Maps of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands forest functional groups, biomass, height, and species counts (2001-2008) and satellite image composites (1980-2000)
Metadata:
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Identification_Information:
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Citation:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
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Originator: Ruzycki, Thomas S.
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Originator: Wilson, Barry T.
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Originator: Sherrill, Kirk R.
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Originator: Lefsky, Michael A.
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Originator: Marcano-Vega, Humfredo
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Originator: Brandeis, Thomas J.
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Originator: Erickson, Heather E.
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Originator: Reufenacht, Bonnie
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Publication_Date: 2023
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Title:
Maps of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands forest functional groups, biomass, height, and species counts (2001-2008) and satellite image composites (1980-2000)- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster and vector digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
- Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0045
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Description:
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Abstract:
- This data publication contains 49 ERDAS IMAGINE (IMG) raster images representing modeled distributions using Cubist, PGNN or both, of native, endemic and introduced tree species counts, relative basal areas of functional groups, species basal areas, and forest biomass from forest inventory data, satellite imagery and environmental data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mapped outputs represent the years 2001-2008 (dates of inventory). Also included are raster data of generalized geology digitized from paper maps. Imagery include time series (1980-2000) of Landsat composites and SPOT panchromatic, and scene extents for the composites.
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Purpose:
- Until global wall-to-wall remote sensing data from more specialized sensors are available, maps from multispectral image time series and predictor data should help with running ecosystem models and as sustainable development indicators. Our purpose here is to paint a picture for the Caribbean islands of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (PRVI), of the outcome for tropical forests of large-scale clearing and regrowth given variable climate, topography, soil substrates and disturbance history; of colonization by several exotic species; and of protected areas established at different times.
Towards that goal, we first assemble a database of tree species functional traits and other characteristics. Secondly, we apply two approaches to modeling and mapping several attributes of forests including: a) counts and relative basal areas of introduced, native and endemic tree species; b) relative basal areas of selected functional groups; c) forest structure and biomass; and d) individual tree species distributions. Helmer et al. (2018) briefly discusses the relative advantages of the two modeling methods. Our purpose was also to evaluate spatial patterns of disturbance history, protection, climate, geology and topography and address the implications of these and related results for Earth System Models (ESMs) and forest sustainability, specifically, forest-related aspects of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN SDG) 15, particularly Target 15.2, Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management.
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Supplemental_Information:
- For more information about these data, see Helmer et al. (2018).
These data were published on 07/25/2023. On 11/13/2023 we removed "modeled" from the title to eliminate potential confusion that maps were simpled modeled data. Maps were generated using field data and remote sensing together with statistical models.
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Time_Period_of_Content:
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Time_Period_Information:
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Range_of_Dates/Times:
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Beginning_Date: 1980
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Ending_Date: 2008
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Currentness_Reference:
- Ground condition
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Status:
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Progress: Complete
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Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
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Spatial_Domain:
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Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
- The study area is a collection of Caribbean islands encompassing Puerto Rico, including Vieques, Culebra and Mona and the U.S. and British Virgin Islands. The climate is tropical, under the definition of tropical as having no frost at sea level. The tropical forest types range from young and old secondary forest to old forest, and from dry forests to humid forests including deciduous, semi-deciduous and evergreen forests including cloud forests. Soils include alluvial soils that are mostly in lowland areas, and soils formed over limestone, volcanic, and serpentine substrates. Most limestone areas have complex karst topography. For a given climate, forests formed on limestone and serpentine substrates have leaf types or growth forms leaning toward those of drier forests, given fast-draining soils. Serpentine (ultramafic) substrates not only have fast-draining soils, but they are also nutrient poor and have toxic levels of some metals.
