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SPECIES:  Carya glabra

Introductory

SPECIES: Carya glabra
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/cargla/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION : CARGLA SYNONYMS : Carya glabra var. glabra Carya glabra var. hirsuta (Ashe) Ashe Carya glabra var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sarg. Carya leiodermis Sarg. Carya magnifloridana Murrill Carya megacarpa Sarg. Carya microcarpa Nutt. SCS PLANT CODE : CAGL8 COMMON NAMES : pignut hickory broom hickory swamp hickory sweet pignut hickory smoothbark hickory coast pignut hickory pignut false shagbark TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name of pignut hickory is Carya glabra (P.Mill.) Sweet. (Juglandaceae)[25]. The taxonomic relationship between C. glabra and C. ovalis is particularly difficult [32], and many taxonomists prefer to treat these sympatric taxa as a complex [51]. Many intermediates have been reported; some authorities treat C. ovalis as an interspecific hybrid between C. glabra and C. ovata [32,51]. Pignut hickory hybridizes with butternut hickory (C. cordiformis) [54]. Demaree hickory, C. X demareei Palmer, is a hybrid product of pignut hickory and butternut hickory. LIFE FORM : Tree FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY


DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Carya glabra
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Pignut hickory grows from eastern Maine westward to southern Michigan, Illinois, and southeastern Iowa [17]. It extends southward to eastern Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, and eastward to central Florida [17,54]. It is common but not abundant throughout much of eastern North America [51]. Pignut hickory reaches greatest abundance in the Ohio River Basin and is the most common hickory of the Appalachian Mountains [51].. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES10 White - red - jack pine FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine FRES14 Oak - pine FRES15 Oak - hickory FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress FRES18 Maple - beech - birch STATES : AL AR CT DE FL GA IA IL IN KY LA MA MD MI MO NE NH NJ NY NC OH OK PA RI SC TN VA VT WV BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : NO-ENTRY KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K100 Oak - hickory forest K103 Mixed mesophytic forest K104 Appalachian oak forest K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest K112 Southern mixed forest SAF COVER TYPES : 21 Eastern white pine 40 Post oak - blackjack oak 42 Bur oak 43 Bear oak 44 Chestnut oak 45 Pitch pine 46 Eastern redcedar 51 White pine - chestnut oak 52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak 53 White oak 55 Northern red oak 57 Yellow poplar 59 Yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak 60 Beech - sugar maple 64 Sassafras - persimmon 65 Pin oak - sweet gum 75 Shortleaf pine 76 Shortleaf pine - oak 78 Virginia pine - oak 79 Virginia pine 80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine 81 Loblolly pine 82 Loblolly pine - hardwood 83 Longleaf pine - slash pine 87 Sweet gum - yellow poplar 88 Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak 91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak 110 Black oak SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Pignut hickory codominates certain upland hardwood forests of eastern North America. Common codominants include white oak (Quercus alba) and northern red oak (Q. rubra). Pignut hickory is included as a dominant or indicator in the following community type classifications (cts): Area Classification Authority sw OH forest cts Braun 1936 TN general veg. cts Quarterman and others 1972

