Outdoor Safety & Ethics

While not commonly seen, black bears now live in southern Missouri! When visiting the Mark Twain National Forest, it is important to take appropriate safety precautions. We can avoid conflicts with bears by never approaching or feeding them. Human behavior plays a significant role in the behavior of bears. Remember: You are responsible for your safety.

• Keep a clean site by properly disposing of food scraps and garbage;
• Do not leave food or garbage inside fire rings, grills or around your site;
• Never leave food or coolers unattended;
• Where bear-proof containers are not available, store food and garbage inside a vehicle or camper trailer; or hang it at least 10' off the ground.
• Never store food inside your tent;
• Wipe tabletops clean before vacating your site;
• If a bear is observed nearby, pack up your food and trash immediately;
• If a bear approaches you, move away slowly and get into a vehicle or secure area.

• Putting trash in the bear-resistant trash can provided.
• Taking food and trash with you when you leave
• Hanging food and trash from a tree, out of a bears reach
• Storing food and trash inside a closed vehicle with a hard top.

• Hang food, garbage and anything with strong odors (toothpaste, bug repellent, soap, etc.) at least 10 feet off the ground and 4 feet from a tree or limb; use special food storage boxes and cable systems if available;
• Eat and cook food at least 100 yards away from your tent; do not sleep in the clothes you cook in;
• Avoid camping and hiking alone in backcountry;
• Make noise to avoid surprising a bear;
• Never approach a bear or other wild animal;
• Keep dogs and other pets under control, or leave them at home;
• Do not hike in the dark;
• If a bear approaches you, back away slowly; do not run;
• Carry EPA registered bear pepper spray;
• Pack out trash; do not bury it.

• Let someone know where you are going and when you plan to return;
• Hike with a group;
• Carry EPA registered bear pepper spray;
• Read all signs at the trailhead;
• Keep children close at hand;
• Make your presence known by making some noise;
• Hike during daylight hours and stay on the trail;
• Watch for bear signs: scat, claw marks, digging, logs or stumps torn apart, etc;
• Avoid taking pets; they may attract bears to you.

Special thanks to the Center for Wildlife Information and BeBearAware.org for this information. Visit  www.bebearaware.org  for more safety tips concerning bears.

Our national forests are a refuge for wild animals, including dangerous animals like bears and venomous snakes. Wild animals can be upset by human presence and can unexpectedly become aggressive. Do not give them a reason or an opportunity to attack. Always keep your distance. Your safety is your responsibility.

While the percentage of deer collisions resulting in a fatality is relatively low, it is extremely important to recognize this risk.

The largest number of deer collisions take place in October, November and December. The three months see a huge increase in deer activity because it their breeding season.

• Keep a close watch for deer at dawn and dusk. Deer are most active during these times.
• Be especially alert and drive with caution. Be on the lookout for deer crossing signs and slow down.
• Be aware of your surroundings, just because you don’t see a deer crossing sign posted, it doesn’t mean deer won’t unexpectedly appear.
• Flash your lights or honk your horn to frighten deer away from the side of the road.
• When you encounter deer along the roadside, turn on your emergency lights to let other motorists know about the potential danger.
• Use your high-beam headlights when there is no opposing traffic. The headlight beam will illuminate the eyes of deer and provide greater driver reaction time.
• Upon seeing a deer, immediately slow down. Do not swerve - because this can confuse deer as to where to run. It could also cause you to lose control and hit a tree or another car.
• If you can’t avoid the accident, then just hit the deer while maintaining control of your vehicle. Some experts say that if such a collision is inevitable, you should avoid braking at impact so that the deer may pass underneath your car as opposed to hitting the windshield.
• Look for other deer after one has crossed the road. Deer commonly travel in groups, so the probability is high that other deer will be in front of or behind the one you’ve seen.
• Don’t rely on hood-mounted deer whistles and other devices to scare away deer.
• Always wear your seatbelt. Most people injured and/or killed in deer - automobile collisions were not wearing their seat belt.
• Finally, remember to ... SLOW DOWN FOR WILDLIFE!

If you are unable to avoid a collision with a deer, take the following steps:

• Do not touch the animal! The deer, in attempting to move or get away, could hurt you or itself.
• Remove your automobile from the roadway, if possible.
• Call the police.

Taking your dog camping or hiking can be a great experience for both of you, if you are prepared and he is under control. Your dog will be fascinated by new sights, sounds and smells, and you'll love sharing your love of the great outdoors with your best friend.

Is your dog up to it physically? In an outdoor environment, your dog will most likely experience an increase in his physical activity, and the terrain may be dramatically different from what he's used to (steep hills, rocky paths, etc.)

Consider his personality. While you might not be bothered by your dog's early morning barking, your fellow campers might be.

Make sure vaccinations are up to date. Talk to your vet about giving your dog a lyme vaccination in case he comes in contact with ticks, or heartworm medication.

Bring the leash. There will be times when you need to keep your dog on a leash, especially when you're in a developed recreation site, close to other campers, or in an area where your dog could wander off a path and encounter less than friendly wildlife.

If you're hiking in terrain with cliffs, canyons, big rocks or other challenging conditions, it may be safest to attach the leash to a sturdy harness instead of to a neck collar.

Many dogs have no concept of heights.

Keep your dog close to you.

Make sure your dog has his identification tags, and bring along a recent photo should you need it in the event your dog goes missing.

Carry a pet first aid kit, and be prepared for medical emergencies, including snake bites.

• Make sure you pack plenty of water.
• Bring along your dog's brush or comb and groom your dog, checking carefully for ticks.
• Bring your vet’s phone number, and the number of a vet that's close to your camping area.
• Pack plenty of plastic bags so you can clean up after your dog.
• Never leave your dog outside alone.
• Don't leave your dog's food out in the open when he's not eating it. It could attract unwanted insects or wildlife.
• Keep your dog quiet. Frequent and continued barking disturbs the wildlife and other campers.
• Try to get a site with some shade for your dog.

Note: Our national forests provide habitat for many wild animals, including dangerous animals like bears and venomous snakes. Always keep your distance; wild animals can be upset by human presence and can unexpectedly become aggressive. Keep your dog on a leash. Your safety is your responsibility.

Our national forests are home to many wild animals, but they have become home to other animals as well, including feral hogs. Hogs are considered feral (or wild) when they are not marked to show ownership and are roaming freely. Missouri’s feral hogs have originated from a variety of sources such as escapes from “on-the-ground” hog operations, released pets (potbellied pigs) and accidental escapes from licensed shooting preserves that offer hog hunts. Feral hogs are established in more than 20 of Missouri’s 114 counties, predominantly in the southern half of the state. Feral hogs cause a wide variety of problems and are a serious concern for private landowners, fish and wildlife managers, and nature enthusiasts of all kinds.

Whether a 300-400 lb. boar with 4 inch tusks, or a sow with pigs, these animals are formidable and will attack people. Recreationists have been treed by aggressive sows who sense that their piglets are in danger. Although most hogs run away at the sight of people, they can be upset by human presence, can unexpectedly become aggressive, and have been known to charge. Do not give them a reason or an opportunity to attack. As with other large animals, be alert for signs of feral hogs, know where they are and what they are doing, and always keep your distance. Avoid surprising them, or getting between a sow and her piglets. Plan your escape route, and be willing to backtrack rather than getting too close.

Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) asks that all feral hog sightings are reported. Reporting sightings helps with the ongoing interagency eradication efforts by increasing the effectiveness of trapping. An effective trap can eliminate many breeding pairs of hogs; whereas shooting one feral hog can cause the rest of the sounder to scatter.

Feral hogs are not wildlife and are a serious threat to fish, forests and wildlife as well as agricultural resources. Economic losses resulting from feral hog damage in the U.S. is estimated at greater than $1.5 billion per year. Feral hogs damage property, agriculture, and natural resources by their aggressive rooting of soil in addition to their trampling and consumption of crops as part of their daily search for food.

Feral hogs have expanded their range in the U.S. from 17 to 38 states over the past 30 years. Their populations grow rapidly because feral hogs can breed any time of year and produce two litters of one to seven piglets every 12 to 15 months. Feral hogs are also known to carry diseases such as swine brucellosis, pseudorabies, trichinosis and leptospirosis, which are a threat to Missouri agriculture and human health.

To report feral hog sightings or damage, go online to www.mdc.mo.gov/feralhog.