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Bounding_Coordinates:
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West_Bounding_Coordinate: -68.05747
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East_Bounding_Coordinate: -64.20806
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North_Bounding_Coordinate: 18.99021
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South_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.57938
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Bounding_Altitudes:
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Altitude_Minimum: 0
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Altitude_Maximum: 1338
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Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
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Keywords:
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Theme:
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Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
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Theme_Keyword: biota
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Theme_Keyword: environment
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Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
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Theme_Keyword: planningCadastre
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Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
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Theme:
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Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
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Theme_Keyword: Climate change
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Theme_Keyword: Ecology, Ecosystems, & Environment
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Theme_Keyword: Landscape ecology
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Theme_Keyword: Forest Products
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Theme_Keyword: Bioenergy and biomass
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Theme_Keyword: Inventory, Monitoring, & Analysis
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Theme_Keyword: Resource inventory
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Theme_Keyword: Natural Resource Management & Use
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Theme_Keyword: Landscape management
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Theme_Keyword: Timber
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Theme_Keyword: Wilderness
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Theme:
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Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
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Theme_Keyword: decidousness
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Theme_Keyword: protected areas
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Theme_Keyword: leaf thickness
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Theme_Keyword: sclerophylly
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Theme_Keyword: forest recovery
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Theme_Keyword: biophysical controls
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Theme_Keyword: socioeconomic controls
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Theme_Keyword: sustainable development goals
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Theme_Keyword: tree species richness
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Theme_Keyword: Earth System Model
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Theme_Keyword: cloud forest
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Theme_Keyword: mountain habitats
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Theme_Keyword: species distribution model
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Theme_Keyword: leaf toughness
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Theme_Keyword: lithology
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Theme_Keyword: global change
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Place:
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Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
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Place_Keyword: Puerto Rico
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Place_Keyword: Culebra
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Place_Keyword: Vieques
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Place_Keyword: Mona
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Place_Keyword: U.S. Virgin Islands
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Place_Keyword: St. John
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Place_Keyword: St. Thomas
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Place_Keyword: St. Croix
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Place_Keyword: Tortolla
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Place_Keyword: Virgin Gorda
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Place_Keyword: Anegada
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Place_Keyword: Jost van Dyke
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Place_Keyword: British Virgin Islands
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Place_Keyword: Caribbean
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Place_Keyword: Greater Antilles
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Taxonomy:
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Keywords/Taxon:
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Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
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Taxonomic_Keywords: multiple species
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Taxonomic_Keywords: plants
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Taxonomic_Keywords: vegetation
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Taxonomic_System:
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Classification_System/Authority:
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Classification_System_Citation:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: ITIS
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Publication_Date: 2022
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Title:
Integrated Taxonomic Information System- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: on-line database
- Other_Citation_Details:
- Retrieved [October, 3, 2022]; CC0
- Online_Linkage: https://www.itis.gov
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK
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Classification_System_Modifications:
- ITIS recommends the accepted name "Vachellia farnesiana var. farnesiana", instead of "Acacia farnesiana"
ITIS recommends the accepted name "Citrus X sinensis", instead of "Citrus sinensis"
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Taxonomic_Procedures:
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Plantae
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Applicable_Common_Name: plantes
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Applicable_Common_Name: Planta
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Applicable_Common_Name: Vegetal
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Applicable_Common_Name: plants
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Subkingdom
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Viridiplantae
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Applicable_Common_Name: green plants
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Infrakingdom
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Streptophyta
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Applicable_Common_Name: land plants
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Superdivision
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Embryophyta
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Division
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Tracheophyta
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Applicable_Common_Name: vascular plants
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Applicable_Common_Name: tracheophytes
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Subdivision
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Spermatophytina
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Applicable_Common_Name: spermatophytes
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Applicable_Common_Name: seed plants
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Applicable_Common_Name: phanérogames
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Class
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Magnoliopsida
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Superorder
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Asteranae
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Lamiales
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Bignoniaceae
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Applicable_Common_Name: bignonias
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Spathodea
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Spathodea campanulata
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Applicable_Common_Name: fireball
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Applicable_Common_Name: fountain tree
-
Applicable_Common_Name: rarningobchey
-
Applicable_Common_Name: tulipier du Gabon
-
Applicable_Common_Name: African tuliptree
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Boraginales
