Philadelphia land cover change data, 1970-2010

Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Roman, Lara A.
Originator: Catton, Indigo J.
Originator: Greenfield, Eric J.
Originator: Pearsall, Hamil
Originator: Eisenman, Theodore S.
Originator: Henning, Jason G.
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
Philadelphia land cover change data, 1970-2010
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0033
Description:
Abstract:
These data represent land cover change in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania over 40 years, with land cover visually interpreted from aerial imagery in 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Land cover classes were tree/shrub, herbaceous, other pervious, building, and other impervious at 10,000 random points.
Purpose:
Many cities in the United States and around the world have been assessing trends in urban tree canopy cover, and many municipal leaders have set goals for tree cover levels. However, there is a need for greater understanding of the socioecological dynamics of tree cover change over many decades, including varied trends within a city. These land cover change data were collected to assess the rates and drivers of tree cover change, using Philadelphia to investigate the processes of tree cover change in a post-industrial city.
Supplemental_Information:
For more information about these data see Roman et al. (2021).

These data were originally published on 04/09/2021. On 06/07/2021 the metadata was updated to include reference to a newly published article. On 02/22/2022 minor metadata updates were made.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1970
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1980
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1990
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2000
Currentness_Reference:
Publication date
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
Spatial_Domain:
Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
This dataset covers the city of Philadelphia, which is conterminous with Philadelphia County, located in the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania.
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.27867
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.95836
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.13687
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.86845
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: biota
Theme_Keyword: environment
Theme_Keyword: location
Theme_Keyword: society
Theme_Keyword: structure
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
Theme_Keyword: Ecology, Ecosystems, & Environment
Theme_Keyword: Landscape ecology
Theme_Keyword: Environment and People
Theme_Keyword: History
Theme_Keyword: Recreation
Theme_Keyword: Urban natural resources management
Theme_Keyword: Inventory, Monitoring, & Analysis
Theme_Keyword: Monitoring
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: land cover
Theme_Keyword: urban tree canopy cover
Theme_Keyword: urban forest
Theme_Keyword: urban park
Theme_Keyword: post-industrial city
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Philadelphia
Place_Keyword: Pennsylvania
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:

Roman, Lara A.; Catton, Indigo J.; Greenfield, Eric J.; Pearsall, Hamil; Eisenman, Theodore S.; Henning, Jason G. 2021. Philadelphia land cover change data, 1970-2010. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0033
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station
Contact_Person: Lara A. Roman
Contact_Position: Research Ecologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 100 N. 20th St., Suite 205
City: Philadelphia
State_or_Province: PA
Postal_Code: 19095
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 215-917-8899
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lara.roman@usda.gov
Data_Set_Credit:
This research was supported by a cooperative agreement between the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station and the University of Pennsylvania.
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Roman, Lara A.
Originator: Catton, Indigo J.
Originator: Greenfield, Eric J.
Originator: Pearsall, Hamil
Originator: Eisenman, Theodore S.
Originator: Henning, Jason G.
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
Linking urban tree cover change and local history in a post-industrial city
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Land
Issue_Identification: 10(4): 403
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040403
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Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
We compared the 2010 visual interpretation of tree cover to 2008 LiDAR-derived tree cover. There was 93.4% agreement regarding whether or not a given point was a tree. More specifically, 4.3% of points disagreed with the interpreter classifying a point as tree/shrub and LiDAR not classifying said points as tree. We suspect that this is largely due to inherent differences in the methodology, as tree/shrub distinctions are generally impractical in aerial photointerpretation, whereas LiDAR had a minimum tree height threshold of 2.4 meters.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
One individual interpreted all 10,000 points, which promotes internal consistency. A second, more experienced interpreter also classified a 5% random subsample of points. Across all years, the two interpreters had 91.5% agreement regarding whether or not a given point was a tree. Agreement was better in more recent years (92.9% in 2000 and 94.9% in 2010), which is sensible since the more recent imagery is higher resolution.
Completeness_Report:
There are no missing data in this package. Of the 10,000 points that were interpreted there were however 532 points that were considered permanent water (i.e., water in all images) and 777 points that were uninterpretable in at least one image (and therefore these 1309 points were excluded from analyses in Roman et al. 2021).
Lineage:
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Description:
BOUNDARIES AND AERIALS
The municipal boundaries for the City of Philadelphia and the boundaries for the 18 city planning districts were obtained from the city’s open data portal, opendataphilly.org. The protected open space boundaries were obtained from the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC). The scanned aerial images for 1970 through 2000 were also provided by DVRPC, while the 2010 scanned aerials were obtained from the Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA) clearinghouse, pasda.psu.edu. The 10,000 points were randomly laid within the city’s boundaries (i.e., there was no stratification by planning districts).