Missouri has 46 species and subspecies of snakes, most of which are harmless. Though they may bite in self-defense, they produce only scratches or very small bite-marks.

There are only 5 species of venomous snakes in Missouri, all of which are pit vipers, which means that they have a sensory pit on each side of their head. They also have a pair of hollow fangs at the front of their upper jaw, and vertical pupils (like a cat).

The venomous snakes in Missouri are: copperheads, western cottonmouths or water moccasins, timber rattlesnakes, eastern massasauga rattlesnakes, and western pigmy rattlesnakes.

Learn about Missouri's snakes at  Missouri Department of Conservation.  

And always keep your distance from any snake you cannot identify; your safety is your responsibility.

Familiarize yourself with the snakes of the area, both venomous and non-venomous species, before venturing out into the forest.

• Learn which habitats the venomous species are most likely to be encountered in, and use extra caution in those habitats.
• Take a buddy into the field with you.
• Wear boots and loose-fitting pants or snake leggings if you are venturing into venomous snake territory.
• Always be alert and try not to take a snake by surprise. Stay on trails, and watch where you place your hands and feet, especially when climbing or stepping over fences, large rocks, and logs, or when collecting firewood.

Venomous snakebites are rare, and they are rarely fatal to humans. Of the 8,000 snakebite victims in the United States each year, fewer than 10 die. For any venomous snakebite, or bite of a snake that you think might be venomous, get medical care as soon as possible.

• Try to keep the snakebite victim still and calm, and keep the injured body part motionless below heart level.
• Transport him or her immediately to medical care. Do not allow him to eat or drink anything.
• If medical care is more than half an hour away, wrap a bandage a few inches above the bite, keeping it loose enough to enable blood flow (you should be able to fit a finger beneath it). Do not cut off blood flow with a tight tourniquet. Leave the bandage in place until reaching medical care.
• If you have a snakebite kit, wash the bite, and place the kit's suction device over the bite. (Do not suck the poison out with your mouth.) Do not remove the suction device until you reach a medical facility.
• Try to identify the snake so the proper antivenin can be administered, but do not waste time or endanger yourself trying to capture or kill it.
• If you are alone and on foot, start walking slowly toward help, exerting the injured area as little as possible.

Our national forests provides habitat for wild animals, including dangerous animals like bears and venomous snakes. Wild animals can be upset by human presence and can unexpectedly become aggressive. Do not give them a reason or an opportunity to attack. Always keep your distance. Your safety is your responsibility.

Animals that live in this forest are wild, even though they may look or act tame. Wildlife experts recommend keeping at least 100 yards away from bears and 25 yards from other large animals.

The consequences of approaching wildlife can be serious. You are responsible for your own safety as well as the safety of wildlife. Wild animals should be allowed to forage for food, care for their young, sleep and play without human disturbance.

• Run into traffic and get hit by vehicles.
• Lose footing on cliffs and fall.
• Be separated from their young or forced to abandon their nests or dens.
• Become more vulnerable to predators because they are distracted by people or acquire a human scent.
• Abandon an important food source, reducing their chances for survival.

Wild animals, especially bears, should never be allowed to obtain human food or garbage. Wild animals that receive these "food rewards" just once may become aggressive toward humans. To protect people and their property, these animals may be destroyed by wildlife managers. Keep human food and garbage away from all wildlife.

• Animals fed along roads tend to stay near the road, increasing the chances of vehicle-animal accidents.
• Animals used to human food may eat aluminum foil, plastic, or other wrappings. These can severely damage animals’ digestive systems and may even cause death.
• Human food may cause tooth decay, ulcers, malformation of horns, arthritis, or other disease in wild animals.
• Animals may try to eat any item with an odor. Do not leave boxes, wrappers, plastics, or cans of any type where animals can get them. Litter can harm animals!

Approaching or feeding wild animals is never appropriate. Giving food to, or approaching wild animals not only interferes with their natural activity, it is the leading cause of conflicts, which result in serious injury or death to both people and animals.

Many wildland visitors mistakenly believe that there are specific gestures and warning signals wild animals make that will give people time to retreat to safety. Wild animals are individualistic and unpredictable. Animals that ignore you, look calm, or appear friendly may suddenly and without warning charge or strike out.

Human injury often occurs when an animal responds to a perceived threat with instinctive "fight or flight" behavior-people get injured simply because they are in the animal’s way. A car horn, barking dog, or excited children can trigger an animal into fight or flight behavior.

Both the females and males of most wildlife species are equally dangerous.

Although animals may look or act tame, they are wild and may change quickly and unpredictably from passive or "friendly" to aggressive behavior.

If an animal approaches you, it is your responsibility to move away to maintain a safe distance. Your safety is your responsibility!

Fire is of prime concern at the campsite. Be sure you have an area for a fire that cannot spread laterally or vertically.  When ever a fire is lit at the campsite be sure that someone is assigned to watch it at all times.

• Be sure that when you put the fire out you use water and soil and be certain that the fire is completely out, cool to the touch.
• Embers buried within the pile of ashes could reignite later.
• Keep your campsite fires to an absolute minimum at all times.

• Be very careful with gas canisters.
  • Keep upright at all times.
  • Keep outside in well ventilated area.
  • Check for leakage by putting soap liquid on all connections.
  • Turn off when not in use.
  • Never install or remove propane cylinders while stove is lit, near flames, pilot lights, other ignition sources or while stove is hot to the touch.
• Be careful not to spill fuel. Use funnel to fill tank.
• Do not operate stove or store fuel containers around another heat source such as a campfire. Only operate the stove in open, well ventilated areas. Never use the stove in a tent or a confined area.

Forest fires often start from campfires that were not put out. You can be held responsible for suppression costs if your campfire starts a wildfire. OBEY ALL CAMPFIRE BANS IN EFFECT.

1. Keep fire site away from overhanging branches.
2. Use an existing pit if possible, and circle it with rocks.
3. Clear a 5-foot area around the pit, removing burnable debris down to the soil.
4. Keep a bucket of water and a shovel nearby.
5. Stack extra wood upwind and away from the fire.
6. After lighting, do not discard the match until it is cold.
7. Never leave a campfire unattended, not even for a minute.
8. When you leave, make sure the fire is completely out.
   1. Drown the fire and surrounding area with water.
   2. Stir the fire with a shovel or stick, then drown it again.
   3. Add water and stir until the area is cold to the touch.
   4. Don’t bury coals. They can smolder and break out.

• Plan your trip so that you arrive at your actual campsite with enough daylight left to check over the entire campsite and to set-up camp.
• Keep water nearby for emergencies.
• Dispose of all trash properly in the proper recycling bins if available.
• Return the campsite to its original condition for the next camper if you disturb it in any way.
• Please don't camp near the edge of cliffs. They are very dangerous and you could easily fall after dark.
• Be sure to check the site thoroughly for glass, sharp objects, branches that could fall or are hung low.
• Check the contour of the land and look for potential trouble due to rain. Check for areas that could flood or become extremely muddy and cause problems.
• Check for potential hazards at the campsite such as: poison ivy, bees, ants, sharp objects and other dangerous areas.

Our national forests are a refuge for wild animals, including dangerous animals like bears and venomous snakes. Wild animals can be upset by human presence and can unexpectedly become aggressive. Do not give them a reason or an opportunity to attack. Always keep your distance. Your safety is your responsibility.

• Tell someone where you will be hunting.
• Avoid outings alone. If you go alone, be extra careful and hunt in familiar areas.
• Dress properly and be prepared for the worst possible conditions. Protect against hypothermia.
• Check the weather forecast before going into the woods.
• Identify your target before shooting.
• Check hunting equipment before and after each outing, and maintain it properly. Familiarize yourself with its operation before using it in the field.
• Always wear enough blaze orange to be highly visible to other hunters.

The most effective way to prevent mishaps is to adequately prepare for the trip. Knowledge of the area, weather, terrain, limitations of your body, plus a little common sense can help to ensure a safe and enjoyable trip.

Our national forests are a refuge for wild animals, including dangerous animals like bears and venomous snakes. Wild animals can be upset by human presence and can unexpectedly become aggressive. Do not give them a reason or an opportunity to attack. Always keep your distance. Your safety is your responsibility.