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Cordiaceae
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Cordia
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Cordia alliodora
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Applicable_Common_Name: cypre
-
Applicable_Common_Name: Spanish elm
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Ehretiaceae
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Bourreria
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Applicable_Common_Name: strongback
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Applicable_Common_Name: strongbark
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Bourreria succulenta
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Applicable_Common_Name: pigeon berry
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Applicable_Common_Name: bodywood
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Superorder
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Caryophyllanae
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Caryophyllales
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Nyctaginaceae
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Applicable_Common_Name: four o'clocks
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Applicable_Common_Name: nyctaginacées
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Guapira
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Applicable_Common_Name: blolly
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Guapira fragrans
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Applicable_Common_Name: black mampoo
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Polygonaceae
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Applicable_Common_Name: knotweed
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Applicable_Common_Name: renouées
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Applicable_Common_Name: buckwheat
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Coccoloba
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Coccoloba diversifolia
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Applicable_Common_Name: tietongue
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Applicable_Common_Name: pigeon plum
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Superorder
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Lilianae
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Applicable_Common_Name: monocots
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Applicable_Common_Name: monocotyledons
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Applicable_Common_Name: monocotylédones
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Arecales
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Arecaceae
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Prestoea
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Applicable_Common_Name: prestoea
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Prestoea acuminata
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Applicable_Common_Name: Sierran palm
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Roystonea
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Applicable_Common_Name: royal palm
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Roystonea borinquena
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Applicable_Common_Name: Puerto Rico royal palm
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Superorder
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Magnolianae
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Laurales
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Lauraceae
-
Applicable_Common_Name: laurels
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Ocotea
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Applicable_Common_Name: sweetwood
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Ocotea leucoxylon
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Applicable_Common_Name: loblolly sweetwood
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Taxonomic_Classification:
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Taxon_Rank_Name: Superorder
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Rosanae
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Rosales
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Urticaceae
-
Applicable_Common_Name: nettles
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Cecropia
-
Applicable_Common_Name: pumpwood
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Cecropia schreberiana
-
Applicable_Common_Name: pumpwood
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Sapindales
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Sapindaceae
-
Applicable_Common_Name: soapberries
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Melicoccus
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Melicoccus bijugatus
-
Applicable_Common_Name: Spanish lime
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Burseraceae
-
Applicable_Common_Name: burseras
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Bursera
-
Applicable_Common_Name: bursera
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Bursera simaruba
-
Applicable_Common_Name: West Indian birch
-
Applicable_Common_Name: gumbo limbo
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Rutaceae
-
Applicable_Common_Name: rues
-
Applicable_Common_Name: rutacées
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Citrus
-
Applicable_Common_Name: citrus
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Citrus X sinensis
-
Applicable_Common_Name: sweet orange
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Meliaceae
-
Applicable_Common_Name: mahogany
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Guarea
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Guarea guidonia
-
Applicable_Common_Name: American muskwood
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Fabales
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Fabaceae
-
Applicable_Common_Name: peas
-
Applicable_Common_Name: legumes
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Vachellia
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Vachellia farnesiana
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Applicable_Common_Name: sweet acacia
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Variety
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Vachellia farnesiana var. farnesiana
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Applicable_Common_Name: sweet acacia
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Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
-
Taxon_Rank_Value: Inga
-
Taxonomic_Classification:
-
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
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Taxon_Rank_Value: Inga laurina
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Applicable_Common_Name: sacky sac bean
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Access_Constraints: None
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Use_Constraints:
- These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:
Helmer, Eileen H.; Ruzycki, Thomas S.; Wilson, Barry T.; Sherrill, Kirk R.; Lefsky, Michael A.; Marcano-Vega, Humfredo; Brandeis, Thomas J.; Erickson, Heather E.; Reufenacht, Bonnie. 2023. Maps of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands forest functional groups, biomass, height, and species counts (2001-2008) and satellite image composites (1980-2000). Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0045
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Point_of_Contact:
-
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Contact_Information:
-
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Contact_Organization_Primary:
-
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Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry
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Contact_Person: Eileen H. Helmer
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Contact_Position: Principal Investigator
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Contact_Address:
-
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Address_Type: mailing and physical
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Address: 240 West Prospect Road
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City: Fort Collins
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State_or_Province: CO
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Postal_Code: 80526
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Country: USA
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Contact_Voice_Telephone: 970-498-2644
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Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 970-498-1212
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Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
eileen.helmer@usda.gov
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Hours_of_Service: M-F 8-5 MT
-
Contact Instructions: Phone or email
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Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
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Data_Set_Credit:
- This research was funded by the USDA Forest Service including the Forest Inventory and Analysis programs of the Southern Research Station and Northern Research Station, the International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF) and the Geospatial Technology and Applications Center, and through Cooperative Agreements with Colorado State University (10-CA-11120101-002, 04-CA-11120101-047, and 07-CA-11120101-019).
