Santee Experimental Forest, Watershed 78 (Turkey Creek): streamflow, water chemistry, water table, and weather data

Metadata:

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

HISTORIC DAILY FLOW:

Stage was measured at 15-minute intervals using an analog-to-digital recording (ADR) device accurate to the nearest 0.01 foot at an old gauging station that was about 800 m downstream of the current USGS gauging station. Daily mean flow values were calculated by translating the ADR tapes to obtain 15-minute stage values, which were used with stage-discharge relationship equations for the gaging site developed with an assistance from the USGS at that time to compute the corresponding 15-minute flow rates and then averaging these rates to get the daily mean flow rates. A staff gauge was mounted on the face of the blockhouse to allow direct comparison of stage data to manual readings.


DAILY FLOW/15-MIN FLOW:

Starting in 2007, these data are available at the USGS Turkey Creek above Huger, SC gauging station website, http://waterdata.usgs.gov/sc/nwis/uv?site_no=02172035.


WATER QUALITY:

Laboratory analyses from March 2006 through February 2007 followed standards described in "Laboratory Methods: Santee Experimental Forest" (\Supplements\SEF_Laboratory_Manual_01-09-14.pdf), a summary of sample collection, handling, transporting, processing, preservation and laboratory analysis protocols compiled by Ms. Lara Matthews, Laboratory Manager at the Center for Forested Wetlands Research in October 2006 and revised by Ms. Julie Arnold in January 2014. Analytical instruments were calibrated with known standards before every sample run, and laboratory analyses of sample sets always included at least 10% duplicate, blank and spiked samples for quality assurance.

The analytical laboratory at the Center for Forested Wetlands Research in Charleston was shut down in the spring of 2007 (all personnel were in the process of moving out to the Santee Experimental Forest offices and labs in Cordesville), and after March 2007 water quality sampling was discontinued temporarily and did not resume until December 2007. Instrumental analyses for samples collected from March 2007 forward were conducted at the USDA Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory analytical laboratory and followed standards described in "Procedures for Chemical Analysis" (\Supplements\wetlab-cookbook_revised-2017-08-08.pdf), a laboratory manual compiled by Mr. James M. Deal and revised by Ms. Cindi Brown and others that summarizes protocols employed at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto NC 28763.

Calibration and field use of the Manta multiprobe were performed as recommended in the "Manta Water Quality Multiprobe Startup Guide," version dated June 4, 2004 (Eureka Environmental Engineering, 2113 Wells Branch Parkway Suite 4400, Austin TX 78728).

Problems with the pH sensor in the Manta multiprobe started to develop in March 2016, and we switched to measuring pH in the field with the Oakton PC 300 Waterproof Hand-held pH/Conductivity/TDS/Temperature Meter on October 28, 2016. Calibration and field use of the PC 300 Meter were performed as recommended in the Instruction Manual for the PC 300, rev. March 5, 2008 (Oakton Instruments, P.O. Box 5136, Vernon Hills IL 60061).

In September 2017 we started using the Hanna HI98194 multiprobe for measurement of pH, temperature, specific conductance, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO). Calibration and field use of the HI98194 multiprobe were performed as recommended in the Instruction Manual for the HI98194, HI98195 and HI98196 Multiparameter Meters (Hanna Instruments Inc., Highland Industrial Park, 584 Park East Drive, Woonsocket RI 02895).

After two successive Hanna multiprobes broke, we started using the YSI ProQuatro multiprobe for the measurement of the same set of parameters in April 2023. Calibration and field use of the ProQuatro multiprobe were performed as recommended in the ProQuatro User Manual (https://www.ysi.com/File%20Library/Documents/Manuals/606962-ProQuatro-User-Manual-English.pdf).

The accuracy and resolution of the parameters measured by the Manta are listed below:

pH: accuracy = +/- 0.2 units; resolution = 0.01 units;
temperature: accuracy (over the range of -5 to 50 degrees Celsius [degrees C]) = +/- 0.08 degrees C; resolution = 0.01 degrees C;
specific conductance: accuracy (over the ranges of 0 - 5, 5 - 25 and 25 - 112 microS per cm) = +/- 1% reading +/- 0.001, +/- 1% reading, and +/- 1% reading, respectively; resolution = to 4 digits; and
salinity: accuracy (over the range 0 - 70 PSS) = +/- 1% reading +/- 1 count; resolution = 0.01 PSS; and
dissolved oxygen: accuracy (over the range 0 - 50 milligrams per liter [mg per L]) = +/- 0.2 mg per L (for less than or equal to 20 mg per L) and +/- 0.6 mg per L (for greater than 20 mg per L).

The accuracy and resolution of pH measurements made using the PC 300 Meter are listed below:

pH: accuracy = +/- 0.01 units; resolution = 0.01 units.

The accuracy and resolution of the parameters measured by the Hanna are listed below:

pH: accuracy = +/- 0.02 units; resolution = 0.01 units;
temperature: accuracy = +/- 0.15 degrees C; resolution = 0.01 degrees C;
specific conductance: accuracy = +/- 1% of reading; resolution = 0.001 mS/cm from 0.000 to 9.999 mS/cm;
salinity: accuracy = +/- 2% of reading; resolution = 0.01 PSU; and
dissolved oxygen: accuracy (over the range 0.00 to 30.00 mg/L) = +/- 1.5% of the reading or +/- 0.10 mg/L, whichever is greater (w.i.g.); resolution = 0.01 mg/L.

The accuracy and resolution of the parameters measured by the ProQuatro are listed below:

pH: accuracy = +/- 0.2 units; resolution = 0.01 units;
temperature: accuracy = 0.2 degrees C; resolution = 0.1 degrees C;
specific conductance: accuracy = 0.5% of reading or 0.100 mS/cm, w.i.g.; resolution = range dependent.
salinity: accuracy = +/- 1% of reading or 0.1 ppt, w.i.g.; resolution = 0.01 ppt;
dissolved oxygen: accuracy (over the range 0 to 20 mg/L) = +/- 2% of the reading or 0.2 mg/L, w.i.g.


WATER TABLE:

Hourly automated WL16 datalogger/pressure transducer measurements for the Goldsboro, Lenoir, Lynchburg, Rains and Wahee wells were originally in feet (ft) above the pressure transducer (with a precision of 0.01 ft) inside at the bottom of the well. These measurements were later converted to centimeters (cm) below ground surface and elevation in meters relative to mean sea level using the measured elevation of the ground surface at the well (or elevation of top of the well subtracted by the height of the well to obtain the ground surface elevation). Data were downloaded every 1-2 months, and at the time of download the accuracies of the WL16s were checked by using a hand-held Hydrolite or Solinst Mini 101 water level meter.

The accuracies of the instruments used to monitor water table are listed here:
Hydrolite/Solinst meter: 0.3 cm

WL16 datalogger/pressure transducer: ±0.1% of full scale at constant temperature, ±0.2% over 35 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit (degrees F) (1.37 to 21.1 degrees C)


WEATHER:

Non-recording rain gauge and historical manual rainfall measurements at the Lotti Road weather station were made using a 0.2-meter (8-inch) diameter National Weather Service Standard Rain Gauge with its opening 0.8 meters (m) from the ground. Until 1996, air temperature measurements were made using standard max/min and ambient thermometers or were recorded on strip charts by a Belfort Hydrothermograph.

Starting in February 1996, both air temperature and precipitation were recorded by sensors linked to an Omnidata 800 datalogger. Rainfall event data recorded by a tipping bucket gauge were calibrated to the total rainfall collected by the manual gauge between download intervals. Temperature data were checked against the standard max/min and ambient thermometers (at 1.37 m and 1.52 m, respectively, inside a ventilated wooden enclosure).

Manual rainfall measurements at the Lotti Road station were made using a 0.10 m (4-inch) diameter, 279.4 millimeters (mm) (11-inch) capacity All Weather Rain Gauge (Productive Alternatives, Inc., Fergus Falls, MN), with its opening 1.85 m from the ground. On 8/9/2011 the manual gauge was moved to a new location, adjacent to the tipping bucket gauge in the center of a fenced enclosure, where its opening was 0.60 m from the ground.

Starting in 2001 both instantaneous hourly air and soil temperature and rainfall at the Lotti Road station were recorded electronically by sensors linked to Onset Hobo dataloggers and downloaded directly to a laptop computer in the field. Rainfall event data recorded by a tipping bucket gauge were calibrated to the total rainfall collected by the manual gauge between download intervals. Air temperature data were checked against standard max/min and ambient thermometers (at 1.37 m and 1.52 m heights above the ground, respectively, inside a ventilated wooden enclosure).

On 1/3/2018 there was freezing rain and snowfall, and after that time snow froze and thawed slowly over several days. No accurate event data were recorded during or immediately after the freezing rain and snow event, so we used Pluvio weighing bucket percentages and the post-event Lotti Road manual gauge meltwater total to estimate hourly precipitation.

On 7/27/2023 the Onset data logger and associated sensors at the Lotti Road station were replaced by an Onset smart station (including an H21-USB Micro Station data logger, two S-TMB-M002 temperature smart sensors and an S-RGB-M002 rainfall smart sensor).