• Tell someone where and when you are going, when you expect to return, and how many individuals are in your party.
• Wear appropriate clothing for the trail conditions and season.
• Check your equipment. Rock climbers should always safety check their equipment. Inexperienced climbers should have experienced members in their party. Using a helmet will lessen the chance of a head injury in the event of an accident.
• Learn basic first aid so you will know how to identify and treat injuries and illnesses. Carry a first aid kit with you. Learn how to identify the symptoms of heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hypothermia, and dehydration, and know how to treat them.

• Travel with a companion. You don’t want to be by yourself in case of an emergency.
• Set a comfortable pace as you hike. A group trip should be designed for the weakest member of the group.
• Think about your footing while traveling near cliffs. Trees and bushes can’t always be trusted to hold you. Stay on developed trails or dry, solid rock areas with good footing.
• Be alert for slippery areas and take your time to avoid tripping. Low-hanging branches and variable terrain make running unsafe, and leaves can hide slippery areas underneath.
• Think before you drink! No matter how clean or pure stream water looks, it’s likely to contain water-borne parasites and micro-organisms that can cause discomfort and sometimes serious illness. Pack your water in, or purify through chemical treatment.
• Be weather wise. Keep an eye on current and predicted weather conditions. In this area, weather can change very quickly. Know the signs for approaching storms or changing weather conditions. Avoid bare ridgetops, exposed places, lone trees, streams, and rocks during lightning storms. Find shelter in a densely forested area at a lower elevation. Even in the summer, exposure to wind and rain can result in hypothermia.

• Make camp before dark. Traveling after darkness has resulted in many accidents from falls, so travel only during daylight.
• Set up camp well away from the edge of cliffs, and learn the terrain during daylight. If you have to leave camp after dark, stay in areas you have seen in daylight, go with a friend, and always use a good flashlight.

• Hikers should wear at least one article of hunter orange viewable from all directions such as a hat, jacket, or vest. Cover your backpack with orange.
• Horseback riders should wear a hunter orange vest and helmet cover. Use a hunter orange vest or rump sheet on your horse.
• Dogs should wear hunter orange or other visible color, like a vest, leash, coat, shirt or bandana.
• Avoid wearing white or tan during deer season. A glimpse of white clothing by a hunter in the forest could be easily mistaken for the tail of a deer.

• Beware of limbs and damaged trees that may fall at any time.
• Look up while on trails, especially when it’s windy.
• Use caution when selecting a place to camp, picnic, or rest.

Read more on Hazard Trees under Natural Hazards.

• All trails are marked with signs (where intersections meet) and diamond blazes or markers. However, signs are sometimes vandalized or stolen.
• Pay close attention to your surroundings and landmarks, and relate this to your location on a map.
• Stay calm if you get lost. Panic is your greatest enemy. Try to remember how you got to your present location.
• Trust your map and compass, and do not walk aimlessly. If you are on a trail, don’t leave it.
• Stay put if it is nightfall, if you are injured, or if you are near exhaustion.
• As a last resort, follow a drainage or stream downhill. This can be hard going but will often lead to a trail or road.

Some of the trails you'll visit on the forest are multiple-use, meaning that hikers, mountain bikers, horseback riders and ATVers may all share the same trail. A basic etiquette rule is Wheels Yield to Heels. Keep this in mind when approaching other trail users. Bicyclists or ATVers yield to all other users while hikers, walkers, yield to horseback riders.

It is every trail users responsibility and right to ensure their own safety and expect safe practice from other trail users. Exercise caution at all times, follow guidelines and rules of the trails. Preventing accidents or injuries is the first step, acting responsibly if something does happen is the second. Always think clearly!

Trail etiquette can be described as the polite way to use trails. It outlines guidelines for the many users that ride, walk, hike, bike, or ski trails.

If you have never considered trail etiquette to be one of the more important aspects of trail use, you may want to reconsider. Trail etiquette should be a major part of any trail users experience.

Trail use is a privilege that cannot be abused or disrespected, so making trail etiquette a priority allows everyone to enjoy the outdoors and have a good time while being safe and courteous. Also remember everyone is out there for the same reasons, to enjoy nature and to enjoy what they are doing.

When travelling multi-use trails, you may encounter many different forms of trail use, such as hikers, bikers, ATVers, horseback riders, etc. Therefore the user must adjust to different regulations (who passes first, who slows down, who gets the right of way).

If trail users conduct themselves in an appropriate manner, respect the environment and the other users, the trail experience will only get better. Keep safety and etiquette in mind when you are participating in trail use, this way trails will stay in good condition and the privilege will remain accessible for everyone.

• Always clean up after yourselves.
• Do not litter.
• Use provided toilet facilities at trailheads. If you are unable to find a facility, dig a hole 6 inches deep at least 200 feet from any open water.
• Move off the trail whenever possible for other trail users.

• Be aware of other trail users.
• Stay to the right of the trail (except when passing).
• Slow down at corners.
• Travel at reasonable speed.
• Move off the trail when letting others pass.
• Yield to other trail-users when entering and crossing trail.

• Give a clear warning signal when passing: call out passing on your left.
• Always look ahead and behind when passing.
• Obey all posted signs. These indicate special restrictions that apply to the trail you are on.
• Obey all the trail rules.
• Stay on the trail (respect the environment, do not venture off the trails).
• When meeting someone riding a horse, step off the trail and speak calmly.

• Do not disturb wildlife.
• Respect wildlife. Your surroundings are home to many plants and animals: you are the visitor.

• Clean up after your animals.
• Keep them on a leash or lead.
• Give larger animals right of way.
• Do not let your animal disturb wildlife or others.
• Keep them on the trails.

• Know your ability, equipment and the area.
• Move off the trail for less mobile users.
• Do not ride under conditions where you leave evidence of passing, i.e. after rain or snow.
• Stay on the trail.
• Do not ride through streams.
• Make presence known at corners or blind spots.
• Control your bicycle.
• Always yield trail.

• Practice minimum impact techniques.
• Observe speed limits.
• Always clean up after your horse.
• Avoid campsites used by other trail users.
• Keep horses in campsite only long enough to unpack or pack them.
• Stock tied to trees ruins trees and turf: do so only for a short time. Use tie lines.
• Never tie horses within 200 feet of lakes, streams or springs.

• Approach pedestrians slowly, pull over and turn off your engine.
• When passing someone, follow at a safe distance until you reach a safe place to pass: pass slowly.
• Minimize noise with proper care and operation of your vehicle.
• Respect trail closures.
• Stay on the trail.
• Do not ride on areas that are either wet, have loose soil, steep slopes, meadows or swamps.
• When camping, ride directly to and from your campsite or turn off your vehicle and push it.

Experts estimate that at least 90% of the surface water in the United States, even in the most remote areas, is contaminated with the illness-causing protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia. Bacteria such as Campylobacter, E. coli and Salmonella are also common.

Giardiasis is an intestinal disease caused by Giardia lamblia and related organisms. The giardia organisms are microscopic protozoans and, therefore, invisible to the naked eye. It's important to keep in mind that infected water might look, taste, and smell perfectly safe.

It only takes one giardia organism to cause an infection. Once infected, it may take from a few days to two weeks to become ill. Because of the delay, many people do not immediately expect giardia infection. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, fatigue, and loss of weight. Giardiasis will not go away on its own! Treatment by a physician is necessary to kill the organisms and produce a cure.

Giardia organisms are carried by humans, wild animals, and some domestic animals. They are spread by improper disposal of human and animal feces.

Bury all feces 8 inches deep and at least 100 feet from water. Also, don't let dogs or other domestic animals defecate in or near water supplies.

The surest way to prevent giardiasis is to take water from public water supplies. Of course, on a long trip this is not an option. Fortunately, there are ways to make the water safe to drink. The most effective way to kill giardia and other waterborne pathogens is to boil the water for at least one minute.

Filters work, but make sure they filter as small as 1\ micron.

Chemical treatment is considered the least effective form of purification. When using chemical treatment in cold water, it may take hours for purification to occur. Even then, there is still a chance that some giardia might survive.

Fear of contracting giardiasis should not prevent anyone from enjoying the wilderness. By following the above guidelines, you should have a safe and healthy visit to the wilderness.

Hypothermia is the number one killer of outdoor recreationists. It occurs when the body temperature is lowered and unable to produce heat. Most everyone has experienced mild hypothermia, however, if the process is not stopped, death can occur.

