Replication data for "The politics of urban trees: Tree Planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon"

Metadata:
Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Donovan, Geoffrey H.
Originator: Prestemon, Jeffrey P.
Originator: Butry, David T.
Originator: Kaminski, Abigail R.
Originator: Monleon, Vicente J.
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
Replication data for "The politics of urban trees: Tree Planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon"
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0026
Description:
Abstract:
In the paper: "The politics of urban trees: Tree Planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon", we address our central research question: is urban-tree planting associated with gentrification? These data and the associated program file included in this data publication can be used to replicate the second-stage model of gentrification in the analysis presented in the paper (Donovan et al. 2021).

We defined gentrification as an increase in the median sales price of single-family homes in a Census tract compared to other tracts in the city after accounting for differences in the housing stock such as house size and number of bathrooms. We used tree-planting data from the non-profit Friends of Trees, who have planted 57,985 yard and street trees in Portland (1990–2019). We estimated a mixed model of gentrification (30 years and 141 tracts) including random intercepts at the tract level and a first-order auto-regressive residual structure. Tract-level house prices and tree planting may be codetermined. Therefore, to address potential endogeneity of tree planting in statistical modeling, we lagged the number of trees planted by at least one year.

This data publication contains the STATA code and all data used for the gentrification model. The data provided include the tract-level random effect from the annual hedonic models (dependent variable), number of street trees planted in the tract (the variable of interest), and other variables that may influence gentrification in a neighborhood (overall tree canopy cover, proximity to light rail lines, presence of historic places, and mean house age and mean house size).
Purpose:
These data (and associated program file) were collected for the purpose of evaluating the hypothesis that urban-tree planting increases neighborhood gentrification in Portland, OR.
Supplemental_Information:
For more information about these data see Donovan et al. (2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102387).
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1990
Ending_Date: 2020
Currentness_Reference:
Ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
Portland, Oregon
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.83339
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.47561
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.65443
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.43272
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: society
Theme_Keyword: structure
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
Theme_Keyword: Natural Resource Management & Use
Theme_Keyword: Economics
Theme_Keyword: Environment and People
Theme_Keyword: Community development
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: policy
Theme_Keyword: environmental justice
Theme_Keyword: hedonic
Theme_Keyword: house price
Theme_Keyword: urban forestry
Theme_Keyword: gentrification
Theme_Keyword: arboriculture
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Portland
Place_Keyword: Oregon
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:

Donovan, Geoffrey H.; Prestemon, Jeffrey P.; Butry, David T.; Kaminski, Abigail R.; Monleon, Vicente J. 2021. Replication data for "The politics of urban trees: Tree Planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon". Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0026
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Geoffrey H. Donovan
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
Contact_Position: Research Forester
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 620 SW Main, Suite 502
City: Portland
State_or_Province: OR
Postal_Code: 97205
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 503-808-2043
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Geoffrey.donovan@usda.gov
Data_Set_Credit:
This project was funded by the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
These data are stored as a comma-delimited ASCII text file (.csv) containing each observation with the relevant variable values. This file can be used to recreate the results of the second-stage model of gentrification.

We used ArcGIS Pro to create the spatial variables.

We performed the analysis in STATA and include a .DO file with the model specification.
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Donovan, Geoffrey H.
Originator: Prestemon, Jeffrey P.
Originator: Butry, David T.
Originator: Kaminski, Abigail R.
Originator: Monleon, Vicente J.
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
The politics of urban trees: Tree planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Forest Policy and Economics
Issue_Identification: 124: 102387
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102387
Analytical_Tool:
Analytical_Tool_Description:
STATA is statistical software for data science.
Tool_Access_Information:
Online_Linkage: https://www.stata.com/
Tool_Access_Instructions:
See website for access instructions.
Tool_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: StataCorp
Publication_Date: 2019
Title:
Stata Statistical Software
Edition: Release 16
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: software
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: College Station, TX
Publisher: StataCorp LLC
Online_Linkage: https://www.stata.com/
Analytical_Tool:
Analytical_Tool_Description:
ArcGIS Pro is a desktop geospatial information system (GIS) applicable that supports data visualization and advanced analysis.
Tool_Access_Information:
Online_Linkage: https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/
Tool_Access_Instructions:
See website for access instructions.
Tool_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Esri Inc.
Publication_Date: 2020
Title:
ArcGIS Pro
Edition: Version 2.5
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: software
Publication_Information:
Publisher: Esri Inc.
Online_Linkage: https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/
Back to Top
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Please see cited sources for the accuracy of input data used to create attributes. The data presented are considered accurate given the limitations of the source data. Though our data span multiple decades we chose to use 2010 census boundaries throughout analysis, for consistency.

