Chaparral shrub bulk density and fire behavior

Metadata:
Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Li, Jing
Originator: Mahalingam, Shankar
Originator: Weise, David R.
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
Chaparral shrub bulk density and fire behavior
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0031
Description:
Abstract:
This data publication contains bulk density measurements from two typical species of chaparral shrub which were harvested in 2010 from the North Mountain Experimental Area near Riverside, CA (NMEA), namely chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) and manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.). Data include shrub height, crown length, crown width, crown base height, and moisture content, as well as total mass, mass by fuel particle size class, crown volume, and calculated bulk density by shrub height segments. Also included are fire characteristics data from a companion study of fire behavior in similar individual 4-year old live chamise shrubs. The fire behavior data include shrub bulk density, moisture content and total mass consumed during each experimental run for multiple bulk density classes, wind speeds, and ignition methods. Burn time, horizontal and vertical flame spread rates, flame length and flame angle, as well as maximum mass loss rate and peak gas temperatures were also recorded. The R code used to analyze these fire characteristics in Li et al. 2017 is also included.
Purpose:
Chaparral shrub bulk density data were collected to examine their vertical distribution for two typical species of shrub fuels, chamise and manzanita since these data are not common and physically-based fire spread models require this information. A companion study was then conducted to examine the effects on shrub canopy characteristics on fire spread through a single shrub. The specific objective was to characterize fire progression through a chamise shrub in terms of fire spread rate, gas temperature, heat flux, and solid fuel mass evolution for several different combinations of bulk density, wind velocity, and ignition location, which has not frequently been studied in the past.
Supplemental_Information:
Original metadata date was 11/30/2016. Minor metadata updates were made on 09/03/2016.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Currentness_Reference:
Ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
All shrub fuels were collected from North Mountain Experimental Area (NMEA) 50 kilometers east of Riverside, CA at an elevation of 1160 meters. The latitude and longitude: 33.844 N, -116.880 W
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -117
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -116
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 34
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 33
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: bulk density
Theme_Keyword: live fuel
Theme_Keyword: fire behavior
Theme_Keyword: wildland fire
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: biota
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
Theme_Keyword: Ecology, Ecosystems, & Environment
Theme_Keyword: Plant ecology
Theme_Keyword: Fire
Theme_Keyword: Prescribed fire
Theme_Keyword: Fire ecology
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Riverside
Place_Keyword: California
Place_Keyword: southern California
Place_Keyword: North Mountain Experimental Area
Place_Keyword: NMEA
Taxonomy:
Keywords/Taxon:
Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus:
None
Taxonomic_Keywords: multiple species
Taxonomic_Keywords: plants
Taxonomic_System:
Classification_System/Authority:
Classification_System_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: ITIS
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Other_Citation_Details:
Retrieved [November, 8, 2016]
Online_Linkage: https://www.itis.gov
Taxonomic_Procedures:
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom
Taxon_Rank_Value: Plantae
Applicable_Common_Name: plantes
Applicable_Common_Name: Planta
Applicable_Common_Name: Vegetal
Applicable_Common_Name: plants
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Subkingdom
Taxon_Rank_Value: Viridiplantae
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Infrakingdom
Taxon_Rank_Value: Streptophyta
Applicable_Common_Name: land plants
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Superdivision
Taxon_Rank_Value: Embryophyta
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Division
Taxon_Rank_Value: Tracheophyta
Applicable_Common_Name: vascular plants
Applicable_Common_Name: tracheophytes
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Subdivision
Taxon_Rank_Value: Spermatophytina
Applicable_Common_Name: spermatophytes
Applicable_Common_Name: seed plants
Applicable_Common_Name: phanérogames
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Class
Taxon_Rank_Value: Magnoliopsida
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Superorder
Taxon_Rank_Value: Asteranae
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
Taxon_Rank_Value: Ericales
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
Taxon_Rank_Value: Ericaceae
Applicable_Common_Name: heaths
Applicable_Common_Name: éricacées
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
Taxon_Rank_Value: Arctostaphylos
Applicable_Common_Name: bearberry
Applicable_Common_Name: manzanitas
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Superorder
Taxon_Rank_Value: Rosanae
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
Taxon_Rank_Value: Rosales
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
Taxon_Rank_Value: Rosaceae
Applicable_Common_Name: roses
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
Taxon_Rank_Value: Adenostoma
Applicable_Common_Name: chamise
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
Taxon_Rank_Value: Adenostoma fasciculatum
Applicable_Common_Name: chamise
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
Taxon_Rank_Value: Malpighiales
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
Taxon_Rank_Value: Salicaceae
Applicable_Common_Name: willows
Applicable_Common_Name: saules
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
Taxon_Rank_Value: Populus
Applicable_Common_Name: cottonwood
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
Taxon_Rank_Value: Populus tremuloides
Applicable_Common_Name: quaking aspen
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:

Li, Jing; Mahalingam, Shankar; Weise, David R. 2016. Chaparral shrub bulk density and fire behavior. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0031
Data_Set_Credit:
Funding for this project provided by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CBET 0933785 and 1049560) as well as National Fire Plan project 01.PSW.A.3 “Fire behavior in live fuels” administered by the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station (PSW).
Analytical_Tool:
Analytical_Tool_Description:
R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics.

NOTE: R was used to analyze these data, but it is NOT required in order to use these data. The information was provided simply because we have included the R code in this package.
Tool_Access_Information:
Online_Linkage: https://www.r-project.org/about.html
Tool_Access_Instructions:
R is available as Free Software under the terms of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU General Public License in source code form.
Tool_Computer_and_Operating_System:
It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms and similar systems (including FreeBSD and Linux), Windows and MacOS.
Tool_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: R Core Team
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: programming language
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Vienna, Austria
Publisher: R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Online_Linkage: https://www.R-project.org
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Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Precision of the various measurements varied between the different instruments used. Height, length, width, and crown base were measured to the nearest centimeter (cm) using a standard meter stick. Moisture content was estimated from 5 gram foliage/branch samples using an Arizona Instruments MAX® 1000 Moisture Analyzer with default precision to 0.01 percent. The calibrated electronic balance used to determine mass had precision of 0.01 grams. Times associated with 24 gauge (0.02 in diameter) thermocouple measurements were rounded to the nearest second since the stated thermocouple response time was about 1 second. Distance between thermocouples was accurate to the nearest cm so rate of spread calculations were rounded to appropriate number of significant digits as were all other calculated values. All the instruments were carefully calibrated before conducting any measurements.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
For live fuel fire behavior measurements, we collected fuel samples in the morning in NMEA and transported immediately to the laboratory (40 minute drive) to minimize fuel moisture loss.
Completeness_Report:
Missing data are denoted as a blank cell. Occasionally "n/a" was used to represent not applicable (no data). Data with a value of zero are in fact variables that were measured and determined to be zero. The measurements collected on each individual plant evolved over the course of the study so dimensional data (length, width, crown base) are missing from some shrubs.

In the fire behavior experiment, two replications of each treatment combination were conducted due to time and cost constraints.

In the bulk density study, nine individual shrubs (4 manzanita, 5 chamise) were harvested, broken down into their component fuel classes and measured to determine how bulk density changed with height.
Lineage:
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Field and Lab
Methodology_Description:
PRE-STUDY INFORMATION:

The 2006 Esperanza Fire, which burned a large portion of the NMEA, consumed much of the aboveground portion of the chaparral shrubs growing there. Each shrub resprouted from its lignotuber producing clumps that were relatively uniform as they were composed of small diameter sprouts that had not self-pruned. The shrubs harvested to estimate bulk density (manzanita and chamise) were not used in the fire experiment since they were broken down into fuel size classes. Additional chamise shrubs were harvested for the fire experiment.


BULK DENSITY DATA:

In 2010, within an area of approximately 2 hectares, nine shrubs approximately 1 meter or shorter were randomly chosen to be harvested. Most of the shrubs had maximum stem diameter < 2.54 centimeters. Visually identified dead branches were removed from the sample during collection so the samples were composed of only living branches.

In the lab we measured the bulk volume and the dry fine mass separately. Three photographs of the shrub were taken prior to cutting it into pieces orthogonal to an XYZ coordinate system with the origin located in the center of the shrub. The area of each orthogonal polygon enclosing the perimeter of the shrub’s canopy was determined using Matlab’s image processing tools explained in Li 2011.