COORDINATES AND MAP PROJECTION
The map projection used in creating these data was NAD 1983 State Plane Pennsylvania South (US Feet), which correspond to the PointX and PointY coordinates in the data. To improve access and usability, we also provide the coordinates in decimal degrees in WGS84, which correspond to DecDegX and DecDegY in the data.

COVER CLASSES
The land cover classes used in the analysis were as follows: 0 uninterpretable; 1 trees and shrubs; 2 turf, grass, and other herbaceous plants, including agricultural fields; 3 other pervious, including bare soil and water; 4 buildings; 5 other impervious, including roads, walkways, and parking lots. Land cover classes 1-5 represent a consolidation of the classes used in Nowak and Greenfield (2012).

The interpreter used an expanded list of land cover classes from a previous study (Nowak and Greenfield 2012) which was then collapsed into the 5 classes used in our analyses. Specifically, other impervious was separately recorded as bare soil and water, and other impervious was separately recorded as roads, walkways, parking lots, and other. We later deemed these additional classes of other pervious and other impervious to be not relevant for our analyses, so the classes were collapsed. From the expanded classes, the water class was used to determine which points were permanent water (i.e., water in all images) and such points were excluded from further analyses.

INTERPRETATION STRATEGY
At each point, land cover was first interpreted on the newest imagery, then moving backwards in time, allowing newer imagery to assist in the interpretation of older imagery. Points were placed in the same geospatial coordinates, but these points sometimes appeared to shift due to misregistration. In such situations, the 2010 point location was considered the correct projection, and the interpreter moved the point for previous years (following Nowak and Greenfield 2012).

For more information see Roman et al. (2021).
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nowak, David J.
Originator: Greenfield, Eric J.
Publication_Date: 2012
Title:
Tree and impervious cover change in U.S. cities
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
Issue_Identification: 11(1): 21-30
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.11.005
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Roman, Lara A.
Originator: Catton, Indigo J.
Originator: Greenfield, Eric J.
Originator: Pearsall, Hamil
Originator: Eisenman, Theodore S.
Originator: Henning, Jason G.
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
Linking urban tree cover change and local history in a post-industrial city
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Land
Issue_Identification: 10(4): 403
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040403
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: City of Philadelphia
Publication_Date: 20141208
Title:
Planning districts
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publisher: Open Data Philly
Other_Citation_Details:
Accessed March 2021
Online_Linkage: https://www.opendataphilly.org/dataset/planning-districts
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2014
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
OpenDataPhilly
Source_Contribution:
The municipal boundaries for the City of Philadelphia and the boundaries for the 18 city planning districts were obtained from the city’s open data portal.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission
Publication_Date: Unknown
Title:
City of Philadelphia protected open space boundaries and scanned aerial images
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Philadelphia, PA
Publisher: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission
Other_Citation_Details:
Accessed March 2021
Online_Linkage: https://www.dvrpc.org/DataProducts/
Type_of_Source_Media: Personal communication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1970
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1980
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1990
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2000
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
DVRPC
Source_Contribution:
Protected open space boundaries were obtained from the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), as well as the scanned aerial images for 1970 through 2000. These data are not publicly posted on DVRPC’s website but were provided by their geospatial analysis staff.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: City of Philadelphia
Publication_Date: Unknown
Title:
Philadelphia aerial photography 2010
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster and vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publisher: The Pennsylvania Geospatial Data Clearinghouse and Philadelphia City Planning Commission
Other_Citation_Details:
Accessed March 2021
Online_Linkage: https://www.pasda.psu.edu/uci/DataSummary.aspx?dataset=1037
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
PASDA
Source_Contribution:
The 2010 scanned aerials were obtained from the Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA) clearinghouse.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
See methodology section above.
Process_Date: Unknown
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
Below you will find a list and description of the files (3) included in this data publication.