Hypothermia can develop in temperatures as high as the 60's or 70's. It is caused by cool to cold temperatures, wind, lack of sunshine, and most importantly, wet or damp clothing.

Signs include shivering, slow or slurred speech, fumbling or immobile fingers, stumbling, sleepiness and exhaustion.

• Check weather reports before visiting the forest.
• Utilize layering techniques to wick away moisture while retaining body warmth. Always bring rain gear. Carry a spare set of dry clothing.
• Drink water and nibble on snacks frequently.
• Should you or your partner begin to develop hypothermia, replace all wet clothing with dry.
  • Put on a hat and a warm coat.
  • Wrap up in a blanket or sleeping bag.
  • Get into a warm, dry environment.
  • Do not sleep until all signs of hypothermia are gone.
  • Do not give anything containing caffeine or alcohol.

To avoid hypothermia, be aware and take the necessary precautions. If there are early signs of hypothermia, take steps immediately to rest and get warm.

There are many small flying or crawling insects that see you as the source of a blood meal. Generally, their bite just leaves an itchy bump. But some carry bacteria or viruses that can make you ill. An insect repellent with DEET prevents the bite – be sure to apply it to all exposed skin.

A bite that develops a large red circle or a “bullseye” of concentric circles may be from a tiny deer tick. Deer ticks sometimes carry diseases, so you should consult a doctor in the next few days.

An itchy “bite” that seems to be developing into a BB-sized abscess is probably the bite of one of the harmless spiders. The spider injects a necrotic venom that causes a little of the surrounding flesh to die. Keep the bite area clean and apply an antibiotic while the wound is open.

There is a risk of mosquito bite every time you enter a forest or work in and around the woods. In addition to being uncomfortable, mosquito insect bites can cause illnesses which include several types of encephalitis, dengue and yellow fever, malaria, and West Nile virus. The actual bite comes from the evening and night-time feeding female.

Something to remember: The chance that any one person is going to become ill from a single mosquito bite remains low. The risk of severe illness and death is highest for people over 50 years old, although people of all ages can become ill.

When dealing with West Nile virus, prevention is your best bet. Fighting mosquito bites reduces your risk of getting this disease, along with others that mosquitoes can carry.

• Apply insect repellent containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) when you're outdoors.
• Wear loose fitting clothes to help prevent mosquitoes from reaching the skin and to retain less heat.
• When ever possible, wear long-sleeved clothes, socks and long pants.
• In a forest, wear clothing that helps you blend in with the background. Mosquitoes hone in on color contrast and movement.
• Treat your clothes with permethrin repellents. Do not use permethrins on your skin!
• Avoid perfumes, colognes, fragrant hair sprays, lotions and soaps which attract mosquitoes.
• Reduce your risk of exposure by staying indoors during peak mosquito feeding hours (from dusk until dawn).
• Avoid lingering in places where mosquitoes lay their eggs. Usually this is around standing water.
• Spray a pyrethrin into the air when confined to a certain outside area.
• Wash mosquito bites with mild soap and water.

For many people, finding a tick latched onto their leg is enough to put a damper on a trip to the woods. It's like finding a mouse in the cupboard or a roach in your bed sheets, and leaves you feeling unaccountably paranoid. With recent publicity given to the threat of Lyme disease, people's fears have intensified, and some are actually afraid to visit the forest.

Weather conditions seem to have the greatest effect on the density of ticks. After a mild winter tick populations are especially high. Ticks are worse in early spring when adults who have over-wintered start moving around looking for a host to feed on. Eggs from the previous year begin to hatch as well.

Ticks are not particularly choosy about their hosts. Any warm-blooded host will do. They climb up in brush and wait for a host to happen by. They attach themselves to the host and suck the host's blood, feeding only until they're full (6-13 days), then drop off and lay eggs. Incredibly, some ticks can survive up to two years between feedings.

A female tick lays from 4,000-6,000 eggs. After the eggs hatch, the tiny larvae or seed ticks, find hosts and feed just as the adults do. The larvae of some types of ticks are almost invisible to the human eye but literally hundreds can feed on one person resulting in painful itching and in some people, an allergic reaction. In most species, the larvae feed only on small mammals and are not a problem for humans.

There are over 300 species of ticks. Different species carry different diseases. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease are two of the better known diseases spread by ticks. Some diseases, such as Lyme Disease may effect pets and livestock as well as people.

Ticks are going to congregate where they have a high chance of finding a host or where they hatched out as larvae. Any high traffic area should be avoided, including cow paths in pastures and deer paths in the woods.

Also avoid tall grass and thick brush. If your pets roam into areas where they are likely to pick up ticks, routinely check them for ticks and use baths, dips, and flea and tick collars to reduce the chances of your pets bringing ticks into your home and yard.

Several commercial insect repellants work quite well. Insure the repellant has the ingredient DEET or PERMETHRIN which is most effective on ticks. In areas of high tick infestation, you'll need to apply it every 2-3 hours. Another proven method of repelling ticks is to sprinkle sulphur on your socks, boots, and pant legs.

Tying or taping your pant legs tight around your ankles so the ticks can't crawl up inside your pants and tucking in your shirt is also recommended. It won't cut down on the number of ticks you might get, but it will make them easier to spot and remove. Another suggestion is to wear light colored clothing which make the ticks easier to spot. Be sure and wash all clothing promptly to kill any ticks that might remain.

Visitors to recreation areas are also encouraged to stay on mowed trails where the chance of picking up ticks is much less.

Once embedded, the recommended method of removing the tick is to pull it straight out with tweezers. Grasp the tick close to its head with tweezers and pull firmly. Apply antiseptic to the bite. Removing a tick within 36 hours of when it becomes embedded will lessen the chance of disease transmission.

You may wish to keep the tick for a few weeks in a vial labeled with the date and location of the bite. If medical attention is later sought, the type of tick has some bearing on the type of disease it might be carrying.

The small wasps called yellow-jackets make nests in abandoned animal holes in the ground. Standing next to or stepping on their nest is taken as a threat and they will attack in numbers. A yellow-jacket can sting repeatedly, sometimes trapped under a loose shirt or shorts. The stings are painful, but the danger is that your body may react to multiple stings by producing a swelling in your throat that shuts down your airway. This is life-threatening, so yellow-jackets are to be avoided. Be aware of small yellow and black wasps flying near the ground. They can be heard as well as seen. Watch where they go and stay away from that hole!

The yellow-jackets that land on your peanut butter and jelly sandwich will sting only if they are trapped. These are not defending the nest, so you are unlikely to be stung by more than one. Be careful to guard the opening of soft drink containers while drinking. A yellow-jacket that goes inside the container may sting you on the lips or tongue – more than once.

Note that yellow-jackets do not see you as a meal – they attack singly when trapped, or in a group when their nest is threatened.

There are dozens of different spiders in the forest. Only the black widow and the brown recluse spiders are a serious threat. They live mostly in dry, abandoned buildings so you are unlikely to meet one. However, never reach into an enclosed space without a visual check of the inhabitants.

Note that all spiders bite only in self-defense.

The most common thing that can spoil a visit to the Forest is not an encounters with bears or snakes. For those that frequent the Forest often, the most difficult thing to avoid are the "poison" plants. The rashes and discomfort can certainly ruin a visit to the Forest.

There are certain plants in this area that can cause skin rashes and irritations lasting a week or more. Most of the human population reacts to these plants, and sensitivity in individuals changes over time. People who have never had a reaction in the past should still avoid these plants, since toxins can build up in an immune system, and after a certain level cause a reaction.

These plants have oils which cause these reactions in humans. The oil is in the stems, leaves, and berries of the plants and can be transmitted by brushing against the plant, or from secondary contact with animals or clothing.

When building fires in the forest with downed wood, be careful not to use wood that has vines on it. Some vines may be poison ivy and the smoke from a burning vine can cause serious respiratory problems in some individuals.

Found: along trails, roadsides and woodlands

Appearance: trailing, perennial vine. Can also appear as a small bush or as a groundcover.

Things to Look For: Three leaflets which alternate up the stem. Young leaves have a reddish tint and may have either smooth or jagged edges. Old vines are very hairy. In late summer and fall it will have green to white berries on the vines.

A verse learned by many children to help them remember poison ivy is: "Leaves of three, let it be; berries white, poison in sight." In the fall this vine turns brilliant red. A similar-looking common vine is Virginia Creeper, but Virginia Creeper has five fan-shaped leaflets.