Author Information:
Eileen H. Helmer
USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-0056
Thomas S. Ruzycki
Colorado State University, Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4654-7808
Barry T. Wilson
USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-7682
Kirk R. Sherrill
U.S. National Park Service, Inventory and Monitoring Network
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5953-2990
Michael A. Lefsky
Colorado State University, Ecosystem Science and Sustainability
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-1378
Humfredo Marcano-Vega
USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-9151
Thomas J. Brandeis
USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station
Heather E. Erickson
Consulting Research Ecology
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3456-6059
Bonnie Reufenacht
Red Castle Resources
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Native_Data_Set_Environment:
- Microsoft Windows 10 Enterprise Version 21H1 (Build 19043.1466) Windows Feature Experience Pack 120.2212.3920.0
Esri ArcCatalog 10.6.1.9270
-
Cross_Reference:
-
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Citation_Information:
-
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Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
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Originator: Ruzycki, Thomas S.
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Originator: Wilson, Barry T.
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Originator: Sherrill, Kirk R.
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Originator: Lefsky, Michael A.
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Originator: Marcano-Vega, Humfredo
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Originator: Brandeis, Thomas J.
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Originator: Erickson, Heather E.
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Originator: Ruefenacht, Bonnie
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Publication_Date: 2018
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Title:
Tropical deforestation and recolonization by exotic and native trees: Spatial patterns of tropical forest biomass, functional groups, and species counts and links to stand age, geoclimate, and sustainability goals- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 10(11): 1724
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111724
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/57626
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Cross_Reference:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
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Originator: Kennaway, Todd A
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
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Publication_Date: 2007
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Title:
The forest types and ages cleared for land development in Puerto Rico- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: GIScience and Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 44(4): 356-382
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.44.4.356
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/30000
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Cross_Reference:
-
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Citation_Information:
-
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Originator: Kennaway, Todd A.
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Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
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Originator: Lefsky, Michael A.
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Originator: Brandeis, Thomas J.
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Originator: Sherill, Kirk R.
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Publication_Date: 2008
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Title:
Mapping land cover and estimating forest structure using satellite imagery and coarse resolution lidar in the Virgin Islands- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 2(1): 023551
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3063939
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/35371
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Analytical_Tool:
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Analytical_Tool_Description:
- Decision tree software Cubist
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Tool_Access_Information:
-
Online_Linkage:
https://www.rulequest.com
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Tool_Access_Instructions:
- see website
Back to Top
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Data_Quality_Information:
-
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Attribute_Accuracy:
-
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Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
- Please see \Supplements\ForestCharacteristics_CorrCoeff_AvgAbsError.pdf for correlation coefficients and average absolute error information for the Cubist and PGNN models.
Data from the U.S. Geological Survey and European Space Agency follow their respective policies and procedures to ensure the accuracy of their datasets.
Georeferencing for Landsat images was done by U.S. Geological Survey. Georeferencing for SPOT was done by the SPOT Image Corporation. No formal evaluation was performed for the accuracy of spatial mosaicking. Cloud removal was done with manual editing and through the use of algorithms as described in Helmer et al. (2012).
Helmer, Eileen H.; Ruzycki, Thomas S.; Benner, Jay; Voggesser, Shannon M.; Scobie, Barbara P.; Park, Courtenay; Fanning, David W.; Ramnarine, Seepersad. 2012. Detailed maps of tropical forest types are within reach: forest tree communities for Trinidad and Tobago mapped with multiseason Landsat and multiseason fine-resolution imagery. Forest Ecology and Management. 279: 147-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.016 and https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/41313
-
Logical_Consistency_Report:
- The data are logically consistent. The consistency was verified as part of the quality assurance that occurred during data analysis.