Manual rainfall measurements at the Turkey Creek weather station were made using a 0.10 m (4-inch) diameter, 279.4 mm (11-inch) capacity All Weather Rain Gauge (Productive Alternatives, Inc., Fergus Falls, MN), with its opening at a height of 0.89 m from the ground.

Starting in October 2005, a suite of climatic variables were recorded electronically on a half-hourly interval at the Turkey Creek weather station by sensors linked to a Campbell Scientific CR10X datalogger. Rainfall event data recorded by a Texas Electronics, Inc. Model TR-525USW or Sierra-Misco Environment Ltd. Model 2501 tipping bucket gauge were calibrated to the total rainfall collected by the manual gauge between download intervals.

Logical_Consistency_Report:

HISTORIC DAILY FLOW:

Limited information from the historic period is available concerning the protocols used to ensure data consistency and quality.


WATER QUALITY:

Visual inspection of electronically plotted water quality data and calculation of concentration means and standard deviations were used to identify possible outliers. Any values outside 5 standard deviations of the mean were considered outliers and omitted from the data set (but noted in the metadata).

Samples collected on 10/3/2016, as well as frozen filtered samples collected and processed on or after 9/16/2016, were exposed to room temperature sometime after 10/5/2016 due to power outage resulting from Hurricane Matthew.

Samples collected on 10/11/2016 were stored in an outbuilding to keep cool until 10/11/2016 13:30 after power had been restored.

Because of problems with the ultrapure water system, filters used to process samples collected on or after 12/19/2016 were pre-soaked in DI, not ultrapure, water prior to use.


WATER TABLE:

Visual inspection of electronically plotted water table data and comparison with precipitation data from the Turkey Creek weather station on this watershed (until 2016) and from the Witherbee Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) website (https://raws.dri.edu/cgi-bin/rawMAIN.pl?laSWIT) thereafter were employed to expose anomalous values for the expected water table response to rainfall.


WEATHER:

For the non-recording rain gauge data, visual inspection of plotted precipitation data and comparison with data from other SEF stations were employed to expose anomalous values.

Visual inspection of electronically plotted temperature and precipitation data from the Lotti Road weather station and comparison with data from other nearby SEF stations were employed to expose anomalous values.

The original units for non-recording rain gauge measurements were inches and historic Lotti Road rain gauge measurements were cm; for the sake of later consistency the data have been converted to mm.

Prescribed burn on 4/19/2016 leads to spike in air temperature at the Lotti Road station.

Tipping bucket data at the Lotti Road station lost between 3/21/2017 and 4/4/2017 because of bad battery (AH replaced battery and relaunched on 4/4). Used tips from Met 5 to estimate event times and calculate daily totals (using appropriate manual/tipper ratio).

Observed reed switch at the Lotti Road station going bad 12/5/2017; compared tip results with Met 5 to determine "good" tips.
Once again, used tips from Met 5 to estimate event times and calculate daily totals (using appropriate manual/tipper ratio) for the period between 12/12/2017 and 12/31/2017.

On 1/3/2018 there was freezing rain and snowfall, and after that time snow froze and thawed slowly over several days. No accurate event data recorded during or immediately after freezing rain and snow event, so used percentages from Pluvio weighing bucket at Santee Headquarters and post-event Lotti Road manual gauge meltwater total to estimate hourly precipitation.

Substituted tips from 9/4/2018 at Met 5 for missing tips at Lotti Road station because of malfunctioning reed switch.
Substituted tips from 9/24/2018 to 9/30/2018 at Met 25 for missing tips at Lotti Road station because of cable interference with action of tipper.

Substituted tips from 10/14/2019 to 10/20/2019 at Met 5 for missing tips at Lotti Road station because of malfunctioning tipper (blocked by spider web).

Substituted tips from Met 5 for those at Lotti Road station between 10/27/2020 and 11/20/2020 because of effect of non-level funnel on tip number.

Completeness_Report:

All missing data are indicated by blank cells.


HISTORIC DAILY FLOW:

The historic study ran from 1964 to 1984, although no daily flow data are currently available after 1976. Data from 1974 to 1976, processed at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, were already in digital formats, but no data have yet been found for 1977 to 1984. Only the field service records on paper formats are available through May 1984. The recorded stage heights taken every two to four weeks of the service during that period could be used to derive the discharges using the stage discharge relationship created in 1964.


WATER QUALITY:

Stream water samples were collected as weekly grab samples from March to May 2006. After this time water samples were collected by a Teledyne-ISCO 3700 automated sampler linked to the USGS Sutron 8210 flow logger, and no samples were collected during periods when there was no active stream flow. While the Center for Forested Wetlands Research was in the process of relocating its offices and labs from Charleston to the Santee Experimental Forest, collection of water quality samples was discontinued temporarily at the WS 78 gauging station between May and December 2007. After June 2017 technical problems prevented collection of automated samples, and collection of weekly grab samples resumed in October 2019.


Outliers and missing data (2006 - 2007)

There are a number of possible outliers, including the following dates and analytes (concentration in mg per L in parentheses):
06/03/2006 03:15 K (3.73)
06/27/2006 00:15 K (3.62)
06/27/2006 06:45 K (5.29)
07/06/2006 16:45 K (3.9)
07/24/2006 17:00 K (4.8)
07/27/2006 14:30 NO3/NO2 (0.16), K (5.57)
07/29/2006 16:00 NO3/NO2 (0.15), K (5.14)
01/15/2007 17:00 NO3/NO2 (0.23)
05/01/2007 08:30 Br (0.203)

The threshold chosen for identifying outliers was 5 x standard deviation above or below the mean. None of the potential reasons for these possible outliers can be confirmed, and so these values have been retained in the data set and it is at the discretion of the user to include or exclude them.

Manta data missing for following periods:
01/09/2007 (DO values removed; at or above 100%)
01/18/2007 (DO values removed; at or above 100%)
01/30/2007 (DO values removed; at or above 100%)
02/09/2007 (DO values removed; at or above 100%)
02/22/2007 (DO values removed; at or above 100%)
03/02/2007 (DO values removed; at or above 100%)
03/09/2007 (DO values removed; at or above 100%)

All pH, conductivity and salinity data for 2006 and 2007 removed because of questions about instrument calibration during the period.


Outliers, negative values and missing data (2008 - 2023)

There are a number of possible outliers, including the following dates and analytes:
06/22/2008 17:30 TDP (0.106), PO4 (0.31)
02/19/2009 03:01 TDP (0.098), PO4 (0.297)
04/02/2009 15:45 NO3/NO2 (0.148)
08/29/2011 15:13 Ca (25.63), Mg (3.91), SO4 (55.09)
03/04/2012 00:30 Mg (3.26), SO4 (46.441)
03/04/2012 01:30 Mg (3.2), SO4 (42.595)
03/04/2012 02:30 Mg (3.36), SO4 (41.99)
03/18/2012 14:45 Cl (27.064)
06/11/2012 16:15 TDN (1.931)
06/21/2014 16:28 TDN (2.232), TDP (0.068), NH4 (1.191)
06/23/2014 12:43 TDN (2.152), TDP (0.115), NH4 (1.165)
06/23/2014 14:28 TDN (1.85), NH4 (0.942)
06/24/2014 02:13 NH4 (0.617)
06/28/2014 16:28 SO4 (42.36)
09/16/2014 01:43 TDP (0.086)
05/05/2021 08:37 NH4 (0.717)
05/10/2021 08:52 NH4 (0.765)
05/17/2021 08:54 NH4 (0.597), NO3/NO2 (0.188)
06/14/2021 10:46 TDP (0.0824), NH4 (0.578), NO3/NO2 (0.278), PO4 (0.171)
07/06/2021 10:15 NO3/NO2 (0.161)
07/10/2023 09:00 NH4 (0.943)
08/14/2023 08:33 Cl (36.612)


The elevated values observed in June 2014 may have resulted from a heavy rain event following an extended dry period. However, because none of the potential reasons for the extreme values can be confirmed, these and other possible outliers have been retained in the data set and it is at the discretion of the user to include or exclude them.

DOC data from samples collected during the May 30, 2012 to April 12, 2013 period have been removed as suspect because of concerns raised at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (their instrument may have been measuring Total Carbon instead of Dissolved Organic Carbon during this period).

A small number of negative values were recorded for TDP. Following the policy of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, these values have been replaced with "0.001".

Manta/Hanna data missing for following periods:

All pH, conductivity and salinity data for 2008 removed because of questions about instrument calibration during the period.

Dissolved oxygen measurements (percent saturation) recorded on 2/19/2010 12:15 and 3/5/2010 13:47 were higher than 100% and so all DO values were removed from the data set for those dates and times.

8/16/2013 (specific conductivity and salinity values removed as outliers).

Dissolved oxygen measurements (percent saturation) recorded on 1/31/2014 14:45 and 3/6/2014 9:12 were higher than 100% and so all DO values were removed from the data set for those dates and times.

Manta data not available from November 2015 through early February 2016 because of problem with cable, and also not available from early March 2016 through early June 2016 because of sensor problems.