We discovered problems with the original calculation of mean house age after publication of the paper, so if you run the model using the code provided, the coefficient on house age will be different from the published paper. However, the coefficient of interest, trees planted, is unchanged to three significant figures. For questions, contact geoffrey.donovan@usda.gov.
Completeness_Report:
We excluded tracts in the Portland area where less than 50% of the tract was within Portland city boundaries.
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Trimet GIS
Publication_Date: 2020
Title:
Trimet Stops (Route Stops)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publisher: Trimet GIS
Other_Citation_Details:
accessed 04/07/2020
Online_Linkage: https://developer.trimet.org/gis/meta_tm_rail_stops.shtml
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2020
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Trimet GIS
Source_Contribution:
Data for variable "Max_Stop" were obtained from this source.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research & Development (ORD) - National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)
Publication_Date: 2012
Title:
EnviroAtlas - Portland, OR - Meter-scale Urban Land Cover (MULC) Data
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research & Development (ORD) - National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)
Other_Citation_Details:
accessed 10/28/2014
Online_Linkage: https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas/data-download-step-2
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2012
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
MULC
Source_Contribution:
Data for variable "Perc_tree" were obtained from this source.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Friends of Trees
Publication_Date: Unknown
Title:
Friends of Trees Tree Planting Data
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Type_of_Source_Media: Personal communication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1990
Ending_Date: 2019
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Friends of Trees
Source_Contribution:
Data for variable "number_trees_planted" were obtained from this source.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: City of Portland, Bureau of Planning and Sustainability
Publication_Date: 20130419
Title:
Historic landmarks
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Portland, OR
Publisher: City of Portland, Bureau of Planning and Sustainability
Other_Citation_Details:
accessed 05/12/2020
Online_Linkage: https://gis-pdx.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/historic-landmarks
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2013
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Historic landmarks
Source_Contribution:
Data for variable "nrhp_bin" were obtained from this source.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Census Bureau
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
2010 TIGER/Line Census Tract shapefiles
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publisher: U.S. Census Bureau
Online_Linkage: https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles/index.php
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
U.S Census Bureau
Source_Contribution:
Data for variable "Geoid10" were obtained from this source.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Metro Data Resource Center
Publication_Date: 2020
Title:
City Boundaries
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publisher: PortlandMaps - Open Data
Online_Linkage: https://gis-pdx.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/city-boundaries
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2020
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Metro Data Resource Center
Source_Contribution:
Portland city boundaries were obtained from this source.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
To create the input variables for the model, we summarized the factors of interest within tracts in Portland. We consider a tract to be a “Portland tract” if at least 50% of the tract area falls within the Portland city limits. We used the 2010 TIGER/Line census tract shapefile to define census tract boundaries and the Metro Data Resource Center’s City Boundaries shapefile to define Portland city boundaries.

There are 141 census tracts that meet this requirement and are included in the analyses. Below, we briefly describe the process of creating each variable. To request more details, please contact Geoffrey Donovan.

1) Neigh_dollar

Neigh_dollar is the random effects from 30 first-stage hedonic models; we use this as our metric of gentrification. We estimated a separate hedonic model for each year of the study, which resulted in a panel data set of gentrification metrics (30 years and 141 Census tracts). For ease of interpretation, we back-transformed the random effects to dollars and discounted all values to 2019 dollars using the consumer-price index (this back-transformation took place at median sales price for each year).

See Donovan et al. (2021) for details.

2) max_stop

The source for max_stop is Trimet Stops (Route Stops). To create this variable we divided Trimet Stops (Route Stops) and 2010 TIGER/Line Census Tracts into East and West, using the Willamette River as the dividing line. By dividing the tracts and light rail stops into East and West, we could eliminate the possibility that a MAX line stop within ½ mile of a tract on the opposite side of the river would be considered accessible, as there are limited ways to cross the river. We buffered the MAX line stops with an 800 meter [m] buffer (~0.5 miles [mi]) and used tabulate intersection to determine the area of the buffers that intersect with a tract area. If the intersection was greater than 0, the tract had access to the line within 0.5 mi. The final variable, max_stop is the sum of all MAX lines within a half mile of a tract.

3) nhrp_bin

The source for nhrp_bin is the City of Portland’s Historic Landmarks shapefile. We calculated the number of historic landmarks that fell within each tract. If one or more historic landmarks fell within a tract, we assigned nhrp_bin a value of ‘1’, if no historic landmarks fell within a tract, we assigned nhrp_bin a value of ‘0’.