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

SPECIES: Carya glabra
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : Pignut hickory wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and elastic [41,54]. Early uses included broomhandles, skis, wagon wheels and, early automobile parts [41,54]. Sporting goods, agricultural implements, and tool handles are made from the wood of pignut hickory [24,41,54]. Specialty products include shuttle blocks, mallets, and mauls [51]. IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Browse: White-tailed deer occasionally browse pignut hickory, and small mammals may eat the leaves [51]. Nuts: Pignut hickory nuts provide food for the fox squirrel in many areas [33] and are preferred by the gray squirrel during fall and winter in parts of New York [31]. Hickory nuts may comprise up to 10 to 25 percent of squirrel diets in some locations [51]. The eastern chipmunk relies on hickory nuts for 5 to 10 percent of its diet [51]. Hickory nuts are also eaten by the black bear, gray fox, raccoon, red squirrel, pocket mouse, woodrat, and rabbits [27,51]. Hickory nuts are utilized by black bears at lower elevations in parts of New England during the fall; the abundance of such mast crops can affect black bear reproductive success during the following year [12]. Value to fur and game mammals is good [8]. Hickory nuts are eaten by many birds including the wood duck, ring-necked pheasant, northern bobwhite, wild turkey, common crow, blue jay, white-breasted nuthatch, red-bellied woodpecker, and yellow-bellied sapsucker [37]. The value of hickory nuts to upland game birds and songbirds is fair [8]. PALATABILITY : Pignut hickory nuts are highly palatable; browse appears to be of low palatability. NUTRITIONAL VALUE : Browse: The nutrient content of pignut hickory browse varies seasonally. Mean foliar ash content has been reported as 12.75 percent in the spring and 11.61 percent during the fall [28]. Nuts: Pignut hickory nuts are high in protein and fats [31]. Crude fat content may reach 70 to 80 percent in some species of hickory [51]. Nuts are moderate to low in phosphorus, and calcium and very low in crude fiber [51]. The nuts provide a relatively low rate of energy uptake for gray squirrels. COVER VALUE : Pignut hickory presumably provides cover for a variety of birds and mammals. Many hickories are used as den trees by several species of squirrels [8]. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Pignut hickory may have potential value for use on some types of disturbed sites. It recolonizes abandoned strip mines in Maryland and West Virginia [22]. Pignut hickory can be readily propagated through seed. Cleaned seed averages 200 per pound (440/kg) [2]. Seed may be planted during the fall or stratified and planted in the spring. Pignut hickory is difficult to transplant or to propagate by cuttings [51,54]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : Nuts of pignut hickory are large and edible [401 and in some areas are grown commercially, although they are of minor importance when compared to shagbark hickory nuts [20]. Pignut hickory is used as a shade tree throughout much of its range [51]. OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Insects/disease: Some diseases cause premature nut drop [3]. Insect and disease damage may be particularly severe and can result in the death of large tracts of timber during drought years [51]. Damage: Pignut hickory is windfirm and resists ice damage. Mechanical treatment: Hickories commonly produce epicormic branches or water sprouts after pruning [7]. Chemical control: Pignut hickory is resistant to most herbicides [39], but good results have been obtained with Garlon [38,39]. Silviculture: Following timber harvest, most hickory regeneration develops from advance regeneration [48]. Some advance regeneration may be mechanically damaged during logging operations, but plants typically sprout readily and many quickly overtop older residual stems. New sprouts generally grow rapidly and develop a straight bole and rapid growth. Sprouts are considered the most desirable hickory regeneration in new stands. Hickory regeneration following various types of timber harvest was as follows in an Indiana oak-hickory stand [48]: clearcut shelterwood med. partial (percent of total regeneration) new seedlings 2 2 2 adv. regeneration 30 77 73 new sprouts 56 21 24 stump sprouts 12 0 1 Average early (fifth year) height growth of hickories was greater in clearcut (11.0 feet [3.4 m]) stands than in selection (2.0 feet [0.6 m]) or shelterwood (3.2 feet [1.0 m]) treatments.