The live shrub was then partitioned into vertical slices of 10 or 20 cm depending on species and the oven dry mass of branches and foliage less than 0.63 mm was determined by drying the material in a convection oven at 95 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. Bulk density for each vertical slice was estimated.


FIRE BEHAVIOR DATA:

For this study, additional individual chamise shrubs were randomly selected and harvested in the morning from NMEA and transported immediately to the laboratory to minimize moisture loss. Experiments were performed in an open-topped wind tunnel with a side panel opened to permit video camera monitoring. The wind tunnel characteristics are described in more detail in Tachajapong et al. 2014.

Each shrub was placed in an iron frame (L×W×H= 110 centimeters × 90 centimeters × 10 centimeters) to keep the fuel vertical for an experimental run. Air flow was established in the wind tunnel prior to ignition. The effects of bulk density (low, medium, high), wind velocity (0, 1.5 meters per second), and ignition location (spot, line) on fire behavior in a single vertical shrub were examined. A completely randomized design consisting of two replications of each experimental combination resulted in 24 experimental fires. Three levels of bulk density were studied: low ranged from 1.5 to 2.2, medium ranged from 3.8 to 4.2 and high ranged from 6.9 to 9 kilograms per cubic meter. The spot ignition location represented an ignition in a dead surface fuel centered under a shrub; the line location represented a surface fire spreading horizontally and igniting the shrub at upwind side. For spot ignition, two hundred fifty grams of aspen excelsior (Populus tremuloides) was evenly distributed under the shrub; for line ignition, an additional 150 grams was added upwind.

Moisture content of live fuel samples was estimated using an Arizona Instruments MAX® 1000 Moisture Analyzer. Excelsior mass loss was measured with 4 load cells (response time of 5 milliseconds) at 10 Hertz (Hz). Shrub mass loss was measured by an electronic balance. A set of 24 gauge (0.51 millimeter [mm] diameter, response time of 1.1 seconds [s]) type K thermocouples measured gas temperature in the shrub canopy at 10 Hz. Since response time was greater than the capture rate, a running mean using ten adjacent values was calculated. All thermocouples were placed in the centerline of the fuel bed. Each thermocouple was vertically separated by 20 centimeters (cm). Lower left, lower center and lower right thermocouple arrays were located 40 cm, 52 cm and 32 cm vertically above the fuel bed base, respectively. A consumer-grade video camera captured images at a frequency of 30 Hz.