1. \Data\Land_cover_classes.csv: Comma-delimited ASCII text file containing a list and description of the land cover classes used in Philadelphia_land_cover_change_data.csv. Variables include:

ExpandedLandCoverClass = expanded land cover class number

LandCoverClass = land cover class number

Description = description of cover class


2. \Data\Philadelphia_land_cover_change_data.csv: Comma-delimited ASCII text file containing land cover change data in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania over 40 years. Variables include:

FID = point record identifier

PointX = point X coordinate, longitude (NAD 1983 State Plane Pennsylvania South in US Feet)

PointY = point Y coordinate, latitude (NAD 1983 State Plane Pennsylvania South in US Feet)

DecDegX = point X coordinate, longitude (decimal degrees in WGS84)

DecDegY = point Y coordinate, latitude (decimal degrees in WGS84)

2010 = land cover class at point in 2010 (see Land_cover_classes.csv for description of classes)

2000 = land cover class at point in 2000 (see Land_cover_classes.csv for description of classes)

1990 = land cover class at point in 1990 (see Land_cover_classes.csv for description of classes)

1980 = land cover class at point in 1980 (see Land_cover_classes.csv for description of classes)

1970 = land cover class at point in 1970 (see Land_cover_classes.csv for description of classes)

StableTree = whether point is stable tree (1 = stable, tree in all five images; 0 = otherwise)

StableHerb = whether point is stable herbaceous (1 = stable, herbaceous in all five images; 0 = otherwise)

StableOthPerv = whether point is stable other pervious (1 = stable, other pervious in all five images; 0 = otherwise)

StableBuilding = whether point is stable building (1 = stable, building in all five images; 0 = otherwise)

StableOthImperv = whether point is stable other impervious (1 = stable, other impervious in all five images; 0 = otherwise)

District = district number used by the Philadelphia City Planning Commission (see Planning_districts.csv for description of numbers)

OpenSpace = whether point is located in protected open space, based on the Delaware Valley Regional Planning District (1 = in protected open space; 0 = not in protected open space)

OpenSpaceType = for points located in protected open space, the type of open space (1 = municipal; 2 = federal; 3 = nonprofit; 4 = state)

UninterpretableAny = point is uninterpretable in any year, used for exclusion (1 = uninterpretable in at least one year; 0 = interpretable in all years)

PermanentWater = point is considered permanent water because land cover was water in all five images, used for exclusion (1 = permanent water; 0 = not permanent water)


3. \Data\Planning_districts.csv: Comma-delimited ASCII text file containing a list and description of planning district numbers used in Philadelphia_land_cover_change_data.csv. Variables include:

PlanningDistrictNumber = planning district number

PlanningDistrictName = planning district name
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Roman, Lara A.; Catton, Indigo J.; Greenfield, Eric J.; Pearsall, Hamil; Eisenman, Theodore S.; Henning, Jason G. 2021. Linking urban tree cover change and local history in a post-industrial city. Land 10(4): 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040403
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Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Research and Development
Contact_Position: Research Data Archivist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 240 West Prospect Road
City: Fort Collins
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80526
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: see Contact Instructions
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of June 2021. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Resource_Description: RDS-2021-0033
Distribution_Liability:
Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.

The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: ASCII
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
Comma-delimited ASCII text file (CSV)
File_Decompression_Technique: Files zipped with 7-Zip 19.0
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0033
Fees: None
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20220222
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station
Contact_Person: Lara A. Roman
Contact_Position: Research Ecologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 100 N. 20th St., Suite 205
City: Philadelphia
State_or_Province: PA
Postal_Code: 19095
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 215-917-8899
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lara.roman@usda.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999
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