-
Completeness_Report:
- These data and their counterparts are fully attributed and no additional updates or alterations will be needed for the present datum and spheroid.
In general, we excluded maps that had a correlation coefficient of less than 0.25. Species maps derived from the PGNN model had better correlation coefficients than those from the Cubist model, so those from the Cubist model were omitted. The only exception to this is the map for Spathodea campanulata derived from Cubist due to its higher correlation coefficient. Maps of forest characteristics derived from the Cubist model had better correlation coefficients than those produced from the PGNN model, so those from the PGNN model were omitted.
-
Lineage:
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Burrill, Elizabeth A.
-
Originator: Wilson, Andrea M.
-
Originator: Turner, Jeffery A.
-
Originator: Pugh, Scott A.
-
Originator: Menlove, James
-
Originator: Christiansen, Glenn
-
Originator: Conkling, Barbara L.
-
Originator: David, Winnie
-
Publication_Date: 2018
-
Title:
The Forest Inventory and Analysis Database: Database Description and User Guide for Phase 2- Edition: version 8.0
- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Publication_Information:
- Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
- Other_Citation_Details:
- 946 pages
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fia.fs.usda.gov/library/database-documentation/index.php
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fia.fs.usda.gov/library/database-documentation/current/ver80/FIADB%20User%20Guide%20P2_8-0.pdf
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2018
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Publication Date
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Burrill et al. (2018)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Forest Inventory and Analysis plot data.
USDA Forest Service. 2019. Forest Inventory and Analysis database. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2001-FIADB
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Daly, Christopher
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
-
Originator: Quinones, Maya
-
Publication_Date: 2003
-
Title:
Mapping the climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: International Journal of Climatology
- Issue_Identification: 23: 1359-1381
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.937
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/30164
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2003
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Daly et al. (2003)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Precipitation – monthly and annual totals, minimums, maximums; dry and wet season totals; mean + coefficients of Fourier-transformed monthly (see Helmer et al. 2018).
Model Input: Temperature – monthly and annual averages, minimums, maximums; dry and wet season averages; mean + coefficients of Fourier-transformed monthly (see Helmer et al. 2018).
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: European Space Agency
-
Publication_Date: 1995
-
Title:
Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) imagery- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Paris, France
- Publisher: European Space Agency
- Online_Linkage: https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/spot
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1995
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- ESA (1995)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: SPOT panchromatic image composite for the year 1995.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Farr, Tom G.
-
Originator: Kobrick, Mike
-
Publication_Date: 2000
-
Title:
Shuttle radar topography mission produces a wealth of data- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
- Issue_Identification: 81(48): 583-585
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1029/EO081i048p00583
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2000
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Farr and Kobrick (2000)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Elevation and slope position.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Garrison, Louis E.
-
Originator: Martin, Ray G.
-
Originator: Berryhill, Henry L., Jr.
-
Originator: Buell, Miner W., Jr.
-
Originator: Ensminger, Henry R.
-
Originator: Perry, Robert K.
-
Publication_Date: 1972
-
Title:
Preliminary Tectonic Map of the Eastern Greater Antilles Region- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Washington D.C.
- Publisher: United States Geological Survey
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/i732
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1972
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Garrison et al. (1972)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Geological Substrate for the British and U.S. Virgin Islands.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
-
Originator: Ruefenacht, Bonnie
-
Publication_Date: 2007
-
Title:
A comparison of radiometric normalization methods when filling cloud gaps in Landsat imagery- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 33(4): 325-340
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5589/m07-028
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2000
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Publication Date
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Helmer and Ruefenacht (2007)
-
Source_Contribution:
- The method used to develop the cloud-free satellite imagery for multiple seasons are described in this source. The satellite image composites for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were created using this method.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
-
Originator: Ruzycki, Thomas S.
-
Originator: Wilson, Barry T.
-
Originator: Sherrill, Kirk R.
-
Originator: Lefsky, Micahel A.
-
Originator: Marcano-Vega, Humfredo
-
Originator: Brandeis, Thomas J.
-
Originator: Erickson, Heather E.