Suspect pH data removed for 3/4/2016.
Only pH data available on 10/28/2016.

Suspect Hanna DO values removed from 11/29/2018 10:49 (over 100%).

The Hanna multiprobe broke during early December 2018, and measurements did not resume until June 2020 after the instrument was replaced.

Measurements ceased again during the SRS COVID lockdown in January 2021 and did not restart until October 2021. However, the new instrument broke in January 2022. The Hanna was replaced by a YSI ProQuatro multiprobe, and measurements began again in April 2023.


WATER TABLE:

Data are complete except during periods of occasional battery failure, equipment malfunction or equipment removal in advance of an expected prescribed burn (removal and reinstallation dates are included in the Field Methodology section for each well).


WEATHER:

The non-recording rain gauges (numbers 2, 3, 4, 30, 31, 32 and 33) were usually read only after rain had fallen, and not on weekends or holidays. However, more than one precipitation event may have occurred between readings.

There are some large gaps in the Lotti Road station historical data (for rainfall, notable gaps include: November 1969 to November 1971, September 1994 to February 1996, and February 1998 to August 1998; while for air temperature, larger gaps include: February 1973 to May 1973 and February 1998 to August 1998). Since then, there are occasional smaller gaps in the data (lasting up to a month or two) resulting from equipment failures or personnel vacancies.


Lotti Road hourly data

No manual rain gauge data were available at the Lotti Road station until the period starting 11/16/2001, so tipping bucket gauge data recorded prior to that date could not be used. This was also true for the period between 2/19/2002 and 1/1/2003. There are large gaps in the temperature data from 8/15/2002 to 12/31/2002 and 8/18/2004 to 4/23/2008.

There have also been brief periods of missing rainfall and/or air and soil temperature data, usually as the result of equipment malfunction.

Cobwebs inside tipping bucket structure resulted in loss of rainfall data from 9/30/2015 through 10/5/2015.

Close approach by prescribed burn on 4/19/2016 led to a spike in air temperature values, and air temperature data between 13:00 and 15:00 on that date were omitted.

Soil temperature data are missing between 5/26/2016 and 6/1/2016 because of the transition to the new wooden temperature sensor enclosure.

All Lotti Road rainfall data lost between 3/30/2023 and 5/16/2023 (pendant failure during period without a working field laptop computer).

Observed on 12/4/2023 that Lotti Road soil temperature values appeared to be drifting down; the defective Onset temperature smart sensor was replaced on 12/13/2023.


Rainfall - missing or adjusted data:
Data missing between 1/1/2001 1:00 and 11/16/2001 10:00.
Data missing between 2/19/2002 14:00 and 1/1/2003 0:00.
Manual rainfall data from met 5 used in calculation of adjusted rainfall for the periods 11/27/2002-1/8/2003, 2/12/2003-3/19/2003,
Data gap: 5/16/2006 13:00 to 5/31/2006 11:00.
Battery failure on 1/28/2007 - lost data between then and 2/7/2007 (filled in with met5 data).
Data missing from 9/30/2015 18:00 to 10/6/2015 0:00.
Data missing from 3/30/2023 10:00 to 5/16/2023 8:00.
Data missing from 7/27/2023 10:00 to 7/31/2023 0:00.


Temperature - missing data:
01/01/2001 00:13 to 09/13/2001 12:13
08/15/2002 11:13 to 12/31/2002 23:13
01/08/2003 20:27
01/15/2003 08:27 to 10:27
01/16/2003 19:27
01/30/2003 01:27 to 02:27 and 10:27 to 21:27
02/10/2003 11:27
02/13/2003 07:11, 11:11 and 19:11
02/16/2003 00:11
02/17/2003 05:11
02/19/2003 03:11, 09:11 and 18:11
02/20/2003 01:11
02/21/2003 05:11 and 20:11
02/22/2003 23:11
02/23/2003 00:11 to 02:11, 08:11 and 20:11
03/01/2003 18:11
03/04/2003 04:11
03/05/2003 06:11
03/06/2003 04:11
03/11/2003 08:11 to 09:11
04/21/2003 17:00 to 06/05/2003 14:48
08/01/2003 15:19 to 23:19
08/02/2003 00:19 to 07:19, and 18:19
08/05/2003 16:19 to 17:19
08/10/2003 15:19 to 23:19
08/11/2003 00:19, and 10:19 to 12:19
11/25/2003 12:33 to 13:33
12/06/2003 13:33 to 14:33
12/09/2003 13:33 to 16:33
12/10/2003 01:33 to 09:33, 11:33, 14:33 and 22:33
12/11/2003 05:33, and 19:33 to 21:33
12/12/2003 01:33, 06:33 to 07:33
12/16/2003 22:33 to 23:33
12/23/2003 10:33
01/02/2004 16:33 (soil temp)
07/21/2004 06:45 to 08/18/2004 17:05 (air temp)
07/29/2004 07:45 to 12:45 (both)
08/18/2004 18:00 to 01/01/2008 00:00 (both)
01/01/2008 01:00 to 04/23/2008 13:00
09/18/2010 16:34 to 09/21/2010 12:34
03/25/2012 12:00 to 04/10/2012 12:00 (soil temperature only missing)
04/19/2016 13:00 to 15:00 (air temp)
05/26/2016 09:00 to 06/01/2016 08:00 (soil temp)
07/27/2023 10:00 to 12/13/2023 13:00 (soil temp)


Turkey Creek (TC) half-hourly - missing data:
All data unavailable from 1/1/2005 0:30 to 10/3/2005 14:30, when the station was installed.
All data missing from 6/30/2006 10:30 to 6/30/2006 11:00.
Solar radiation data missing from 6/17/2009 9:30 to 7/30/2009 13:30 while LI-COR LI-200X pyranometer was being recalibrated at Campbell Scientific.

Missing half-hourly TC tipping bucket rainfall totals from 8/1/2010 8:30 to 8/13/2010 8:30 (gauge clogged) were estimated based on Lotti Road event data (using total from TC manual gauge).

Missing half-hourly TC tipping bucket rainfall totals from 1/4/2011 13:30 to 1/11/2010 13:00 (gauge clogged), and also 1/24/2011 14:30 to 2/9/2011 11:30, were estimated based on Lotti Road event data (using totals from TC manual gauge).

Windspeed and wind direction data missing from 1/13/2011 15:30 to 2/9/2011 11:30 while Met One 34B sensor was being refurbished at Campbell Scientific.

All data missing from 1/24/2011 14:30 to 2/9/2011 11:30 because of problem with CR10X datalogger operating system.

Solar radiation data missing from 5/3/2011 12:00 to 6/1/2011 10:00 while LI-COR LI-200X sensor was being recalibrated at Campbell Scientific.

Air temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure data missing from 6/19/2012 10:30 to 7/17/2012 10:00.

Windspeed data missing from 1/29/2013 13:00 to 2/20/2013 12:30.

Air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure and solar radiation data missing from 7/9/2013 10:30 to 7/25/2013 10:00.

Air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure data missing from 10/1/2014 9:30 to 10/28/2014 10:00.

Windspeed data missing from 3/12/2015 18:30 to 4/8/2015 13:00.

Rainfall data missing from 7/24/2015 10:00 to 8/7/2015 12:00.

Because the manual rain gauge overflowed during the extreme rain event, the manual/tipping bucket ratio from 9/28/2015 to 10/2/2015 was used to estimate rainfall totals from 10/2/2015 to 10/8/2015.

Air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure data missing from 11/18/2015 12:30 to 1/6/2016 12:30.

Windspeed data missing from 3/7/2017 12:30 to 3/8/2017 11:30.

Estimated half-hourly precipitation on 1/3/2018, 1/4/2018 and 1/8/2018 based on manual gauge meltwater total and data from Santee HQ.

Adjusted rainfall totals from 2/7/2018 through 3/5/2018 based on tip percentages at the Lotti Road station.

Adjusted TC rainfall totals from 5/31/2019 through 6/19/2019 based on event times and tip percentages at the Lotti Road station (TC funnel clogged).

Experienced problems while downloading on 8/6/2019 and lost all data from 8/5/2019 11:00 to 8/6/2019 12:00.

Used event times and proportions on 8/5/2019 at the Lotti Road station to estimate the adjusted rainfall totals at TC during the data outage (8/5/2019 11:00 to 8/6/2019 12:00).

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 12/17/2019; used tip times and percentages at Lotti Road and manual total at TC to estimate half-hourly totals during the 12/2 to 12/17 period.

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 1/23/2020.

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 2/19/2020.
Corrected rainfall data from 2/3/2020 to 2/19/2020 using tipping event times and percentages from Lotti Road during the period.

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 8/26/2020.
Corrected rainfall data from 8/4/2020 to 8/26/2020 using tipping event times and percentages from Lotti Road during the period.

Tipping bucket gauge clogged between 3/2/2021 and 3/11/2021; "new" stand-alone RG2M tipping bucket gauge (SN 460717) installed 3/11/2021.

Corrected TC data from 2/22/2021 to 3/11/2021 using tipping event times and percentages from Lotti Road during the period.

