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INSECT POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Latitudinal Shifts in Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Outbreaks and Spruce-Fir Forest Distributions with Climate Change

Williams, D.W. and Liebhold, A.M. (1997): Latitudinal Shifts in Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Outbreaks and Spruce-Fir Forest Distributions with Climate Change. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 32, 203-215.

Figure 1:

Areas in the northeastern and north central United States defoliated by spruce budworm, 1954-1980.

Areas defoliated by sprce budworm.

Note that defoliation distributions were available only for Minnesota and Maine.


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