-
Originator: Reufenacht, Bonnie
-
Publication_Date: 2018
-
Title:
Tropical deforestation and recolonization by exotic and native trees: Spatial patterns of tropical forest biomass, functional groups and species counts and links to stand age, geoclimate and sustainability goals- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 10(11): 1724
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111724
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/57626
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2018
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Helmer et al. (2018)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Predictor data zones – discrete variable identifying islands.
Model Input: Land cover in 2000 for Mona Island.
Model Input: Distance to nearest secondary, tertiary and all roads and to the coast.
Model Input: Lidar-derived topography – elevation and slope position (Puerto Rico, St. John and St. Thomas; other areas filled in with above topographic data).
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
-
Originator: Kay, Shannon L.
-
Originator: Marcano-Vega, Humfredo
-
Originator: Powers, Jennifer S.
-
Originator: Wood, Tana E.
-
Originator: Zhu, Xiaolin
-
Originator: Gwenzi, David
-
Originator: Ruzycki, Thomas S.
-
Publication_Date: 2023
-
Title:
Forest age map, tree species traits and Landsat phenology metrics for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular and raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
- Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0004
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Range_of_Dates/Times:
-
-
Beginning_Date: 1936
-
Ending_Date: 2019
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Helmer et al. (2023)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Species traits (functional groups) from flora and expert knowledge to map the basal areas or relative basal areas of native, introduced or endemic species and functional groups of leaf thickness, putative nitrogen-fixing status and deciduousness.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Homer, Colin G.
-
Originator: Huang, Chengquan
-
Originator: Yang, Limin
-
Originator: Wylie, Bruce K.
-
Originator: Coan, Michael
-
Publication_Date: 2004
-
Title:
Development of a 2001 national land-cover database for the United States- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 70(7): 829-840
- Online_Linkage: https://www.mrlc.gov/data/legends/national-land-cover-database-2001-nlcd2001-legend
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.70.7.829
- Online_Linkage: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70156530
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2001
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Homer et al. (2004)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Pixel-level percent tree canopy and impervious surface cover.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Huete, Alfredo
-
Originator: Justice, Chris
-
Originator: Van Leeuwen, Wim
-
Publication_Date: 1999
-
Title:
MODIS vegetation index (MOD 13)- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Greenbelt, MD
- Publisher: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center
- Other_Citation_Details:
- Algorithm theoretical basis document (Version 3)
- Online_Linkage: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/mod13.php
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1999
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Huete et al. (1999)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: MODIS – Mean + coefficients of Fourier-transformed 16-day EVI composites4 (see Helmer et al. 2018).
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Kennaway, Todd A.
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
-
Publication_Date: 2007
-
Title:
The forest types and ages cleared for land development in Puerto Rico- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: GIScience and Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 44(4): 356-382
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.44.4.356
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/30000
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Multiple_Dates/Times:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1978
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2000
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Kennaway and Helmer (2007)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Land cover in 1978 for mainland Puerto Rico only.
Model Input: Land cover in 2000 for entire study area.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Kennaway, Todd A.
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
-
Originator: Lefsky, Micahel A.
-
Originator: Brandeis, Tom J.
-
Originator: Sherrill, Kirk R.
-
Publication_Date: 2008
-
Title:
Mapping land cover and estimating forest structure using satellite imagery and coarse resolution lidar in the Virgin Islands- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 2(1): 023551
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3063939
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/35371
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2000
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Kennaway et al. (2008)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Land cover in 2000 for entire study area.
Model Input: Forest mask from Year 2000 land cover, and forest cover proportion in surrounding 3x3, 9x9, 17x17 and 35x35-m windows.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Kennaway, Todd A.
-
Originator: Helmer, Eileen H.
-
Originator: Lefsky, Michael A.
-
Originator: Brandeis, Tom J.
-
Originator: Sherrill, Kirk R.
-
Publication_Date: 2021
-
Title:
Virgin Islands land cover and forest structure- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
- Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0091
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2000
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Kennaway et al. (2021)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Land cover in 2000 for the U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Krushensky, Richard D.