The Met One 34B windset was due for evaluation and refurbishment in March 2021, but this was not performed because the TC weather station was slated to be decomissioned. Likewise, the RH chip in the HMP60 temperature/RH sensor was due to be replaced in August 2021, but this also was not performed. The data from these sensors have been retained in the dataset, and it is at the discretion of the users whether or not to utilize it.

RG2M tipping bucket gauge removed on 8/2/2021 and replaced by RG3 gauge, SN 20462439.

Corrected TC data on 12/30/2021 using adjusted pendant tip amounts on that date (clogged funnel).

Corrected TC data from 1/1/2022 to 1/12/2022 using adjusted pendant tip amounts on those dates (clogged funnel).
Tipper may have been affected by freezing rain between 1/18/2022 and 1/31/2022.

The SP-110 pyranometer was due to be calibrated in April 2022, but this was not performed. Data from this sensor have also been retained in the dataset, and it is at the discretion of the users whether or not to utilize it.

The TR-525USW funnel was clogged between 9/22/2022 and 10/13/2022 and so corrected pendant tip amounts were used to fill in for the missing data.

The CR10X datalogger was turned off on 10/13/2022 8:30 and no sensor data were collected after that timepoint.

Lineage:

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Field

Methodology_Description:

HISTORIC DAILY FLOW:

In 1964 the Forest Service constructed a gauging station on top of an old railroad tramway dam at the Rock Hole site along Turkey Creek (which was about 800 m downstream from the currently established site on Highway 41 above Huger, SC). Stage data were recorded on tapes at 15-minute intervals by analog-to-digital water level recording (ADR) equipment.

Rating curves for the station were developed using four different channel locations (two positions in the large break in the dam for high flows, and two small downstream channels for low flows) and a Price current meter and wading rod.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Field

Methodology_Description:

WATER QUALITY:

From March to May 2006 a weekly grab sample was collected just upstream of the USGS bubbler-type water level sensor (and just below the downstream side of the Highway 41 bridge over Turkey Creek at the watershed outlet). The sample bottle was taken to the laboratory in a cooler and either filtered immediately (through 0.45 micron, 47 mm WCN type filters) or frozen until filtration could begin.

In June 2006 a USGS Sutron 8210 flow logger was linked to a USDA Forest Service Teledyne-ISCO 3700 automated sampler. Stage height increases of 7.62 mm or more in a 15-minute period signaled the sampler to take a 200-ml water sample. Samples were composited (4 samples per 1000 ml bottle), and approximately once a week filled bottles were removed from the sampler and replaced with clean, acid-washed bottles. These samples were then transported to the laboratory in coolers and processed as stated above for grab samples. Starting in December 2007 water sample bottles were no longer frozen but instead kept at 4 degrees C and filtered as soon as possible.

About once a week the Manta multiprobe (linked to the Amphibian data logger) was taken to the site and used in situ to measure pH, temperature, specific conductance, salinity and dissolved oxygen in the same location that had been used to collect grab samples. In 2009 the Manta measurement interval became approximately bi-weekly.

Manta measurements were discontinued from November 2015 through early February 2016 because of problems with the cable, and then again from early March 2016 through early June 2016 because of sensor problems.

Beginning on 10/28/2016 measurements of pH were performed in the field using an Oakton PC 300 Waterproof Hand-held pH/Conductivity/TDS/Temperature Meter because of problem with the Manta sensor.

No automated samples were collected after June 2017 because of inability to trigger the ISCO sampler by the USGS DCP (we resumed collecting weekly grab samples in October 2019)

In September 2017 we started using the Hanna HI98194 multiprobe for measurement of pH, temperature, specific conductance, salinity and dissolved oxygen, but the measurements stopped in December 2018 when the instrument was broken.

Bi-weekly Hanna multiprobe measurements resumed in June 2020.

Measurements ceased again during the SRS COVID lockdown in January 2021 and did not restart until October 2021. However, the new instrument broke in January 2022. The Hanna was replaced by a YSI ProQuatro multiprobe, and measurements began again in April 2023.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

WATER QUALITY:

Laboratory methods from March 2006 to February 2007 were as described in "\Supplements\SEF_Laboratory_Manual_01-09-14.pdf," a summary of sample collection, handling, transporting, processing, preservation and laboratory analysis protocols compiled by Ms Lara Matthews, Laboratory Manager at the Center for Forested Wetlands Research in October 2006 and revised by Ms. Julie Arnold in January 2014.

Briefly, the laboratory protocols involved the following:

After filtration through 0.45 micron, 47 mm WCN type filters, each sample was aliquoted to three labelled 125 milliliter (ml) HDPE sample bottles and one labelled 40 ml amber VOA vial for preservation and subsequent analyses. 140 microliters of a concentrated acid was added to each of three aliquots: H2SO4 in the 125 ml bottle for NH4, NO3/NO2, total dissolved N and total dissolved P analyses; HNO3 in the 125 ml bottle for cation analyses; and H3PO4 in the 40 ml vial for DOC analysis. The remaining 125 ml bottle (for Cl analysis) received no preservative. All sample aliquots were refrigerated until analyses could be performed.

The analyses, instruments used and method detection limits (mdl) during this period were the following:

TDN: performed using QuikChem© Method 10-107-04-3, In-Line Digestion followed by FIA on a LachatQuickChem FIA+ Autoanalyzer; mdl = 0.5 mg per L before March 2004, 0.3 mg per L (March 2004 to July 2005), and 0.1 mg per L after July 2005;

TDP: performed using QuikChem© Method 10-115-01-3, FIA Colorimetry (In-Line Persulfate Digestion Method) on a LachatQuickChem FIA+ Autoanalyzer; mdl = 0.1 mg per L before July 2005 and 0.01 mg per L after July 2005;

NO3/NO2-N: performed using QuikChem© Method 10-107-04-1, Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) on a LachatQuickChem FIA+ Autoanalyzer; mdl = 0.2 mg per L before July 2005 and 0.02 mg per L after July 2005;

NH4-N: performed using QuikChem© Method 10-107-06-1, FIA Colorimetry on a LachatQuickChem FIA+ Autoanalyzer; mdl = 0.1 mg per L before July 2005 and 0.02 mg per L after July 2005;

Cl: performed using QuikChem® Method 10-117-07-1-C, FIA Colorimetry on a LachatQuickChem FIA+ Autoanalyzer; mdl = 0.1 mg per L;

Ca, K, Mg, Na, P: performed using a Jobin Yvon Ultima II Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer; mdl = 0.05 mg/L; and

DOC: performed using a Tekmar Phoenix 8000 Total Organic Carbon Analyzer; mdl = 0.1 mg per L.

Starting in March 2007 instrumental methods were as described in "Procedures for Chemical Analysis," a laboratory manual compiled by Mr. James M. Deal and revised by Ms. Cindi Brown and others that summarizes protocols employed at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto NC 28763.

As mentioned in the section on field methodology, starting in December 2007 samples collected in the field were no longer frozen before processing but instead were refrigerated and filtered (using 0.45 micron, 47 mm WCN type filters) as soon as possible. The filtrate was aliquoted to two labeled plastic 50-ml tubes (one each for cation and anion analyses) and two labeled, combusted (4 hours at 500 degrees C) glass 40-ml vials (for DOC analysis). Filtered samples in plastic vials were frozen and those in glass vials refrigerated prior to overnight shipment to the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory for analysis.

Starting in February 2009, the above filtrate was aliquoted to three labeled plastic 50-ml tubes and all were frozen prior to shipping to the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory.

In June 2016 a new processing method for DOC samples and blanks was adopted: beginning on 6/20/2016, sample tubes designated for DOC analysis were pre-rinsed in 10% HCL followed by a triple-rinse in DI water.

Samples collected on 10/3/2016, as well as frozen filtered samples collected and processed on or after 9/16/2016, were exposed to room temperature sometime after 10/5/2016 due to power outage resulting from Hurricane Matthew. These samples were moved to an outbuilding on 10/11/2016 to keep cool until 10/12/2016 13:30, after power had been restored.

The analyses, instruments used and average method detection limits (mdl) during the March 2007 through 2023 period were the following:

TDN: determined by luminescence using a Shimadzu DOC-VCPH TN analyzer until November 2016, and then by luminescence using a Shimadzu DOC-VCPH TNM-1 analyzer starting in November 2016; average mdl = 0.015 mg per L (range = 0.006-0.038 mg per L) through November 2016; average mdl = 0.014 mg per L for December 2016; and average mdl = 0.017 mg per L for 2017 through 2023 (range = 0.007-0.029 mg per L).

TDP: performed using persulfate in line UV digestion on a LachatQuickChem FIA+ Autoanalyzer until April 2011, when the Lachat results became unreliable, and then determined by optical emission using a Jobin Yvon Ultima II Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (first acidifying the sample with 0.3% HNO3) through November 2012, and by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP 6300 from December 2012 through August 2021, and then by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP Pro thereafter; average mdl = 0.003 mg per L (range = 0.001-0.005 mg per L) through April 2011, average mdl = 0.024 mg per L for the remainder of 2011 through 2012 (range = 0.002-0.046 mg per L), average mdl = 0.005 mg per L from 2013 to August 2021 (range = 0.001-0.017 mg per L), and for the remainder of 2021 through 2023 the low qc mdl was 0.008 mg per L.