A water-cooled RC01 total/radiant heat flux sensor (Hukseflux 2010) measured total and radiant heat flux downwind of the fuel bed, 0.5 meters (m) downstream and of the fuel bed trailing edge and 0.3 m above the fuel bed to characterize the heat flux that an adjacent shrub might experience. The minimum flux level that could be detected was 5 Watts per square meter. The sampling rate was 10 Hz and the instrument response time was 0.5 s so these data were also averaged. All the instruments were carefully calibrated before conducting any measurements.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Li, Jing
Originator: Mahalingam, Shankar
Originator: Weise, David R.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title:
Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: International Journal of Wildland Fire
Issue_Identification: 26(1): 58-70
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16042
Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53603
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Moore, Randy
Originator: Harris, Brad
Publication_Date: 20061026
Title:
Esperanza Investigation Team (2007) Esperanza Fire accident investigation factual report, Riverside County, CA
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Riverside County, CA
Publisher: USDA and California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Online_Linkage: //www.fire.ca.gov/fire_protection/downloads/esperanza_00_complete_final_draft_05_01_2007.pdf
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Coen, Janice L.
Originator: Riggan, Philip J.
Publication_Date: 2014
Title:
Simulation and thermal imaging of the 2006 Esperanza Wildfire in southern California: application of a coupled weather-wildland fire model
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: International Journal of Wildland Fire
Issue_Identification: 23(6):755-770
Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47345
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1071/wf12194
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Tachajapong, Watcharapong
Originator: Lozano, Jesse
Originator: Mahalingam, Shankar
Originator: Weise, David R.
Publication_Date: 20140409
Title:
Experimental modelling of crown fire initiation in open and closed shrubland systems
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: International Journal of Wildland Fire
Issue_Identification: 23(4):451-462
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1071/WF12118
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Li, Ji
Publication_Date: 2011
Title:
Experimental investigation of bulk density and its role in fire behavior in live shrub fuels
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Master's thesis
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Riverside, CA
Publisher: University of California-Riverside
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
For those instruments sampled at rates greater than the response time, running means were calculated. Ten adjacent values comprised the running mean for temperature (thermocouples). Because of fluctuations in the mass loss rate data, the mean maximum mass loss rate (MMLR) was calculated by averaging 10 adjacent data points centered around the maximum. The time to reach maximum mass loss rate (MMLRT) was defined as the time from ignition (Note that in the case of line ignition, it was defined as the time when the actual flame reached the unburnt shrub) to the time mass loss rate reached its maximum value. Total burning time was defined as the elapsed time from ignition to when the visible flames subsided completely. Maximum flame length (FL) and flame angle (FA, measured from vertical) were obtained from analysis of at least three video camera images per experimental run using AutoCAD. Flame height (FH) was defined as the vertical distance from the flame tip to the top of surface fuel bed FH= FL × cos(FA). Positive FA indicated that flame was tilted downstream. Flame spread rate was obtained by tracking frame by frame visual images from the camera. Flame spread rates in both horizontal (HROS) and vertical (VROS) directions were determined. Peak gas temperature (Tmax) and its peak change rate (dT/dt)_max were also calculated.
Process_Date: Unknown
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: Observation
Entity_Type_Definition:
Independent sample drawn from population
Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Species
Attribute_Definition:
Accepted common name of plant species
Attribute_Definition_Source:
USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (https://plants.usda.gov, 1 February 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook & Arn.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp. Adans.)
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Shrub
Attribute_Definition:
Shrub collection sample number
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 1
Range_Domain_Maximum: 5
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: None
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Location
Attribute_Definition:
Sample site
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
NorthMountain: 33.844 N, 116.880 W
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Date
Attribute_Definition:
Date of fuel collection and measurement
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 05/12/2010
Range_Domain_Maximum: 09/28/2010
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: day
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: MC
Attribute_Definition:
Moisture content; mass of water contained in fuel expressed as percentage of dry fuel mass
Attribute_Definition_Source:
ASTM D4442
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 11.20
Range_Domain_Maximum: 51.99
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percent
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Height
Attribute_Definition:
Total height of shrub measured from base (z direction)
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 63
Range_Domain_Maximum: 110
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Length
Attribute_Definition:
Length of the shrub in x direction
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 60
Range_Domain_Maximum: 70
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Width
Attribute_Definition:
The width of the shrub in y direction
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 56
Range_Domain_Maximum: 70
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: CrownBase
Attribute_Definition:
Height above the ground to the bottom of the canopy (crown). A blank value indicates that the crown base extended to the ground (equal to zero).
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 32
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Height_Seg
Attribute_Definition:
Shrub segment heights
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
Segment heights ranged from 10 to 30 centimeters (cm), starting at 0 and ending at 90 cm (i.e. 0-10cm, 10-20cm, 60-90cm, etc.).
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Hgt_seg_Mid
Attribute_Definition:
The median number of Height_Seg
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 5
Range_Domain_Maximum: 88
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Mass
Attribute_Definition:
Total dry mass that was considered in the bulk density calculation. The dry mass was obtained from an analytical balance after drying in a convection oven running at 95 degrees Celsius for at least 48 hours.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 279.75
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: gram
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: B0_025