Treatment if Exposed: Rinse area as soon as possible with lots of cool water and soap. Avoid hot water since it opens the skin's pores more. Do not scrub the area as this will also allow the toxin to get in the pores. Generally, a rash appears 12-24 hours after exposure.

Preventing Poison Ivy

Poison Oak is a mostly western U.S. species found in open sunny habitats.

Found: Swamps or very wet areas. Usually in the shade.

Appearance: Shrub or small tree from 6.5 feet to 23 feet tall.

Things to Look For: Shrub with compound leaves and grayish-white berry clusters in swamps. Appears similar to the fragrant sumac found along roadsides which has fuzzy red berries.

Treatment if Exposed: Rinse area as soon as possible with lots of cool water and soap. Skin rash and irritation will occur upon contact and can last a week or more.

Found: Bottomlands and along streams in shady areas.

Appearance: Perennial herb up to two feet tall with stiff hairs on the stem.

Things to Look For: Stiff hairs on the plant's stem. Each tiny hair on the stems and leaves is hollow with a jagged point at the end. A bump against the stiff hair squeezes an irritating acidic chemical through the hair and onto a passing person's skin, much like a hypodermic needle.

The acid in the hairs, formic acid, is the same substance that many ants secrete to protect themselves from predators.

In the Stinging Nettle, it's pressurized so that it bursts out the instant the sharp hairs make contact with skin. The acid quickly spreads into the nearby human skin cells, causing them to swell.

A rash appears on the surface of the skin and small white spots develop.

Treatment if Exposed: Apply lotions with an anti-inflammatory and cooling effects (talc, calamine). Home remedies include to rub the irritated area with juice of dock (Rumex spp.) or Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis).

Since the source of the irritation is an acid, it can also be neutralized by applying a base. Baking soda mixed with water works particularly well.

Human Reaction: Rash and dermatitis with an intense burning sensation due to allergic reaction.

Missouri can experience earthquakes. Most of Missouri's earthquake activity has been concentrated in the southeast corner of the State, which lies within the New Madrid seismic zone. The most severe of these were in 1811-1812.  Numerous small earthquakes have occurred in this area in the past 50 years, and it is likely that more earthquakes will occur. Should you be hiking or camping in the forest, here's some tips to remember.

• find a clear spot away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and power lines.
• Drop to the ground and stay there until the shaking stops.
• Injuries can occur from falling trees, street-lights and power lines, or building debris.

• pull over to a clear location, stop and stay there with your seatbelt fastened until the shaking has stopped.
• Trees, power lines, poles, street signs, and other overhead items may fall during earthquakes.
• Stopping will help reduce your risk, and a hard-topped vehicle will help protect you from flying or falling objects.
• Once the shaking has stopped, proceed with caution.
• Avoid bridges or ramps that might have been damaged by the quake.

• move away from cliff's edge and
• be alert for falling rocks and other debris that could be loosened by the earthquake.
• Landslides commonly happen after earthquakes.

• move to higher ground. Earthquakes can compromise the integrity of a dam.

For more information on earthquakes in the area, see  Missouri Earthquake Information   Earthquake Hazard in the New Madrid Seismic Zone remains a  concern for flooding .

The streams and rivers of Missouri are prone to flooding, especially after short periods of intense rainfall. Streams that you could easily cross in the morning can swell to the point of being impassable by noon. A peaceful riverside campsite can become dangerous overnight.

Flash floods/floods are the #1 cause of deaths associated with thunderstorms…an average of 107 fatalities occur nationwide each year.

• Most fatalities occur at night.
• Nearly half of fatalities are vehicle related.
• Two feet of rushing water can carry away most vehicles, including sport utility vehicles and pickups.
• Six inches of fast moving water can knock you off your feet.

• Unusually hard rain over several hours
• Steady substantial rain over several days
• A weather report
• Water rising rapidly in streams and rivers

• Don't drive through a flooded area. The depth of water is not always obvious.
  • If you come upon a flooded road, turn around and go another way, or simply wait it out on higher ground. More people drown in their cars than anywhere else.
  • If your car stalls, abandon it immediately and climb to higher ground. Many deaths have resulted from attempts to move stalled vehicles.
• Never let children play near creeks or storm drains when the water is rising or high. Swimming skills have nothing to do with surviving a flooded creek or stream.
• Stay away from downed power lines and electrical wires. Electrocution is another major source of deaths in floods. Electric current passes easily through water.
• Look out for animals - especially snakes. Animals lose their homes in floods, too.
• Don't try to swim to safety; wait for rescuers to come to you.
• If outdoors, climb to high ground and stay there.
• Never go in a wet cave if heavy rainfall is anticipated. Water percolates very quickly through limestone. Heavy rainfall upstream can cause water in the cave to rise quickly, even if it is not raining near you.
• Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding.

• Never set up a tent or camper on a gravel bar or the bank of a river or stream - a flash flood can catch you while you're asleep.
• It is best to allow some distance between the campsite and water so if a flash flood does occur, you will have more time to move to higher ground.
• Flash floods can strike with little or no advance warning.
• Distant rain may be channeled into gullies and ravines, turning a quiet stream into a rampaging torrent in minutes.

• Don't walk through flooded areas. As little as six inches of moving water can knock you off your feet.
• Do not attempt to cross a flowing stream where water is above your ankles. Flooded creeks and streams are unpredictable. Even though the surface water may be smooth the water is moving very fast.
• Wait for everyone in the crew to arrive at stream, and make a determination to cross.
• Do not walk through a flowing stream on foot where water is above your ankles.
• When walking through or on rocks or logs over a stream, loosen pack buckles so if you fall you can easily get away from your pack and it will not drag you under.
• Wait for everyone to cross before continuing (in case the last person needs assistance).

• Flooded streams and rivers are not safe for recreational boating. Many canoeists and kayakers have been rescued from dangerous rapids in flood-swollen streams and rivers.

We want our visitors to be aware and be prepared. Most important is following the direction of any official in case of a fire. However, the following tips may help you in the backcountry.

• Remember that wildfires may occur any time of year in southern Missouri, but they are most common in spring and fall.
• When planning a hike or ride, check on the weather, fire conditions of the area, and ask about any special restrictions that may affect your trip. Notices may also be posted on bulletin boards at trailheads and recreation areas.
• Keep an eye on all horizons during the day. Should you see smoke, watch to see if it is getting bigger. If so, retreat or otherwise turn away from the direction the fire appears to be traveling.
• Note the direction of the wind and watch for blowing embers.

• Look for escape routes like dirt roads, trails, gravel areas, large rock outcroppings, asphalt, etc. Head for one of these areas.
• Avoid going uphill from a fire. Remember, heat rises rapidly and the fire will outrun you to the top of a hill.
• If the fire is gaining on you, look for places with the least amount of burnable fuels. Leaf litter is the primary carrier of fire, so stomp and scrape to clear an area with your feet if necessary. The larger area you create that is free from any type of burnable fuel will give you that much more protection.
• Stay away from trees, thickets and brushy areas. Avoid the top end of any drainage. These areas act like chimneys that propel fire and heat rapidly.

• Use a jacket, backpack, hat or other items to shield yourself from the heat as you travel.
• If necessary, lie down on a dirt surface, feet pointing toward the approaching flames. Even loose dirt may give you some protection if scooped over your feet or legs.

• If you are in a car and a fire overtakes you, STAY IN YOUR VEHICLE! It is safer than being on foot and will give you some protection from the heat.
• If you must stop, park in the safest place possible, with the least amount of burnable fuel present. Tires may deflate but gas tanks don’t explode easily.
• Lie on the floor and cover your head and face. Breathe shallow breaths through your nose.
• As soon as the fire has passed, plan your escape from the area.

Beware of Hazardous Trees Due To Ice Storm, Wind, Disease or Insect Damage

Falling trees are always a hazard when traveling through the forest. Here are some guidelines for visitors:

• Be aware of your surroundings and avoid dense patches of dead trees. Limbs and damaged trees may fall at any time.
• Stay out of the forest when there are strong winds that could blow down trees. If you are already in the forest when winds kick up, head to a clearing out of reach of any potential falling trees.
• Place tents and park vehicles in areas where they will not be hit if a tree falls.
• When driving in remote areas of the forest, park close to a main road rather than on a spur or one-way section to avoid being trapped if a tree falls across the road.
• Do not rely on cell phones for safety, as there is no coverage in many areas of the national forest.
• Look up while on trails, especially when it’s windy.
• Obey any closure signs.