NO3/NO2-N: determined by Micro-membrane Suppressed Ion Chromatography, using an AS 18 column, on a Dionex Ion Chromatograph ICS2500 until June 2014, then on a Thermo Scientific ICS 4000 capillary Ion Chromatograph from June 2014 through January 2023; average mdl = 0.002 mg per L (range = 0.0002-0.006 mg per L), and then starting in January 2023 on a Thermo Scientific ICS 6000 Microbore Ion Chromatograph with an mdl of 0.001 mg per L.

NH4-N: performed using the automated Phenate method on an Astoria 2 Autoanalyzer through November 2015, and using the automated Phenate method on a new Astoria 2 Autoanalyzer starting in November 2015; average mdl = 0.004 mg per L (range = 0.001-0.009 mg per L) through November 2015, average mdl = 0.001 mg per L from December 2015 through August 2021 (range = 0.001 to 0.002 mg per L), and for the remainder of 2021 to 2023 the high qc mdl was 0.003 mg per L and the low qc mdl was 0.001 mg per L.

Cl: determined by Micro-membrane Suppressed Ion Chromatography, using an AS 18 column, on a Dionex Ion Chromatograph ICS2500 until June 2014, then on a Thermo Scientific ICS 4000 capillary Ion Chromatograph from June 2014 through January 2023; average mdl = 0.012 mg per L (range = 0.001-0.065 mg per L), and then starting in January 2023 on a Thermo Scientific ICS 6000 Microbore Ion Chromatograph with an mdl of 0.002 mg per L.

Ca: determined by optical emission using a Jobin Yvon Ultima II Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer through November 2012, and by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP 6300 from December 2012 through August 2021, and then by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP Pro thereafter; average mdl = 0.043 mg per L (range = 0.017-0.095 mg per L) through 2012, and average mdl = 0.019 mg per L from 2013 to August 2021 (range = 0.005-0.056 mg per L), and for the remainder of 2021 to 2023 the high qc mdl was 0.018 mg per L and the low qc mdl was 0.005 mg per L.

K: determined by optical emission using a Jobin Yvon Ultima II Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer through November 2012, and by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP 6300 from December 2012 through August 2021, and then by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP Pro thereafter; average mdl = 0.024 mg per L (range = 0.009-0.045 mg per L) through 2012, and average mdl = 0.007 mg per L from 2013 to August 2021 (range = 0.001-0.029 mg per L); for the remainder of 2021 to 2023 the high qc mdl was 0.016 mg per L and the low qc mdl was 0.003 mg per L.

Mg: determined by optical emission using a Jobin Yvon Ultima II Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer through November 2012, and by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP 6300 from December 2012 through August 2021, and then by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP Pro thereafter; average mdl = 0.018 mg per L (range = 0.003-0.053 mg per L) through 2012, and average mdl = 0.005 mg per L from 2013 to August 2021 (range = 0.001-0.008 mg per L); for the remainder of 2021 to 2023 the high qc mdl was 0.012 mg per L and the low qc mdl was 0.002 mg per L.

Na: determined by optical emission using a Jobin Yvon Ultima II Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer through November 2012, and by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP 6300 from December 2012 through August 2021, and then by optical emission using a Thermo Fisher iCAP Pro thereafter; average mdl = 0.028 mg per L (range = 0.005-0.106 mg per L) through 2012, and average mdl = 0.009 mg per L from 2013 to August 2021 (range = 0.001-0.026 mg per L); for the remainder of 2021 to 2023 the high qc mdl was 0.013 mg per L and the low qc mdl was 0.003 mg per L.

DOC: performed using the catalytically-aided platinum 680°C combustion technique for sample oxidation on a Shimadzu DOC-VCPH TN analyzer through October 2016, and by using the catalytically-aided platinum 680°C combustion technique for sample oxidation on a Shimadzu DOC-VCPH TNM-1 analyzer starting in November 2016; average mdl = 0.036 mg per L (range = 0.011-0.096 mg per L) through October 2016, and average mdl = 0.051 mg/L from November 2016 through 2023 (range = 0.030-0.073 mg per L).

Br: determined by Micro-membrane Suppressed Ion Chromatography, using an AS 18 column, on a Dionex Ion Chromatograph ICS2500 until June 2014, then on a Thermo Scientific ICS 4000 capillary Ion Chromatograph from June 2014 through January 2023; average mdl = 0.003 mg per L (range = 0.001-0.008 mg per L), and then starting in January 2023 on a Thermo Scientific ICS 6000 Microbore Ion Chromatograph with an mdl of 0.003 mg per L.

SO4: determined by Micro-membrane Suppressed Ion Chromatography, using an AS 18 column, on a Dionex Ion Chromatograph ICS2500 until June 2014, then on a Thermo Scientific ICS 4000 capillary Ion Chromatograph from June 2014 through January 2023; average mdl = 0.008 mg per L (range = 0.001-0.062 mg per L), and then starting in January 2023 on a Thermo Scientific ICS 6000 Microbore Ion Chromatograph with an mdl of 0.002 mg per L.

PO4: determined by Micro-membrane Suppressed Ion Chromatography, using an AS 18 column, on a Dionex Ion Chromatograph ICS2500 until June 2014, and then on a Thermo Scientific ICS 4000 capillary Ion Chromatograph from June 2014 through January 2023; average mdl = 0.006 mg per L (range = 0.002-0.023 mg per L), and then starting in January 2023 on a Thermo Scientific ICS 6000 Microbore Ion Chromatograph with an mdl of 0.007 mg per L.

SiO2: determined by Ammonium Molybdate reaction and reduction with Ascorbic Acid, using an Astoria 2 Autoanalyzer; 2012 mdl = 0.002 mg per L.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Field

Methodology_Description:

WATER TABLE:

Goldsboro Well

The Goldsboro Well was installed on 6/21/2006 using a manufactured Blue Tip well point following standard installation procedures. An auger was used to bore a hole approximately 7.6 cm in diameter, the screen and riser pipe were placed into the hole, and a gravel pack was added around the pipe along the screened section and up to about 15 cm below the ground surface. Bentonite clay was added to the top 15 cm of the bore hole as a seal to prevent percolation of surface water. Total well depth was approximately 2.44 meters below ground surface.

A Global Water WL16 pressure transducer (datalogger and linked sensor) was immediately installed in the well, and the datalogger was set to record water level every hour.

The most recently acquired data were downloaded every 1-2 months to a laptop computer using Global Logger software. Water level readings were manually checked by using a Hydrolite device inside the well. Starting in May 2009 this measurement was performed using a Solinst Mini 101 water level meter.

Water table monitoring was discontinued at all five WS78 wells in May 2019.

07/06/2006 The well was purged on 07/06/2006 at 13:00.
12/17/2008 Recalibrated datalogger in the field.
12/10/2009 Datalogger pulled out and recalibrated datalogger in the office.
12/17/2009 Datalogger reinstalled.
03/16/2010 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
03/19/2010 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
11/17/2011 Recalibrated datalogger in the field.
03/16/2012 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
03/20/2012 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
05/16/2012 Datalogger pulled out and recalibrated datalogger in the office.
05/18/2012 Datalogger reinstalled.
04/11/2014 Datalogger removed for prescribed fire (but not performed).
04/14/2014 Datalogger reinstalled.
04/22/2014 Datalogger removed for prescribed fire.
04/24/2014 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
09/02/2015 Batteries died.
09/10/2015 Replaced batteries.
03/08/2016 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
03/09/2016 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
09/04/2016 Batteries died.
09/16/2016 Replaced batteries.
04/05/2017 Recalibrated datalogger in the field.
05/03/2018 Recalibrated datalogger in the field. Difficult to recalibrate and batteries lost voltage quickly.
05/07/2018 Remeasured the length of sensor = 11.44 ft. Remeasured the length of pipe above ground = 3.94 ft.
05/11/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
06/21/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
07/13/2018 Sensor cable came unwound. Rewound cable. New sensor length = 11.34 ft.
08/09/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
11/21/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
05/08/2019 End of study. Removed datalogger and PVC standpipe. Covered well point with a capped metal pipe about 1 ft tall.


Lenoir Well

The Lenoir Well was installed on 6/15/2006 using a manufactured Blue Tip well point following standard installation procedures. An auger was used to bore a hole approximately 7.6 cm in diameter, the screen and riser pipe were placed into the hole, and a gravel pack was added around the pipe along the screened section and up to about 15 cm below the ground surface. Bentonite clay was added to the top 15 cm of the bore hole as a seal to prevent percolation of surface water. Total well depth was approximately 2.44 meters below ground surface.

A Global Water WL16 pressure transducer (datalogger and linked sensor) was immediately installed in the well, and the datalogger was set to record water level every hour.

The most recently acquired data were downloaded every 1-2 months to a laptop computer using Global Logger software. Water level readings were manually checked by using a Hydrolite device inside the well. Starting in May 2009 this measurement was performed using a Solinst Mini 101 water level meter.