Attribute_Definition:
Total dry mass of fuel elements less than 0.25 inches (6.4 millimeters [mm]) in diameter.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 279.75
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: gram
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: B025_05
Attribute_Definition:
Total dry mass of fuel elements between 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) and 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) in diameter.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 86.72
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: gram
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: B05_1
Attribute_Definition:
Total dry mass of fuel elements between 0.50 inches (12.7 mm) and 1 inch (25.4 mm) in diameter.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 75.18
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: gram
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Vol
Attribute_Definition:
Bulk volume of shrubs
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Li 2011
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.4
Range_Domain_Maximum: 62.0
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: liter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Bulk density
Attribute_Definition:
Bulk density was defined as dry mass of fuel elements less than 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) in diameter over bulk volume occupied by the canopy of a shrub.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.18
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: kilograms/cubic meters
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: Fire characteristics
Entity_Type_Definition:
Fire behavior variables
Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: bulk
Attribute_Definition:
Bulk density was classified into three levels: Low, Medium and High.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
low (L) ranging from 1.5 to 2.2, medium (M) ranging from 3.8 to 4.2, and high (H) ranging from 6.9 to 9 kilogram/cubic meters
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: ws
Attribute_Definition:
The air velocity (speed) in the wind tunnel which is described in detail in Tachajapong et al. 2014.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.5
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters/second
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: ignit
Attribute_Definition:
The ignition method used in the fire experiment.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
The spot ignition (center ignition marked as C) location represented an ignition in a dead surface fuel centered under a shrub; the line (marked as L) location represented a surface fire spreading horizontally and igniting the shrub at upwind side.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: bd
Attribute_Definition:
Mean bulk density of the shrub (kilograms per cubic meters).
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.75
Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.91
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: kilograms/cubic meter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: mc
Attribute_Definition:
Moisture content; mass of water contained in fuel expressed as percentage of dry fuel mass
Attribute_Definition_Source:
ASTM D4442
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 36.4
Range_Domain_Maximum: 45.4
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percent
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: mass
Attribute_Definition:
Total mass burned during fire experiment.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 55
Range_Domain_Maximum: 2180
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: gram
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: btime
Attribute_Definition:
Total burning time was defined as the time period from ignition to when the visible flames subsided completely. (Note that in the case of line ignition, the start time was defined as the time when the actual flame reached the unburnt shrub).
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 66
Range_Domain_Maximum: 333
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: second
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: hros
Attribute_Definition:
Horizontal maximum flame spread rate was obtained by tracking visual images from the appropriate video camera at 0.033 second intervals.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.7
Range_Domain_Maximum: 208
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters/second
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: vros
Attribute_Definition:
Vertical maximum flame spread rate was obtained by tracking visual images from the appropriate video camera at 0.033 second intervals.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 4.5
Range_Domain_Maximum: 278
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters/second
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: mmlr
Attribute_Definition:
The mean maximum mass loss rate (MMLR) was calculated by averaging 10 adjacent data points centered around the maximum.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 9.1
Range_Domain_Maximum: 68.0
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: grams/second
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: mmlrt
Attribute_Definition:
The time to reach maximum mass loss rate (MMLRT) was defined as the time from ignition (Note that in the case of line ignition, it was defined as the time when the actual flame reached the unburnt shrub.) to the time mass loss rate reached its maximum value.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 5
Range_Domain_Maximum: 260
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: second
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: fl
Attribute_Definition:
Maximum flame length (FL) was obtained from analysis of at least three video camera images per experiment using AutoCAD.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.69
Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.82
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meter
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: fa
Attribute_Definition:
Flame angle (FA, measured from vertical) were obtained from analysis of at least three video camera images per experiment using AutoCAD. Positive FA indicated that flame was tilted downstream.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: -16
Range_Domain_Maximum: 40
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degree
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Tmax
Attribute_Definition:
Peak gas temperature was obtained by 24 gauge (0.51 millimeters in diameter, response time of 1.1 second) type K (chromel-alumel) thermocouples for the measurement of shrub canopy gas temperature at 10 Hertz.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 449
Range_Domain_Maximum: 1078
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees Kelvin
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: dtMax
Attribute_Definition:
The maximum value of temperature change per unit time (dT/dt) during fire tests.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Jing Li
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 8.3
Range_Domain_Maximum: 72.6
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degree Kelvin/second
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
\Data\bulk_density.csv: Comma-delimited ASCII text file containing bulk density data from 2010. Variable descriptions can be found below.
Shrub: shrub's label from sample 1 to 4 (Manzanita) and 1 to 5 (Chamise)