-
Publication_Date: 1995
-
Title:
Generalized Geology Map of Puerto Rico- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: San Juan, Puerto
- Publisher: United States Geological Survey, Caribbean Division
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Paper
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1995
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Krushensky (1995)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Geological Substrate for Puerto Rico.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Soil Survey staff
-
Publication_Date: 2016
-
Title:
The Gridded Soil Survey Geographic (gSSURGO) Database- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Washington D.C.
- Publisher: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
- Online_Linkage: https://gdg.sc.egov.usda.gov/
- Online_Linkage: https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2016
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- NRCS (2016)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Soil orders for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Slater, James A.
-
Originator: Garvey, Graham
-
Originator: Johnston, Carolyn
-
Originator: Haase, Jeffrey
-
Originator: Heady, Barry
-
Originator: Kroenung, George
-
Originator: Little, James
-
Publication_Date: 2006
-
Title:
The srtm data “finishing” process and products- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
- Issue_Identification: 72(3): 237-247
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.72.3.237
- Online_Linkage: https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2006
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Slater et al. (2006)
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Topography - elevation, aspect, percent slope, moisture index and topographic shadow for the base scene date of each Landsat composite.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
-
Publication_Date: 2022
-
Title:
Landsat 1-5 Multispectral Scanner imagery- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD
- Publisher: United States Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
- Online_Linkage: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7H994GQ
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Multiple_Dates/Times:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1980
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1985
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- USGS Landsat MSS
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Landsat MSS – Multispectral bands of cloud-minimized image composites centered on two epochs: the years 1980 and 1985 (see Helmer et al. 2018).
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
-
Publication_Date: 2022
-
Title:
Landsat 4-5 Thematic Mapper imagery- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD
- Publisher: United States Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
- Online_Linkage: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7N015TQ
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 1991
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- USGS Landsat TM
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Landsat TM - Multispectral optical bands of cloud-minimized image composites centered on 1991 (see Helmer et al. 2018).
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
-
Publication_Date: 2022
-
Title:
Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD
- Publisher: United States Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
- Online_Linkage: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7WH2P8G
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2000
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- USGS Landsat ETM+
-
Source_Contribution:
- Model Input: Landsat ETM+ - Multispectral optical bands of cloud-minimized image composites centered on 2000 (see Helmer et al. 2018).
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Wilson, Barry T.
-
Originator: Lister, Andrew J.
-
Originator: Riemann, Rachel I.
-
Publication_Date: 2012
-
Title:
A nearest-neighbor imputation approach to mapping tree species over large areas using forest inventory plots and moderate resolution raster data- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Forest Ecology and Management
- Issue_Identification: 271: 182-198
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.002
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/40312
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2012
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Publication Date
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Wilson et al. (2012)
-
Source_Contribution:
- The methods from this source were used to obtain phenology metrics from MODIS imagery.
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Wilson, Barry T.
-
Originator: Woodall, Christopher W.
-
Originator: Griffith, Douglas M.
-
Publication_Date: 2013
-
Title:
Imputing forest carbon stock estimates from inventory plots to a nationally continuous coverage- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Carbon Balance and Management
- Issue_Identification: 8: 1
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-8-1
- Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/42806
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2013
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Publication Date
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Wilson et al. (2013)
-
Source_Contribution:
- The methods from this source were used to obtain phenology metrics from MODIS imagery.
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Process_Step:
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Process_Description:
- We applied two approaches to modeling and mapping several attributes of forests in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, including: (a) counts and relative basal areas of introduced, native, and endemic tree species; (b) relative basal areas of selected functional groups; (c) forest structure and biomass; and (d) individual tree species distributions. The two modeling methods that we use are a machine learning regression approach, and an approach that combines ordination with the machine learning method known as k-Nearest Neighbor. For the machine learning regression approach, we used the software Cubist. It is a data-mining tool that uses machine learning to build rule-based models with linear regression models at the end (i.e., leaf), of each ruleset. For the approach combining machine-learning with ordination, we used Gradient Phenological Gradient Nearest Neighbor (PGNN) (Wilson et al. 2012, 2013). Response variables were calculated from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, which is jointly implemented in Caribbean territories of the U.S. by the Southern Research Station and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry (Burrill et al. 2018). Plots were surveyed between the years 2001-2008. We developed a database of species traits (functional groups) from flora and expert knowledge to map the basal areas or relative basal areas of native, introduced or endemic species and functional groups of leaf thickness, putative nitrogen-fixing status and deciduousness (available in Helmer et al. 2023). As predictor variables for the mapping models, we used time series of multispectral satellite image composites, land-cover maps, topographic variables from a digital elevation model and maps of geology and long-term climate.