4) Perc_tree

The source for perc_tree is EnviroAtlas - Portland, OR - Meter-scale Urban Land Cover (MULC) Data. Perc_tree is the amount of tree coverage within each tract (where tree coverage is defined as the MULC class ‘trees and forest’). To create this variable, we reclassed the MULC layer into a binary layer, where trees = 1 and all other classes = 0. We used zonal stats to sum the number of tree/forest cells within a census tract. We used this to calculate percentages of tree coverage within a tract. NOTE: the MULC doesn’t completely cover all tracts that fall within Portland city boundaries, so percentages for those tracts needed to be corrected. We recalculated percent tree cover for these tracts using only the portion of the tract that was covered by the MULC layer.

5) Mean_house_age

The source for mean_house_age is the Multnomah County Tax Assessor’s office. The data were available as a table with address information, which we geocoded to create a point file of the location of the houses. The location of each house was linked to the census tract that it fell within. For mean_house_age we used the year that the house was built to calculate the house age, then calculated the mean house age for houses within a tract.

6) Mean_house_size

The source for mean_house_size is the Multnomah County Tax Assessor’s office. The data were available as a table with address information, which we geocoded to create a point file of the location of the houses. The location of each house was linked to the census tract that it fell within. For mean_house_size we calculated the mean house size (in square meters) for houses within a tract.

7) Number_trees_planted

The source for number_trees_planted is an unpublished dataset from ‘Friends of Trees’ that records the year and the approximate address of tree planting in Portland. We geocoded the address data to create a point file of the location of the trees. We then linked each tree to the census tract if fell within. To create number_trees_planted we summed the number of trees located within each tract.

For complete details see Donovan et al. (2021).

Donovan, Geoffrey H.; Prestemon, Jeffrey P.; Butry, David T.; Kaminski, Abigail R.; Monleon, Vicente J. 2021. The politics of urban trees: Tree planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon. Forest Policy and Economics 124: 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102387
Process_Date: 2020
Back to Top
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point
Back to Top
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Map_Projection:
Map_Projection_Name: Coordinate system name:
Projected coordinate system name: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Oregon_North_FIPS_3601
Geographic coordinate system name: GCS_North_American_1983_HARN

Planar:
Map projection: Lambert conformal conic
Back to Top
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
Below you will find a list and description of the files included in this data publication.

1. \Data\archive_data_II.csv: Comma-delimited ASCII text file containing the dependent variable and all covariates used in the second stage gentrification model.

Variables include:

neigh_dollar = Random effects from 30 first-stage hedonic models; we use this as our metric of gentrification (transformed into 2019 dollars using the consumer price index). A positive random effect indicates that a tract is more desirable than average, whereas a negative random effect indicates that a tract is less desirable than average. This is the dependent variable.

year = Year

max_stop = Number of light rail lines within ½ mile of a tract (there are 5 light rail lines in total).

nrhp_bin = Indicator variable denoting whether a tract contains a historic landmark. Historic landmarks can either be Local landmarks or recognized by the National Register. 0 = no historic landmark, 1 = at least one historic landmark within the tract.

perc_tree = Percent of a tract covered in MULC class “tree and forest” (0-100)

mean_house_age = Mean age of single-family homes in a tract

mean_house_size_m2 = Mean size of single-family homes in a tract (square meters)

number_trees_planted = Number of trees planted in a tract

geoid10 = An 11-digit geographic identifier for 2010 census tracts; this variable can be used to link to other census tract level variables.

tract_full_fips = ID created using 2010 census tract geographic codes (with some leading zeros of the components that make up the geographic codes removed)


2. \Supplements\archive_code.do: ASCII text file containing STATA code that was used to run the analysis of these data (it contains model specifications.)
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
none provided
Back to Top
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Research and Development
Contact_Position: Research Data Archivist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 240 West Prospect Road
City: Fort Collins
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80526
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: see Contact Instructions
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of April 2021. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Resource_Description: RDS-2021-0026
Distribution_Liability:
Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.

The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
Distribution_Liability:
Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.

The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: ASCII
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
Comma-delimited ASCII text file (*.CSV)
File_Decompression_Technique: Files zipped with 7-Zip 19.0
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0026
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: ASCII
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
ASCII text file containing STATA code (*.DO)
File_Decompression_Technique: Files zipped with 7-Zip 19.0
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0026
Fees: None
Back to Top
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20210406
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Geoffrey H. Donovan
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
Contact_Position: Research Forester
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 620 SW Main, Suite 502
City: Portland
State_or_Province: OR
Postal_Code: 97205
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 503-808-2043
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Geoffrey.donovan@usda.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999
Back to Top