Ice storms can inflict serious damage to trees, uprooting or breaking off large limbs. Cracks can develop in large branches which, although they are damaged, do not fall from the tree. Such branches can present a hazard to people or property long after the ice has melted.

A "Hazard Tree" is a tree that has a structural defect that is likely to fail in whole or in part. Here's what to look for:

• Numerous down trees.
• Leaning trees.
• Dead or broken tops and / or limbs hanging in the trees.
• Absence of needles, bark, or limbs.
• Possibility of rot indicated by conks, broken tops, basal scars, cat faces, numerous down limbs, ants, abundance of woodpecker holes.

Outdoors is the most dangerous place to be during a lightning storm. When lightning is seen or thunder is heard, or when dark clouds are observed, quickly move indoors or into a hard-topped vehicle and remain there until well after the lightning storm ends.

• Don't be the second tallest object during a lightning storm! Crouch down if you are in an exposed area.
• If no enclosed building is convenient, get inside a hard-topped all-metal vehicle. A cave is a good option outside but move as far as possible from the cave entrance.
• Drop metal objects like metal hiking poles, canteens, fishing poles, umbrellas, and packs with internal or external metal frames.
• Don't sit or lie down, because these positions provide much more contact with the ground, providing a wider path for lightning to follow.
• If you are with a group and the threat of lightning is high, spread out at least 15 feet apart to minimize the chance of everybody getting hit.
• Don't return to an open area too soon. People have been struck by lightning near the end of a storm, which is still a dangerous time.

• If you are caught above the tree line when a storm approaches, descend quickly. Avoid isolated trees. It is better to run into a forest. Be the lowest point. Lightning hits the tallest object. In the mountains if you are above treeline, you ARE the highest object around. Quickly get below treeline and get into a grove of small trees.
• Hikers and others should run into a forest if a shelter or car is not nearby.
• Get off bicycles, motorcycles, horses, and ATVs.
• If you are caught in an open field, seek a low spot. Crouch with your feet together and head low.

• Electric storms can also develop in the middle of the night. To lower your odds, don't pitch your tent near the tallest trees in the vicinity.

Before going boating, fishing, diving or enjoying other water sports, check the forecast. If severe weather is predicted, stay home. If you must go out, take a radio and monitor forecasts. Return to shore as soon as possible if a storm is predicted. If you caught out in a storm, here's what do to:

• Get off the water!
• Keep arms and legs in the boat. Do not dangle them in the water.
• Stop fishing, water skiing, swimming or other water activities when there is lightning or even when weather conditions look threatening. The first lightning strike can be a mile or more in front of an approaching thunderstorm cloud.
• Disconnect and do not use or touch the major electronic equipment, including the radio, throughout the duration of the storm.
• Swimmers, anglers, and boaters should get off lakes or rivers and seek shelter when storms approach.
• Drop any fishing rods.
• Boaters who cannot get off the water before the storm hits should crouch low.
• Once on land, get at least 100 yards away from shore.

• Call for help. Call 9-1-1 or your local ambulance service. Get medical attention as quickly as possible.
• Give first aid. If the victim has stopped breathing, begin rescue breathing. If the heart has stopped beating, a trained person should give CPR. If the person has a pulse and is breathing, address any other injuries. Stay with the victim until help arrives.
• People who have been hit by lightning carry no electric charge and can be safely tended to. Also, victims who appear dead can often be revived.
• Check for burns in two places. The injured person has received an electric shock and may be burned. Being struck by lightning can also cause nervous system damage, broken bones, and loss of hearing or eyesight.

Rock falls and mudslides can be triggered by freezing temperatures followed by rainy thaws, according to the National Weather Service. Rain gets down into the cracks and freezes, then it expands and loosens the rocks.

Always check Current Conditions to find out if there are any road or trail closures where you plan to visit.

When a forest service road experiences a rock slide, the road is closed until it's safe for travel. If you see fallen rocks or a rock slide that looks dangerous, contact the nearest district office.

During rainy and freezing conditions, use extra caution and go slow on forest roads so you have time to react.

Know the signs of a tornado: Weather forecasting science is not perfect and some tornadoes do occur without a tornado warning. There is no substitute for staying alert to the sky. Besides an obviously visible tornado, here are some things to look and listen for:

• Strong, persistent rotation in the cloud base.
• Whirling dust or debris on the ground under a cloud base -- tornadoes sometimes have no funnel!
• Hail or heavy rain followed by either dead calm or a fast, intense wind shift. Many tornadoes are wrapped in heavy precipitation and can't be seen.
• Day or night - Loud, continuous roar or rumble, which doesn't fade in a few seconds like thunder.
• Night - Small, bright, blue-green to white flashes at ground level near a thunderstorm (as opposed to silvery lightning up in the clouds). These mean power lines are being snapped by very strong wind, maybe a tornado.
• Night - Persistent lowering from the cloud base, illuminated or silhouetted by lightning -- especially if it is on the ground or there is a blue-green-white power flash underneath.

The biggest danger you'll face if a tornado strikes while you're in the forest is falling trees and tree limbs.

• If possible, get inside a building. If you're at a developed campground, the restroom may be the closest option.
• Rockshelters (areas under the cliffline) may offer partial protection from falling tree limbs.
• If shelter is not available or there is no time to get indoors, lie in a ditch or low-lying area or crouch near a strong building. Be aware of the potential for flooding.
• Use arms and clothing or gear to protect head and neck.

• Never try to outdrive a tornado in a car or truck. Tornadoes can change direction quickly and can lift up a car or truck and toss it through the air.
• Get out of the car immediately and take shelter in a nearby building.
• If there is no time to get indoors, get out of the car and lie in a ditch or low-lying area away from the vehicle. Be aware of the potential for flooding.

Boating is a popular activity, but it can also be a dangerous one.

Please make your visit a safe one!

Common sense and adherence to boating and water safety laws and rules will reduce accidents.

Before You Boat

• Learn to swim and learn basic water rescue techniques.
• Learn all navigation rules AND Kentucky boating laws and LIVE by them.
• Keep your boat in proper working order, and make sure it meets all equipment guidelines established by the Kentucky boating laws.

While You Boat

• Don’t operate a boat while drinking alcohol or using drugs.
• Always wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved flotation device.
• Don’t water ski or jet ski in a manner that endangers other lake users. Boaters, watch for scuba divers and skiers.
• Confine jet skiing and water skiing to daylight hours.
• Children should not operate any personal water craft.
• Do not allow anyone to ride on decks or gunwales.
• Avoid excessive speed, especially in congested areas.
• Be aware of underwater hazards such as submerged logs, stumps, and rocks.
• Avoid dams. Water flowing over dams can create a current capable of drawing boats into the face of the dam and holding them under water. Avoid dam spillways during high water.

Swimming and Diving

• Watch your children. Beaches are unguarded, and there may be sharp dropoffs near shore.
• Dive only in familiar areas, and check water depth before diving.

Basic principles of boating after dark

If you choose to operate a boat at night, remember these tips:

• Slow down.
• Know the boating and navigation laws.
• Know the body of water. Lower water levels can change even a familiar lake, exposing hazards normally under water.
• Keep your senses sharp – fatigue, alcohol and drugs can be deadly for boat operators.
• Watch out for other boaters.
• Watch for floating debris, underwater hazards, rocks and shallow areas.

Carry the following

• Personal flotation device
• Paddle
• Towline
• Emergency radio
• Bailing device
• Whistle or horn
• Fire extinguisher
• First aid kit
• Flares

Even if you're just enjoying the river from the bank, fishing or wading, rivers can be dangerous. Be within arm's reach of children if they are playing on the bank or wading, because there are dropoffs and swift currents.

Canoeing and Kayaking

River levels can change drastically depending on rainfall, making passage and maneuverability more difficult.

As with all water activities, always wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation device.

TIE ALL YOUR EQUIPMENT TO THE CANOE – put your equipment into a waterproof bag to keep it dry and tie it to one of the center beams in the canoe so that you don’t lose everything if your canoe tips over.

DO NOT LITTER – carry out everything you bring in – the animals don’t like a messy home.