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Carya glabra
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Pignut hickory is a slow-growing deciduous tree which reaches 65 to 98 feet (20-30 m) in height and 11 to 39 inches (30-100 cm) in diameter [10,17,27,54]. On extremely favorable sites, individuals may reach 131 feet (40 m) in height [11]. Pignut hickory is characterized by a narrow oblong crown and somewhat pendulous branches [54]. The gray bark is shallowly ridged and furrowed [10,17]. Plants generally possess a pronounced taproot but few laterals [51]. Pignut hickory is monoecious [51]. Pistillate flowers are borne in two- to five-flowered spikes [27,54], which develop on the shoots of the current year [51]. Slender, staminate catkins averaging 2 to 3.1 inch (5-8 cm) in length are borne from the axils of leaves on the previous season or from the inner buds of terminal scales on the current year's growth [17,27,51]. The fruit of pignut hickory is a hard, pear-shaped nut [10,45]. The nut is thick-shelled and approximately 0.6 to 1.4 inches (1.5-3.5 cm) in length [27,54]. The husk splits about halfway to the base [10,45]. The small kernel is sweet to bitter [17,54]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Pignut hickory regenerates through seed and by vegetative means. Seed: Pignut hickory begins producing seed at approximately 30 years of age; maximum seed production generally occurs between 75 and 200 years of age [2,51]. Maximum age of seed production is approximately 300 years [51]. Good seed crops occur at 1- or 2-year intervals, but may be reduced by frost, insects, and seed-eating birds and mammals. Seed is dispersed by gravity and by birds and mammals [51,57]. Mammals such as squirrels and chipmunks are typically more effective dispersal agents than birds [57]. Germination: Seeds of pignut hickory exhibit embryo dormancy that can be broken by stratification at 33 to 40 degrees F (1-4 deg C) for 30 to 150 days [2]. Seeds rarely remain viable in the forest floor for more than one winter [51]. Early seedling growth is typically slow. Vegetative regeneration: Pignut hickory sprouts from the root or stump after plants are cut or top-killed by fire. Smalley [51] reported that sprouting "is not as prolific as in other deciduous tree species but sprouts that are produced are vigorous and grow rapidly in height." Sprouts may be killed by drought, frost, fire, or herbivory, but roots often survive and sprout from dormant buds located near the root collar or lower part of the stem [48]. Smaller diameter pignut hickories typically sprout more frequently than do larger trees. Sprouts that originate at or below the ground level tend to be less subject to decay than those that originate higher on the trees [51]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Pignut hickory grows in mesic to xeric mixed woodlands, bottomland woodlands, wet hammocks, on stable dunes, and rocky hillsides [10,11,17,40]. It is a common component of southern mixed hardwood forests, flatwoods, and eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) [18,40,42]. It is also common but rarely abundant in oak-hickory forests [51]. Plant associates: Various oaks, including post oak (Quercus stellata), southern red oak (Q. falcata), black oak (Q. velutinus), northern red oak, white oak, chestnut oak (Q. prinus), and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), are common overstory associates [18,45]. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), loblolly pine (P. taeda), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) also grow with pignut hickory [50]. Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), and redbay (Persea borbonia) are particularly common overstory associates in the South [8,50], whereas sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (A. rubrum), black birch (Betula lenta), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis) frequently grow with pignut hickory in the northern portion of its range [15,24,59]. Understory associates of pignut hickory are both numerous and diverse and vary according to site and location [51]. In portions of the South, flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), muscadine grape (Vitus rotundifolia), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.), and common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) are common associates [5]. Climate: Pignut hickory occurs in a humid climatic regime [51]. Soils: Pignut hickory grows best on light, well-drained, loamy soils [41]. Soil fertility is variable [51]. It occurs on soils derived from a variety of metamorphic and sedimentary parent materials including limestone, granitic-basic and mica schist-phyllite, glacial till, and shale [17,18,51]. Elevation: Generalized elevational ranges by geographic location are as follows: Elevation Location Authority > 2,952 feet (> 900 m) s Appalachians Duncan and Duncan 1988 < 2,500-3,000 feet (763-915 m)Great Smoky Mtns. Whittaker 1954 up to 4,850 ft (1,480 m) Great Smoky Mtns Smalley 1991 SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Pignut hickory is tolerant of shade in the Southeast, but relatively intolerant in the northeastern portion of its range [51]. It grows as a common codominant in climax communities of the North Carolina Plain [43] and occurs in climax hammock communities of Florida [14,53]. In parts of Florida, early seral pine-oak-hickory forests are replaced by mature oak-hickory stands [30]. Species such as southern magnolia, beech, cabbage palmetto, and redbay may ultimately assume prominence, but long-lived dominants such as pignut hickory commonly persist in climax stands [9]. Pignut hickory grows in climax white oak-hickory forests of southwestern Ohio, in old-growth oak-hickory forests of southern Michigan, and in low-elevation climax stands in parts of the southern Appalachians [4,21,59]. Heavy-seeded species such as pignut hickory are generally slow to invade new areas [18]. However, pignut hickory, along with various oaks (northern red oak, black oak, white oak), may replace early seral gray birch (Betula populifolia)-eastern redcedar stands in oldfield communities of New York [47]. More shade-tolerant species such as red maple (Acer rubrum) may ultimately replace oak and hickory. In some portions of the Appalachian Highlands, hickory may ultimately replace chestnut killed by chestnut blight [51]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Across most of its range, pignut hickory flowers in April or May [2]. Staminate flowers typically develop before the pistillate flowers [51]. Fruit ripens during September or October as the husk splits part way to the base [2,27]. Seed dispersal occurs from September through December [51]. Flowering and fruit ripening dates by geographic location are as follows: Location Flowering Fruiting Authority se U.S. April-May ---- Duncan & Duncan 1988 SW April-May Sept.-Oct. Vines 1960 New England May 17-June 23 ---- Seymour 1985 NC, SC April-May October Radford and others 1968