Date: date when shrubs were harvested (mm/dd/yyyy where mm=month, dd=day, and yyyy=year).

Species: specific species of the shrub (Manzanita or Chamise).

Height: total height of the shrub (centimeter [cm]).

Length: estimated length of the shrub (cm).

Crown Base: crown base height of the shrub (cm).

MC: moisture content of the shrub foliage (0-100%, n/a=not applicable).

Height_Seg: shrub height segments (cm).

Hgt_Seg_Mid: shrub height segment middle point (cm).

Mass: total shrub dry mass (grams [g]) for corresponding shrub height segment.

B0_025: shrub dry mass (g) of fuel elements less than 0.25 inches.

B025_05: shrub dry mass (g) of fuel elements less than 0.5 inches and larger than 0.25 inches.

B05_1: shrub dry mass (g) of fuel elements less than 1 inch and larger than 0.5 inches.

Vol: estimated bulk volume (liters) for corresponding shrub height segment.

Bulk_density: calculated bulk density (kilograms per cubic meter) for corresponding shrub height segment.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Li, Jing; Mahalingam, Shankar; Weise, David R. 2017. Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 26(1): 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16042

Li, J. 2011. Experimental investigation of bulk density and its role in fire behavior in live shrub fuels. M.S. thesis, University of California, Riverside. 110 p.
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
\Data\fire_behavior.csv & \Data\fbdata.txt: Comma-delimited ASCII and standard ASCII text files both containing fire behaviors measurements data, just in different formats. The *.txt file was used as input into R code provided in fbanal.r. Variable descriptions can be found below.

bulk: bulk density class where
L: low bulk density class 1.75 to 2.20 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)
M: medium bulk density class 3.17 to 4.42 kg/m3
H: high bulk density class 6.92 to 8.91 kg/m3

ws: averaged wind speed measured in the tunnel (meters per second).

ignit: ignition methods for center-ignited (C) and laterally-ignited (L) fire tests.

bd: mean bulk density of the shrubs (kg/m3).

mc: moisture content of the shrub foliage right before fire tests (0-100%).

mass: total mass consumed due to fire tests (grams [g]). Note that the total mass consumption includes 250 g of aspen excelsior (Populus tremuloides Michx) for center-ignited fire tests and 400 g of aspen excelsior for laterally-ignited fire tests.

btime: burn time (time period) from ignition to when the visible flames subsided completely (seconds [s]).

hros: measured flame spread rate (millimeters per second [mm/s]) in the horizontal direction.

vros: measured flame spread rate (millimeters per second [mm/s]) in the vertical direction.

mmlr: recorded maximum mass loss rate (g/s) during tests.

mmlrt: time when maximum mass loss rate occur since ignition (s).

fl: maximum flame length from analysis of video camera images (m).

fa: maximum flame angle from analysis of video camera images (degrees).

dT_max: peak gas temperature change rate during fire tests (degrees Kelvin per second [K/s]).

Tmax: peak gas temperature occured during fire tests (degrees K).
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Li, Jing; Mahalingam, Shankar; Weise, David R. 2017. Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 26(1): 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16042

Li, J. 2011. Experimental investigation of bulk density and its role in fire behavior in live shrub fuels. M.S. thesis, University of California, Riverside. 110 p.
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
\Data\fbanal.r: ASCII file containing the R code used to execute the analysis of variance which was used to test for the significance of the factor effects on the fire behavior variables.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Li, Jing; Mahalingam, Shankar; Weise, David R. 2017. Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 26(1): 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16042

Li, J. 2011. Experimental investigation of bulk density and its role in fire behavior in live shrub fuels. M.S. thesis, University of California, Riverside. 110 p.
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
\Supplements\Chamise-XX.jpg & \Supplements\Manzanita-XX.jpg: Photographs (JPEG files) of the Chamise - shrub samples (where XX=01-05) and Manzanita - shrub samples (where XX=01-04).
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Li, Jing; Mahalingam, Shankar; Weise, David R. 2017. Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 26(1): 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16042

Li, J. 2011. Experimental investigation of bulk density and its role in fire behavior in live shrub fuels. M.S. thesis, University of California, Riverside. 110 p.
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Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Research and Development
Contact_Position: Research Data Archivist
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Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 240 West Prospect Road
City: Fort Collins
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80526
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: see Contact Instructions
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of August 2019. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Resource_Description: RDS-2016-0031
Distribution_Liability:
Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.

The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: ASCII
Format_Version_Number: See Format Specification
Format_Specification:
ASCII (*.txt, *.r) and comma-delimited ASCII (*.csv) text files
File_Decompression_Technique: Files zipped using 7-Zip 18.05
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Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0031
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20190903
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station
Contact_Person: David R. Weise
Contact_Position: Research Forester
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 4955 Canyon Crest Drive
City: Riverside
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 92507
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 951-680-1543
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999
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