Before You Start

• Be honest with yourself when evaluating your skills (and skills of others in your party). You will have a safer and more enjoyable trip if you choose sections of the river that match your ability.
• Check on current water levels before embarking on your trip. The difficulty level of certain sections of river can change dramatically with changes in water level. Gentle stretches can become dangerous with high water levels. At extremely low levels, you may find yourself paddling through puddles, dragging the canoe over rocks, or portaging.
• Know your physical ability, swimming skills and paddling skills. If you are uncertain about how much you can do, start with a short trip.
• Take time to find out which lands along the river belong to private landowners. The Forest Service has USGS quadrangle maps that have national forest boundaries marked on them.

On the River

• Wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved life jacket at all times. Even gentle stretches of water can have wicked undercurrents. Even good swimmers need to wear one.
• Never boat alone. A preferred minimum is three boats.
• Scout rapids and make rescue plans if needed. Be aware that on some sections of these rivers, land access may be difficult and help is far away.
• Learn basic water rescue techniques and first aid. Learn to recognize the symptoms and treatment for hypothermia.
• Know your limits; do not attempt a section of river beyond your skill level.
• Pay attention to weather and water conditions. Wear wool clothing or a wet suit and dress for the water temperature. If the water temperature and air temperature combined total 100 degrees or less, wear protective clothing.
• If you capsize, hold on to your craft and get immediately to the upstream side. Float on your back, feet together and pointed downstream. If you go over a ledge or drop, tuck into a ball. Release your craft only if it improves your safety. Stay upstream away from the boat.
• Carry the proper equipment including dry clothing and a first-aid kit. Store all extra gear in a secure watertight container.

Canoe Safety Tips

Before you go canoeing this summer, there are some important things you should know to keep yourself safe. Canoeing is a lot of fun, but if you don’t know the dangers, you could get into trouble on the water. Here are some tips for keeping dry and steering clear of danger:

• TO GET INTO YOUR CANOE:
  • HAVE SOMEONE HOLD THE CANOE STEADY – you don’t want to tip the canoe before you even get out on the water!
  • CROUCH LOW - keep your knees bent and GRAB THE SIDES OF THE CANOE FOR BALANCE as you walk to your seat
  • ALWAYS WALK ALONG THE CENTER – keeping your feet on the centerline will help keep the canoe from rocking.

• STAY LOW – do not stand up or walk in your canoe when you are away from shore.
• ALWAYS WEAR YOUR LIFE JACKET - you never know when you might fall out or tip over unexpectedly.
• AVOID SUDDEN OR JERKY MOVEMENTS – rocking from side to side could cause the canoe to tip over.
• BE AWARE OF THE CURRENTS IN THE WATER – you don’t want to end up floating farther downstream than you planned. If the current starts to pull you along faster or you see lots of rocks in the water ahead of you paddle away from them or paddle towards the shore.
• ALWAYS SIT ON THE SEATS OR IN THE CENTER OF THE CANOE – sitting on the side of a canoe will cause it to tip over.
• STAY AWAY FROM LOW HANGING TREES AND BRANCHES NEAR THE SHORE.
• DO NOT CANOE IN BAD WEATHER.
• AVOID LETTING BIG WAVES HIT THE SIDE OF YOUR CANOE – always try to keep your canoe at a right angle to the waves otherwise the wave might push your canoe over.

If Your Canoe Tips Over

• DON’T PANIC
• STAY WITH YOUR CANOE
• PADDLE OR PUSH YOUR CANOE TO SHORE – with the help of the other person in your canoe, you can get out in shallow water and flip the canoe to dump out the water and climb in. Your canoe will float even if its full of water until you can get to shore to empty it.
• ALWAYS BRING ALONG EXTRA CLOTHING IN A WATERPROOF CONTAINER- you want to be prepared in case your canoe tips or the weather changes.

The term "personal watercraft" is used to define a category of vessels that have grown in popularity as well as numbers. Personal watercraft are small (usually 8 feet or less) one or two person motorized craft. These vessels are highly maneuverable and capable of speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. They are also called jet skis, wet bikes, etc.

Because of their small size and low profile, operators of other boats may not see them as readily. Operators of personal watercraft should exercise "defensive driving." These craft are highly responsive and capable of quick turns. In fact, this is what they are designed for and is part of the fun. However, this kind of operation is considered reckless if done in congested areas of boat traffic.
In addition to being governed by some of the laws that apply to other boats, the following laws apply to personal watercraft:

• Children under 12 are prohibited from operating personal watercraft or motorboats over 10 horsepower.
• Boaters ages 12-17 will be required to pass a safe-boating test to operate watercraft, or have an adult on board at all times.
• The operator must use an engine kill switch when the craft is underway.
• Operators and passengers must wear personal flotation devices (life jackets).
• No personal watercraft are to be operated from sunset to sunrise.
• Where skiing is prohibited, personal watercraft operators will not jump the wake of another boat, perform abrupt turns, or engage in similar acrobatic maneuvers.
• In areas where skiing is allowed, personal watercraft operators will not jump the wake of another boat by getting unreasonably close to the other boat or when visibility around the other boat is restricted.
• Personal watercraft operators will not pass close enough to other boats to cast spray on another vessel or engage in any other reckless practice which could endanger life, safety, or property. 

• Plan before you visit. Be sure to check the immediate and extended forecast.
• Ask yourself if you are prepared should your visit end up being prolonged due to unanticipated conditions.
• Tell someone where you are going. Be specific and give an estimated time of arrival back. Consider carrying a Personal Locator Beacon or a Satellite Messenger device just in case the unexpected happens. Some Forest areas may have a registration box available to document your visit…be sure to sign in with your trip details if available.
• Dress for the forecast but plan for the unexpected. Keep extra warm, dry clothes in your vehicle. If you plan to hike, consider adding appropriate warm, weatherproof clothing to your pack.

• Cell phone coverage may be limited or non-existent. Coverage may be improved on hill tops with minimal vegetative cover but, should not be expected. Plan accordingly for reliable communications. Also, consider a battery backup or portable charging system for your phone if you plan to use it.
• Carry extra food, water, and snacks. Winter weather could impact your time in the Forest…plan ahead to remain comfortable in the event your trip takes longer than expected.
• If snow is on or is anticipated, consider wearing sunglasses. Even on a cloudy day snow can create quite a glare.
• If you are traveling with a pet(s) or pack animal(s). Plan for their comfort and protection.
• If you are dependent on medication, make sure you have extra on hand and that it is stowed appropriately against potentially damaging weather conditions.

Transportation routes maintained by the Forest are not treated or cleared during inclement weather. Routes may become impassable especially during ice storm events.

Vehicle Travel

Snow and ice events are capable of knocking limbs from trees and even toppling trees. Watch for overhead hazards during snow and ice load events. Reconsider travel if there is a possibility transportation routes could be become blocked due to fallen trees and limbs.

If you become stranded in your vehicle:

• attempt to move it to a location out of the path of travel if an accident is possible;
• attempt to use a communication device to request assistance; 
• shut the engine off to conserve fuel if conditions permit …only run the engine long enough to supply necessary heat;
• avoid draining the vehicle battery;
• leave the vehicle only if you are physically fit and equipped to travel on foot in the conditions and as a last resort if communications are unavailable.

If your visit will be by vehicle, consider adding the following items to your inventory for the trip: 

• a full tank of gas; a map of the area;
• an ice scraper;
• extra clothing,
• outerwear including gloves, warm hats, and; footwear;
• blankets;
• chargers for portable devices;
• hand tools that might aid in clearing blocked transportation routes in an emergency;
• climate stable rations beyond what you anticipate using as part of your planned trip;
• instant hand warmer packs;
• communication devices not dependent on battery power or cell signal; and
• if space and storage permit, extra fuel.

Foot Travel

Footwear selection is always critical while visiting the Forest. During the winter months make sure the footwear you chose is based on the activity you plan to engage in. Consider footwear with traction; with at least some level of waterproofing; and perhaps insulation. Always wear moisture wicking socks that will help to keep your feet dry and warm.

If your visit will be on foot, consider adding the following items to your travel pack:

• a map of the area;
• extra clothing including socks, gloves, and outerwear stowed in a waterproof container; 
• the means to build an emergency use warming fire;
• a waterproof covering; 
• climate stable rations beyond what you anticipate using as part of your planned trip;
• instant hand warmer packs;
• communication devices not dependent on battery power or cell signal;
• a flashlight;
• a first aid kit; and
• a space blanket.