Water table monitoring was discontinued at all five WS78 wells in May 2019.

06/22/2006 The well was purged at 10:30.
12/19/2008 Recalibrated datalogger.
12/10/2009 Recalibrated datalogger.
03/16/2010 Datalogger removed for prescribed fire.
03/19/2010 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
04/20/2010 Erratic sensor behavior began. Data removed through 4/22/2010.
05/20/2010 Datalogger failed.
07/08/2010 New datalogger installed.
11/17/2011 Recalibrated datalogger.
03/16/2012 Datalogger removed for prescribed fire.
03/20/2012 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
04/11/2014 Datalogger removed for prescribed fire (but not performed).
04/14/2014 Datalogger reinstalled.
04/22/2014 Datalogger removed for prescribed fire.
04/24/2014 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
03/08/2016 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
03/09/2016 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
10/22/2016 Unknown data malfunction that seemed to correct itself the next day.
04/05/2017 Attempted to recalibrate datalogger. It would not calibrate. Need to replace datalogger.
04/06/2017 Replaced datalogger. New sensor length = 11.50 ft.
05/07/2018 Remeasured the length of sensor = 11.50 ft. Remeasured the length of pipe above ground = 4.03 ft.
09/06/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
10/04/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
05/08/2019 End of study. Removed datalogger and PVC standpipe. Covered well point with a capped metal pipe about 1 ft tall.


Lynchburg Well

The Lynchburg Well was installed on 6/28/2006 using a manufactured Blue Tip well point following standard installation procedures. An auger was used to bore a hole approximately 7.6 centimeters (cm) in diameter, the screen and riser pipe were placed into the hole, and a gravel pack was added around the pipe along the screened section and up to about 15 cm below the ground surface. Bentonite clay was added to the top 15 cm of the bore hole as a seal to prevent percolation of surface water. Total well depth was approximately 2.44 meters below ground surface.

A Global Water WL16 pressure transducer (datalogger and linked sensor) was immediately installed in the well, and the datalogger was set to record water level every hour.

The most recently acquired data were downloaded every 1-2 months to a laptop computer using Global Logger software. Water level readings were manually checked by using a Hydrolite device inside the well. Starting in May 2009 this measurement was performed using a Solinst Mini 101 water level meter.

Water table monitoring was discontinued at all five WS78 wells in May 2019.

07/06/2006 The well was purged at 11:10.
07/12/2006 The well was purged at 10:15.
07/23/2008 Batteries died.
06/06/2008 Batteries replaced.
12/19/2008 The datalogger was field calibrated.
12/10/2009 The datalogger was field calibrated.
11/17/2011 The datalogger was field calibrated.
03/13/2012 The datalogger was destroyed in a prescribed burn.
03/19/2012 Datalogger replaced. New sensor length = 11.64 ft.
07/01/2016 The datalogger was mistakenly set to logarithmic sampling, instead of hourly sampling. Therefore, no data through 8/11/2016.
08/11/2016 Reset datalogger to hourly sampling.
03/7/2017 Datalogger removed at 9am for prescribed burn. Burn was cancelled, so reinstalled datalogger at 2pm.
04/21/2017 Datalogger removed for prescribed burn.
04/24/2017 Replaced datalogger.
05/07/2018 Remeasured the length of sensor = 11.64 ft. Remeasured the length of pipe above ground = 3.97 ft.
08/09/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
03/06/2019 Removed datalogger at 8:40am for prescribed burn.
03/08/2019 Prescribed burn was cancelled. Replaced datalogger at 3:00pm.
03/15/2019 Removed datalogger at 8:00am for prescribed burn.
03/18/2019 Replaced datalogger following prescribed burn that occurred on 3/15/2019.
05/08/2019 End of study. Removed datalogger and PVC standpipe. Covered well point with a capped metal pipe about 1 ft tall.


Rains Well

The Rains Well was installed on 6/22/2006 using a manufactured Blue Tip well point following standard installation procedures. An auger was used to bore a hole approximately 7.6 cm in diameter, the screen and riser pipe were placed into the hole, and a gravel pack was added around the pipe along the screened section and up to about 15 cm below the ground surface. Bentonite clay was added to the top 15 cm of the bore hole as a seal to prevent percolation of surface water. Total well depth was approximately 2.44 meters below ground surface.

A Global Water WL16 pressure transducer (datalogger and linked sensor) was immediately installed in the well, and the datalogger was set to record water level every hour.

The most recently acquired data were downloaded every 1-2 months to a laptop computer using Global Logger software. Water level readings were manually checked by using a Hydrolite device inside the well. Starting in May 2009 this measurement was performed using a Solinst Mini 101 water level meter.

Water table monitoring was discontinued at all five WS78 wells in May 2019.

07/12/2006 The well was purged at 11:20.
12/17/2008 The WL16 unit was field calibrated.
12/10/2009 The WL16 unit was field calibrated.
06/16/2010 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
03/19/2010 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
11/15/2010 The WL16 unit was field calibrated.
11/17/2011 The WL16 unit was field calibrated.
03/16/2012 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
03/20/2012 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
07/20/2012 The WL16 unit was field calibrated; crack in pvc riser repaired and well purged 3-4 times.
10/10/2012 Attempt to field calibrate WL16 unit on 10/10/12 was unsuccessful.
10/11/2012 Datalogger removed and replaced by another WL16.
08/20/2013 Observed PVC riser lying on its side; WL16 functional and downloaded immediately after brief rain shower.
07/15/2014 Batteries died. Data lost through 9/17/2014.
09/17/2014 Datalogger replaced.
04/05/2017 Recalibrated datalogger.
03/14/2018 A wildfire occurred on the forest around this well, burning 1600 acres. The datalogger was not affected by the burn.
05/03/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
05/07/2018 Remeasured the length of sensor = 11.84 ft. Remeasured the length of pipe above ground = 3.83 ft. Recalibrated datalogger.
08/09/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
12/13/2018 Vent tube dislodged while changing desiccant. Accuracy of data may be questionable through 2/4/2019.
01/30/2019 Attempt was made to put vent tube back in place and recalibrate. Datalogger would not calibrate.
01/31/2019 Datalogger would not calibrate.
02/04/2019 Replaced datalogger, however, the datalogger malfunctioned and collected bad data through 3/25/2019.
03/25/2019 Datalogger would not calibrate. Datalogger removed for repair.
03/26/2019 Replaced datalogger. New sensor length = 11.09 ft.
05/08/2019 End of study. Removed datalogger and PVC stand pipe. Covered well point with a capped metal pipe about 1 ft tall.


Wahee Well

The Wahee Well was installed on 1/28/2011 using a manufactured Blue Tip well point following standard installation procedures. An auger was used to bore a hole approximately 7.6 cm in diameter, the screen and riser pipe were placed into the hole, and a gravel pack was added around the pipe along the screened section and up to about 15 cm below the ground surface. Bentonite clay was added to the top 15 cm of the bore hole as a seal to prevent percolation of surface water. Total well depth was approximately 2.44 meters below ground surface.

A Global Water WL16 pressure transducer (datalogger and linked sensor) was immediately installed in the well, and the datalogger was set to record water level every hour.

The most recently acquired data were downloaded every 1-2 months to a laptop computer using Global Logger software. Water level readings were manually checked by using a Solinst Mini 101 water level meter inside the well.

Water table monitoring was discontinued at all five WS78 wells in May 2019.

02/02/2011 The well was purged at 13:30.
02/24/2011 The well was purged at 10:00.
04/04/2011 Data lost due to operator error; changed time from DST to EST but failed to set relaunch time correctly.
11/27/2013 Datalogger replaced.
05/05/2014 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
05/06/2014 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
05/16/2016 Datalogger pulled out for prescribed fire.
05/17/2016 Datalogger recalibrated and reinstalled.
05/03/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
05/07/2018 Remeasured the length of sensor = 11.75 ft. Remeasured the length of pipe above ground = 4.05 ft.
05/11/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
08/09/2018 Recalibrated datalogger.
05/08/2019 End of study. Removed datalogger and PVC standpipe. Covered well point with a capped metal pipe about 1 ft tall.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Field

Methodology_Description:

WEATHER:

From 1964 to 1984 manual rainfall data at the Lotti Road weather station were collected sporadically (usually just after a recent rainfall event, and not on weekends or holidays).

From 1964 to 1996, continuous rainfall data at the Lotti Road weather station were also collected using a Belfort Universal Recording Rain Gauge. Likewise, air temperature data were recorded using standard max/min and ambient thermometers or recorded on strip charts by a Belfort Hydrothermograph from 1971 to 1996.


Starting in February 1996 both air temperature and rainfall were recorded electronically at the Lotti Road station by sensors linked to an Omnidata 800 datalogger and downloaded via data storage packs.

At the same time the filled data storage packs were collected (and replaced by new, empty packs), the manual rain gauge water level was recorded using a dipstick and then dumped. Max/min and current ambient temperature were also recorded (at 1.37 m and 1.52 m height from the ground, respectively, inside a ventilated wooden enclosure).