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Carya glabra
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Periodic fires favor oaks over less fire-resistant species such as hickories [23]. In the Northeast, reduced fire frequencies may have resulted in the conversion of oak-hickory forests to mixed mesophytic stands [56]. Fire suppression may have favored both hickories and beech throughout much of the Southeast. In the Great Smoky Mountains, fire suppression since the 1940's has allowed pignut hickory to reach fire-resistant sizes [23]. Pignut hickory commonly sprouts from the root crown or stem base after aboveground foliage is killed by fire. Seedling establishment may also occur as birds and mammals transport seed from off-site. FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes". POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : survivor species; on-site surviving root crown off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Carya glabra
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Pignut hickory is readily damaged by fire [51], but the specific effects of fire vary with topography, slope, aspect, and season of burn [34]. Seedlings are often top-killed by fire [35,48], while larger trees with thicker bark tend to be somewhat more resistant to fire. Ward and Stephens [56] reported that postfire mortality of hickory saplings was much greater than for sawtimber. Fires which occur when hickories are dormant tend to be less damaging [34]. The tight, solid bark of hickories tends to be more severely scarred by fire than the rough or corky bark of other species [26]. Once fire-scarred, trees often succumb to rot or fungi. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Hickories often sprout from the base after plants are top-killed by fire [35]. Seedlings commonly sprout from dormant buds located on the root collar or lower part of the stem [48]. Postfire increases in stem density have been reported, but recovery may be relatively slow [56]. Some seedling establishment may also occur. Origin of postfire ingrowth was reported as follows after a late summer wildfire in a mixed hardwood stand of Connecticut [56]: sprout nonsprout (# of sprouts per ha) burned 4 9 unburned 105 162 Stems of sprout origin accounted for 31 percent of the total on unburned sites and 39 percent on burned plots [56]. Postfire increases in stem numbers are often described as "long-term." Fifty-five years after a summer wildfire, Ward and Stephens [56] reported greater "relative and absolute levels" of hickories on burned than on unburned plots. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Wildlife considerations: Scattered surviving hickories often develop large crowns and produce good nut crops. These trees may be particularly valuable for wildlife [35]. Mortality: Equations developed for black oak may be used to predict fire-caused mortality in pignut hickory [34].

REFERENCES

SPECIES: Carya glabra
REFERENCES : 1. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 2. Bonner, F. T.; Maisenhelder, L. C. 1974. Carya Nutt. hickory. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 269-272. [7571] 3. Boucher, Douglas H.; Sork, Victoria L. 1979. Early drop of nuts in response to insect infestation. Oikos. 33(3): 440-443. [13297] 4. Braun, E. Lucy. 1936. Forests of the Illinoian till plain of southwestern Ohio. Ecological Monographs. 6(1): 91-149. [8379] 5. Braun, E. Lucy. 1942. Forests of the Cumberland Mountains. Ecological Monographs. 12(4): 413-447. [9258] 6. Braun, E. Lucy. 1961. The woody plants of Ohio. 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