Abandoned mine sites can be safety hazards. Each year, a number of people are killed or injured nationally in abandoned mines. Many of these structures contain dilapidated frames, open shafts, and water-filled pits. The dangers that are found in the mines include old explosives, hazardous chemicals, snakes, spiders, mice, and bats. Entering Abandoned sites puts a person at risk for hazards such as falls and cave-ins.

Visitors also find these areas as accessible dumping grounds for trash. This can cause infestations and contact with wild animals. In the process of dumping into these mines, many slips and falls are incurred, which can lead to entrapment in the mines, serious injuries and possible death.

The unmined mineral deposits can cause contamination to the surrounding water systems. Some of these systems serve as municipal water supplies for nearby citizens. The Forest Service, along with other land management agencies, is involved in ensuring the safety of the water supply and preventing contact with contaminated waters.

No one knows the exact location of all the abandoned mines in Missouri. Therefore we cannot warn the public of the existence of all abandon mines. However, we work diligently to assess our lands and assist the public by warning of the known sites.

Safety Tips

• Ride with a partner.
• Wear appropriate protective gear such as a helmet, eye protection, long-sleeved shirt, sturdy pants, over-the-ankle boots, and gloves.
• Be certain each rider has a map and knows where the group is headed.
• Before leaving the trailhead, choose rest stops and meeting places for your group, in case you become separated.
• Stay on the correct trail if you become separated, and let the group find you.
• Be prepared for vehicle break downs.
• Ride within the limits of your skill and endurance.
• Know how to properly operate and control your vehicle.
• Maintain a safe following distance.
• Keep headlights on at all times so others can see you.
• Provide direct parental supervision for riders under the age of 16.
• Complete a rider safety course before operating an ATV.
• Never carry passengers on an ATV unless it’s designed for that purpose.
• Do not use drugs or alcohol -- riding an ATV requires a high degree of skill and judgment!

Trail Etiquette

• Ride only on trails designated with orange markers. No cross-country travel or hill climbs.
• Try to stay in the middle of the trail to avoid widening it.
• Yield to those traveling uphill when encountering others on the trail.
• Pack out your trash.
• Be courteous when passing other vehicles.
• Be considerate of horses, hikers, mountain bikers, and other trail users.

Environmental Concerns

Awareness of environmental concerns has been growing for decades. It has affected how we relate to the outdoors. It affects those of us who use off-road vehicles. We all have a stake in safe, responsible riding and land use.

To keep riding areas open requires good relationships between public land managers, private land owners and others who share the land such as riders, campers and hikers. In most cases common courtesy and consideration of their interests is all that is necessary to ensure that everyone can enjoy the area. Here are a few tips to consider when you ride:

• Learn about the area you will ride in. Contact the public land manager or private property owner to ensure that you understand area restrictions and have permission to ride there. Get maps of the area, and stay on trails if they are provided.
• Keep your ATV quiet. ATVs are designed to be relatively quiet while still delivering maximum performance, smooth engine torque and spark suppression. Excessive noise stresses wildlife, and annoys property owners and other recreation users. It also contributes to your own riding fatigue. Less noise means you can ride farther more comfortably. 
• Obey trail markers and closure signs. There are many reasons why an area may be closed to ATVs including the existence of fire hazard, refuge to wildlife or plant life and safety hazards for ATV riders. The reasons may not be obvious. If it is posted as closed, stay out.
• Always leave gates and fences the way you found them. This is especially important on private lands where livestock may be kept.
• Leave the area as clean as you found it. If you see litter, pick it up and carry it out on your ATV. Carry a rolled up plastic trash bag and a couple of bungee cords on your ATV. Why not leave the area cleaner than you found it?
• Be courteous to others you may meet on the trail. Always give right-of-way to hikers and horseback riders. Pull off the trail and stop your engine for horses. The rider will likely talk soothingly to the horse. It doesn't hurt for you to do the same to assure the horse you are no threat. Horses respond very positively to a calm, human voice.
• Approach livestock or wildlife on the trail slowly. Give them time to react and give them as wide a berth as possible.
• Whenever you talk to a landowner, take your helmet off. The helmet can make you appear to be intimidating and unfriendly. Be friendly and honest in all your discussions with the landowner & you are there as their guest.

From the ATV Safety Institute  

Warnings and preparation can be given for encountering fires, hazardous materials and abandoned mines. However, it is more difficult to predict the behavior of other humans. This forest is not exempt from attacks to the public by others visiting the areas. Often our visitors may come in contact with angry, intoxicated, illegal, or armed individuals while visiting our forest. The Forest Service does not tolerate threats or acts of violence against our visitors or Forest Service employees.

Remember to always be aware, alert and cautious. Some visitors have different agendas besides relaxation, exploration and recreation. These agendas may include drug production, theft, arson, and other illegal acts. Avoiding these areas if discovered is the safest course of action. Report sightings to local law enforcement personnel only after you have relocated to a safe area.

Marijuana plots and methamphetamine labs, while rare, may be found on our forest. Those responsible for these illegal plots or labs are dangerous and should be avoided. If visitors inadvertently come upon these sites they should immediately depart the area and report the sighting to law enforcement officers. The chemicals used to grow or produce these illegal products can be highly combustible and pose considerable risk to hazards caused by fire and explosion.

Gravel roads present their own special road safety challenge. The issue is traction.

Driving on loose gravel is harder than driving on pavement because your tires don't have the traction needed to give you stable control. Throw speed into the mix, and you have a formula for trouble.

That's why it's so important to approach gravel roads with caution each and every time you encounter one. It may not be the same road you traveled this morning.

• Leaving a paved surface for a grave l one. The first thing to remember is to slow down. Your vehicle is going to handle differently when it moves from one surface to another. The gravel may be loose, or it may be hard-packed; you want to know how your car handles before you speed up.
• Avoid sudden changes in direction, such as a swerve to avoid an object or animal on the road.

They can be particularly dangerous, especially on loose gravel or at excessive speed.

• Stopping or speeding up too quickly. Always drive at a speed that allows you to stop easily for any hazard. Accelerate and brake slowly, and reduce your speed when approaching blind intersections, bushes and hills. Be considerate, too. As you approach other vehicles, slow down and move over to the right so you can pass each other safely and avoid stone chips.
• Stay back and keep a good fo ll owing distance. Even if the visibility is good and the road is hard-packed, stay at least 6 seconds behind other vehicles. Increase this distance when conditions are less than perfect. This reduces the danger from a cloud of dust obscuring vision or flying rocks damaging headlights and windshields.
• Stay on the tracks. If you're the only one on the road, drive in the tire tracks that exist. Even if the tracks are in the middle of the road, it's safer to drive in the tracks than to be too close to a deep ditch or a soft shoulder. Of course, always scan ahead for oncoming traffic, and move to the right if a vehicle is approaching.
• Rollovers. It's easy for a distracted driver to allow the tires on one side of the car to wander off the road while traveling at higher speeds. Don't turn the steering wheel and jam on the brakes. This can cause the car to start into a sideways skid, where it may tip and roll over several times before stopping. If the tires on one side of the vehicle go off the pavement, don't immediately turn the wheel to try to get back on the pavement. Let your foot off the gas and steer the car so it follows the edge of the pavement. Slowly turn the steering wheel to gradually guide the tire back to the road.

Be ready for skids. A vehicle can become difficult to handle in heavy gravel. If the vehicle starts to skid, remove the cause of the skid by releasing your accelerator or brakes. As you release them, look where you want to go, steer the vehicle in this direction. Remember, drive for the road conditions not the speed limit. 

As peaceful as the forest may seem, a few visitors may experience auto break-ins. To prevent break-ins:

Lock your car. As simple as this seems, many people still forget.

Don’t leave your travel plans on the windshield of your car. Thieves use this "window of opportunity" to break in, since they know you may not be nearby. Leave your plans with the district office or someone at home, like a neighbor, relative or friend. Include what trails you plan to hike and an estimate of your return time.

Don’t leave valuables inside your car. If you must leave valuables, hide them from view or lock them in the trunk. Empty the glove compartment and leave it open to show that nothing is inside.

Don’t park your car with the trunk backed toward the woods. This provides cover for someone trying to break into your trunk. If your car has been vandalized, contact local law enforcement officials.