Starting in September 2001 both air and soil temperature and rainfall were recorded electronically at the Lotti Road station by sensors linked to Onset Hobo data loggers and downloaded directly to a laptop computer in the field.

The Onset Hobo H08-002-02 Temperature/External Channel data logger equipped with a 0.10 m (4-inch) wire air temperature sensor and linked to a TMC6-HD soil temperature sensor was used to monitor instantaneous hourly air and soil temperatures from 9/13/2001 to 8/18/2004 and 4/23/2008 to 8/23/2011. Data were downloaded to a laptop computer using BoxCar Pro software. This data logger was replaced by an Onset Hobo U12 4-Channel External data logger linked to a TMC1-HD air temperature sensor and a TMC6-HD soil temperature sensor on 8/23/2011. Data were downloaded to a laptop computer using Hoboware software.

Rainfall was recorded by an Onset RG2M tipping bucket rain gauge (with its opening 0.65 m above the ground) linked to an Onset Hobo H7 Event data logger.

On 8/9/2011 the manual rain gauge was moved to a new location, adjacent to the tipping bucket gauge in the center of a fenced enclosure, where its opening was 0.60 m from the ground.

The manual rain gauge water level was recorded using a dipstick and then dumped. Max/min and current ambient temperature were also recorded (at 1.37 m and 1.52 m above the ground, respectively, inside a ventilated wooden enclosure).

The soil temperature sensor was accidentally yanked from the ground on 3/25/2012 (during prep work for a prescribed burn), resulting in the loss of soil temperature data from that time until 4/10/2012. This sensor was replaced by a new TMC6-HD soil temperature sensor on 8/23/2012.

The wooden temperature sensor enclosure at the Lotti Road station was moved inside the fenced area on 11/14/2012 (required digging up the soil temperature sensor and reinstalling in new location).

The aging wooden temperature sensor enclosure was replaced on 5/26/2016.

New tipping bucket gauge (Onset SN 460715, with new reed switch and Pendant logger) installed on 1/19/2018.

Replaced air temperature sensor on 5/25/2018.

RG2M tipping bucket gauge replaced by RG3 tipping bucket gauge on 9/10/2018 in advance of Hurricane Florence.

Roderick Sumpter trimmed weeds inside the fenced enclosure on 3/26/2019 and bushhogged the clearing on 3/28/2019.

On 7/27/2023 the Onset data logger and associated sensors at the Lotti Road station were replaced by an Onset smart station (including an H21-USB Micro Station data logger, two S-TMB-M002 temperature smart sensors and an S-RGB-M002 rainfall smart sensor). The data logger recording interval was changed from 1 hour to 15 minutes on 10/23/2023.

Starting in October 2005, a suite of climatic variables were recorded electronically on a half-hourly interval using sensors within a height of 3 m or lower and linked to a Campbell Scientific CR10X datalogger at the new Turkey Creek weather station. Data were downloaded directly to a laptop computer using PC208 software.

Sensors installed with the CR10X datalogger included: CS 500 temperature and relative humidity probe (1.91 m height from ground); Met One 34B windset (2.59 m height from ground); LI-COR LI-200X pyranometer (2.46 m height from ground); Texas Electronics TE525WS tipping bucket rain gauge (2.69 m height from ground); and a Campbell Scientific 107-L soil temperature sensor (at a depth of 0.30 m).

At the same time that the electronic data were collected, the manual rain gauge water level was recorded using a dipstick and then dumped.

The CS 500 temperature and relative humidity probe was replaced by an HMP45C temperature and relative humidity probe on 8/27/2010.

The LI-200X sensor was removed and replaced by an Apogee SP-110 pyranometer on 10/28/2014.

Because of a failing reed switch in the TE525WS tipping bucket rain gauge, a backup Sierra-Misco Environment Ltd. Model 2501 tipping bucket gauge was installed on 8/7/2015.

The HMP45C temperature and relative humidity probe was replaced by an HMP60 temperature and relative humidity probe on 1/6/2016.

The TE525WS tipping bucket rain gauge was reinstalled and field calibrated on 5/11/2016; spurious tip amounts resulting from calibration during the 10:30 to 12:00 period were removed from the data.

The TE525WS tipping bucket rain gauge was field calibrated again on 11/30/2017, and spurious tip amounts resulting from the calibration were removed from the data.

Unclogged TE525WS tipping bucket gauge funnel on 3/5/2018. Funnel was clear on 3/8/2018, but cleaned it thoroughly and attached cable ties to crossbar and funnel rim to deter bird activity.

Apogee SP-110 replaced with SN 37803 unit on 5/11/2018.

Replaced HMP60 end cap and cleaned outside of probe and entire radiation shield (mud daubers) on 7/17/2019 (mud had caused RH values to flat-line sporadically during the preceding week).

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 12/17/2019; used tip times and percentages at Lotti Road and manual total at TC to estimate half-hourly totals during the 12/2 to 12/17 period.

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 1/23/2020.

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 2/19/2020.

Corrected rainfall data from 2/3/2020 to 2/19/2020 using tipping event times and percentages from Lotti Road during the period.

Removed clog from tipping bucket gauge on 8/26/2020.

Corrected rainfall data from 8/4/2020 to 8/26/2020 using tipping event times and percentages from Lotti Road during the period.

Tipping bucket gauge clogged between 3/2/2021 and 3/11/2021; "new" stand-alone RG2M tipping bucket gauge (SN 460717) installed 3/11/2021.

Corrected TC data from 2/22/2021 to 3/11/2021 using tipping event times and percentages from Lotti Road during the period.

The Met One 34B windset was due for evaluation and refurbishment in March 2021, but this was not performed because the TC weather station was slated to be decomissioned.

Likewise, the RH chip in the HMP60 temperature/RH sensor was due to be replaced in August 2021, but this also was not performed.

The data from these sensors have been retained in the dataset, and it is at the discretion of the users whether or not to utilize it.

RG2M tipping bucket gauge removed on 8/2/2121 and replaced by RG3 gauge, SN 20462439.
Corrected TC data on 12/30/2021 using adjusted pendant tip amounts on that date (clogged funnel).

Corrected TC data from 1/1/2022 to 1/12/2022 using adjusted pendant tip amounts on those dates (clogged funnel).

Tipper may have been affected by freezing rain between 1/18/2022 and 1/31/2022.

The SP-110 pyranometer was due to be calibrated in April 2022, but this was not performed. Data from this sensor have also been retained in the dataset, and it is at the discretion of the users whether or not to utilize it.

Replaced marine battery on 4/19/2022.

The TR-525USW funnel was clogged between 9/22/2022 and 10/13/2022 and so corrected pendant tip amounts were used to fill in for the missing data.

The CR10X datalogger was turned off on 10/13/2022 8:30 and no sensor data were collected after that timepoint.

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

HISTORIC DAILY FLOW:

The ADR tape data were read (picked by hand or translated to ASCII code using a photoelectric reader) and 15-minute stage values were converted to the corresponding flow values using stage-discharge equations for the weir in a Fortran program. Daily mean flow rates were generated by averaging the 15-minute flow rates.

The WS78 historic numerical flow data for the 1964-1973 period (in paper format) were digitized by Atlanta-based TetraTech, Inc. under an agreement with the Forest Service Center for Forested Wetlands Research in 2004. The 1974-1976 data (already in digital format) were obtained from the Coweeta Hydrology Laboratory.

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

WATER QUALITY:

Data (in the form of concentrations obtained from the laboratory) were entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and checked for missing values and/or outliers.

For the purposes of this database, analyte concentrations registering below the method detection limit (mdl) prior to March 2007 were assigned the value of the respective mdl.

Starting in March 2007, analyte concentrations were posted as received from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory except in the case of obvious contamination or negative values. Occasional negative values (sometimes observed for analytes such as Total Phosphorus or Mg) were assigned the value "0.001" according to the established practice at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory.

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

WATER TABLE:

Water level data were transferred to an electronic database at the office. Using information about the height of the wells above ground surface and their elevation relative to mean sea level allowed for calculation and plotting of water table levels below ground surface (in centimeters) and relative to mean sea level (in meters).

Ground surface elevations (meters above mean sea level) for each WS78 well are listed below:
Goldsboro: 10.297
Lenoir: 10.395
Lynchburg: 9.645
Rains: 10.952
Wahee: 8.122

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

WEATHER:

Non-recording rain gauges

Rainfall amounts were recorded for each gauge (2, 3, 4, 30, 31, 32 and 33) in the network, and if fairly similar they were averaged to obtain an overall average aerial estimate of rainfall in Watershed 78. However, if unequal distribution of rainfall was observed, the Thiessen or isohyetal method was employed to obtain a realistic average value.


Historical

Prior to the introduction of electronic measurements, rainfall and air temperature data recorded in the field were plotted and visually compared with data from other stations.

Back at the office the hourly electronic data were retrieved from the data storage pack and plotted to check for outliers. Daily maximum and minimum air temperatures were then obtained from the hourly data and used to calculate the daily average air temperature (using Program SAS).


