprout from dormant buds located on the root
collar or lower part of the stem [48]. Postfire increases in stem
density have been reported, but recovery may be relatively slow [56].
Some seedling establishment may also occur.
Origin of postfire ingrowth was reported as follows after a late summer
wildfire in a mixed hardwood stand of Connecticut [56]:
sprout nonsprout
(# of sprouts per ha)
burned 4 9
unburned 105 162
Stems of sprout origin accounted for 31 percent of the total on unburned
sites and 39 percent on burned plots [56]. Postfire increases in stem
numbers are often described as "long-term." Fifty-five years after a
summer wildfire, Ward and Stephens [56] reported greater "relative and
absolute levels" of hickories on burned than on unburned plots.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Wildlife considerations: Scattered surviving hickories often develop
large crowns and produce good nut crops. These trees may be
particularly valuable for wildlife [35].
Mortality: Equations developed for black oak may be used to predict
fire-caused mortality in pignut hickory [34].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Carya glabra
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