Hourly

Back at the office the electronic data from the Lotti Road weather station were retrieved from the laptop computer and plotted to check for outliers or anomalies. The tipping bucket gauge totals were calibrated against the amount of rainfall that had been collected in the manual gauge (the expected amount of rainfall recorded by each "tip" was adjusted by a factor corresponding to the total amount of rain collected in the manual gauge divided by the total recorded by the tipping bucket gauge for each download interval).

Pivot tables on Excel spreadsheets were used to convert the adjusted event-based rainfall data into hourly totals.

The times for instantaneous temperature data were not always recorded "on the hour," so these were adjusted to synchronize with the closest hourly rainfall data. The difference was usually no more than 15 minutes.


Half-hourly

Electronic data from the Turkey Creek weather station were downloaded from the CR10X datalogger and plotted to check for outliers or anomalies. The tipping bucket gauge totals were calibrated against the amount of rainfall that had been collected in the manual gauge.

Process_Date: Unknown

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Overview_Description:

Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

FILES DESCRIBED BELOW ARE AVAILABLE THROUGH FULL DATA PUBLICATION DOWNLOAD.

Data are available as comma-separated values files. Data are also available as tab-delimited files through the online query tool which also provides the ability to calculate summary statistics, but be aware that those calculations are based on user selections and should be carefully interpreted. All missing data are indicated by blank cells.


VARIABLE DESCRIPTION FILE
Variables in each data file are defined below, but in the full data publication download this variable description file is also included.

_variable_descriptions.csv: List and description of the variables provided in each data file. Units and precision (if applicable) are also included.
Filename = name of data file
Variable = variable name
Units = units
Precision = precision
Description = description of variable


\DATA\FLOW\

WS78_historical_data_1964-1976.csv: WS78 daily mean flow rate data from 1964 to 1976.
Location = watershed name (WS78 = Watershed 78)
Instr_ID = gauging station name (Weir78 = water level recorder used in conjunction with WS78 gauging station)
Date_ = date associated with stage data (format MM/DD/YYYY)
Dailyflow_ = daily mean flow rate in liters per second (L/s)


\DATA\WATER_QUALITY\

WS78_water_quality.csv_2006-2023: water quality and physical property data recorded from WS78 gauging station in starting in 2006.
Location = watershed
Instr_ID = gauging station
Date_time = instantaneous date and time sample collected (format = mm/dd/yyyy hh/mm)
Date_ = date associated with data (format = mm/dd/yyyy)
Sample_typ = sample type (grab, automated or Manta/Hanna multiprobe measurement)
TDN_mgL = total dissolved nitrogen concentration in milligrams per liter (mg/L)
TDP_mgL = total dissolved phosphorus concentration in mg/L
NH4_N_mgL = Nitrogen concentration in the form of ammonium in mg/L
NO3_NO2_N_mgL = Nitrogen concentration in the form of nitrate/nitrite in mg/L
Cl_mgL = Chloride concentration in mg/L
Ca_mgL = Calcium concentration in mg/L
K_mgL = Potassium concentration in mg/L
Mg_mgL = Magnesium concentration in mg/L
Na_mgL = Sodium concentration in mg/L
P_mgL = Phosphorus concentration in mg/L
DOC_mgL = Dissolved organic carbon concentration in mg/L
Br_mgL = Bromide concentration in mg/L
SO4_mgL = Sulfate concentration in mg/L
PO4_mgL = Phosphate concentration in mg/L
SiO2_mgL = Silicate concentration in mg/L
Temp_C = Stream temperature in degrees Celsius (C)
pH = Stream pH
Conductivi = Specific conductivity in microSiemens per centimeter (microS/cm)
Salinity_P = Stream salinity in none (Practical Salinity Scale)
DO_mgL = Dissolved oxygen in stream in mg/L
DO_per_sat = Percent saturation dissolved oxygen in stream in %


\DATA\WATER_TABLE\

WS78_well_levels_2006_2019.csv: Hourly water level data recorded from the Goldsboro, Lenoir, Lynchburg and Rains wells starting in 2006 and the Wahee well starting in 2011.
Location = watershed name (WS78 = Watershed 78)
Instr_ID = instrument name / name of well (Goldsboro, Lenoir, Lynchburg, Rains, Wahee)
Date_Time = instantaneous date and time associated with water table data (format = mm/dd/yyyy hh/mm)
Date_ = date associated with rainfall and air temperature data (format MM/DD/YYYY)
Time24_ = nearest time associated with the data (0 to 23) in hours
Depth_cm_b = water table depth below ground surface (BGS) in centimeters (cm) (positive values represent levels above ground surface and negative values represent levels below ground surface)
Elev_m_asl = elevation of water table above sea level (ASL) in meters (m)
Sample_Int = sample interval in hours
Dry = during periods when the water table was below the detection limit of the sensor, this column contains "DRY" and both Depth_cm_b and Elev_m_asl are blank


\DATA\WEATHER\

Lotti_historical_data_1964-2000.csv: temperature and rainfall data collected at the Lotti station from 1964 to 2000.
Location = watershed name (WS78 = Watershed 78)
Instr_ID = weather station name (Lotti = Lotti Road weather station)
Date_ = date associated with rainfall and air temperature data (format MM/DD/YYYY)
Rainfall_m = daily total rainfall in millimeters (mm)
Air_Temp_C = daily average temperature in degrees Celsius (C)

Lotti_hourly_data_2001-2023.csv: hourly air and soil temperature and rainfall data recorded at Lotti weather station starting in 2001.
Location = watershed name (WS78 = Watershed 78)
Instr_ID = weather station name (Lotti = Lotti Road weather station)
Date_time_temp = date and time that instantaneous air and soil temperature data were recorded (format MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM)
Date_temp = date associated with air and soil temperature data (format MM/DD/YYYY)
Time24_temp = nearest hour associated with air and soil temperature data (0 to 23) in hours
Air_Temp_C = instantaneous air temperature in degrees C
Soil_Temp_ = instantaneous soil temperature in degrees C
Date_time_rain = ending date and time for calculation of hourly rainfall (format MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM)
Date_rain = date associated with rainfall data
Time24_rain = nearest hour associated with rainfall data (1 to 24) in hours
Rainfall_m = rainfall total for preceding hour in mm
Sample_Int = sample interval (hours) in hours

TurkeyCr_halfhourly_data_2005-2022.csv: 30-minute averages for air and soil temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure, windspeed, wind direction, solar radiation, and total rainfall recorded at the Turkey Creek weather station starting in 2005.
Location = weather station location (WS78 = Watershed 78)
Inst_ID = weather station name (TC Met = Turkey Creek weather station)
Date_time_ = instantaneous date and time that data were recorded (format MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM)
Date_instant = date associated with instantaneous data (format MM/DD/YYYY)
Time24_instant = nearest half hour associated with instantaneous data (0 to 23.5) in hours
Solar_rad_ = 30 minute average solar radiation in Watts per square meter
Windspeed_ = 30 minute average windspeed in meters per second
Wind_direc = 30 minute wind direction vector in degrees
Windspeed1 = 30 minute maximum windspeed in meters per second
Air_Temp_C = 30 minute average air temperature in degrees C
Soil_Temp = 30 minute average soil temperature in degrees C
Vapor_Kpa = 30 minute calculated vapor pressure in kilopascals (kPa)
max_RH = 30 minute maximum relative humidity
min_RH = 30 minute minimum relative humidity
RH = 30 minute relative humidity
Date_ave_ = date associated with averaged/totaled/maximum/minimum data (format MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM)
Time24_ave = nearest half hour associated with averaged/totaled/maximum/minimum data (0.5 to 24) in hours
Rainfall_m = rainfall total for preceding half hour in mm
Sample_Int = sample interval (hours) in hours

WS78_nonrecording_gauges_1964_1984.csv: WS78 non-recording manual gauge rainfall data, 1964 to 1984.
Location = watershed name (WS78 = Watershed 78)
Instr_ID = gauge name (Gauge30 = Rain gauge number 30)
Date_ = date associated with rainfall data (format MM/DD/YYYY)
Rainfall_m = daily total rainfall in mm
Remarks = field notes recorded at time of reading


\SUPPLEMENTS\

SEF_Laboratory_Manual_01-09-14.pdf: Portable Document Format (PDF) file containing "Santee Experimental Forest: Laboratory Methods" edited by Julie Arnold on 01/09/2014.

wetlab-cookbook_revised-2017-08-08.pdf: PDF file containing "Procedures for Chemical Analysis" by Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (obtained on 11/01/2019 from https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/coweeta/tools-and-data/wetlab-cookbook_revised-2017-08-08.pdf).

WS78_map_updated_0521_2018.jpg: JPEG file showing the WS78 (Turkey Creek) watershed boundary and the locations of the USGS stream gauging station, Lotti Road and Turkey Creek weather stations, as well as the Goldsboro, Lenoir, Lynchburg, Rains and Wahee water table monitoring wells.

Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:

none provided

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 202400812

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Forested Wetlands Research

Contact_Person: Andy Harrison

Contact_Position: Hydrology Technician

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical

Address: 3734 Hwy 402

City: Cordesville

State_or_Province: SC

Postal_Code: 29434

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 843-336-5603

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: charles.a.harrison@usda.gov

Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.

Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999