To evaluate the models, we used 10-fold cross validation to generate a dataset of observed vs. predicted values, from which we estimated correlation coefficients and mean absolute error (Helmer et al. 2018). Because an ordination of species basal areas parameterized PGNN modeling, PGNN generated maps of individual species were better overall that those generated with Cubist. However, Cubist models of forest structure and species groups were better overall than those from PGNN.
Imagery included time series of Landsat composites and MODIS-based phenology. Environmental data included climate, land cover, geology, topography and road distances (Helmer et al. 2018).
For complete details, see Helmer et al. (2018). For a discussion of how the composites were made, please see: Helmer and Ruefenacht (2005).
Helmer, Eileen H.; Ruefenacht, Bonnie. 2005. Cloud-free satellite image mosaics with regression trees and histogram matching. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. 71(9): 1079-1089. https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.71.9.1079 and https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/30086
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Process_Date: Unknown
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Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
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Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
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Raster_Object_Information:
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Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
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Spatial_Reference_Information:
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Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
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Planar:
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Grid_Coordinate_System:
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Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
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Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
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UTM_Zone_Number: 19
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Transverse_Mercator:
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Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
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Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -69
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Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
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False_Easting: 500000
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False_Northing: 0
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Planar_Coordinate_Information:
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Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: Coordinate Pair
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Coordinate_Representation:
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Abscissa_Resolution: 28.5
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Ordinate_Resolution: 28.5
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Planar_Distance_Units: Meters
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Geodetic_Model:
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Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984
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Ellipsoid_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984
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Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0000
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Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
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Overview_Description:
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Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
- Below you will find a list and description of the files included in this data publication.
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION FILE (1)
1. \Data\_variable_descriptions.csv: Comma-separated values (CSV) file containing a list and description of variables found in all data files. (A description of these variables is also provided in the metadata below.)
Columns include:
Filename = Name of data file
Variable = Name of variable
Description = Description of variable
DATA FILES (49)
All data files are ERDAS IMAGINE (IMG) georeferenced raster files.
Cubist Model Data Files
1. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_aboveground_live_dry_biomass.img: Modeled distributions of aboveground live dry biomass measured in megagrams per hectare (metric tons per hectare) using the Cubist model.
2. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_basal_area.img: Modeled distributions of basal area measured in square meters per hectare using the Cubist model.
3. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_chartaceous.img: Modeled distributions of chartaceous species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
4. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_coriaceous.img: Modeled distributions of coriaceous species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
5. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_deciduous.img: Modeled distributions of deciduous and facultative species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
6. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_deciduous_nitrogen_fixing.img: Modeled distributions of deciduous nitrogen-fixing species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
7. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_endemic.img: Modeled distributions of endemic species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
8. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_endemic_number.img: Modeled distributions of number of endemic species measured in trees per hectare area using the Cubist model.
9. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_evergreen.img: Modeled distributions of evergreen species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
10. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_evergreen_coriaceous.img: Modeled distributions of evergreen coriaceous species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
11. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_evergreen_to_near_deciduous.img: Modeled distributions of evergreen-to-near-deciduous species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
12. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_height.img: Modeled distributions of average tree heights in meters using the Cubist model.
13. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_introduced.img: Modeled distributions of introduced species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
14. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_introduced_number.img: Modeled distributions of introduced species measured in trees per hectare using the Cubist model.
15. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_native.img: Modeled distributions of native species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
16. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_native_number.img: Modeled distributions of native species measured in trees per hectare using the Cubist model.
17. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_nitrogen_fixing.img: Modeled distributions of nitrogen-fixing species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
18. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_non_nitrogen_fixing.img: Modeled distributions of non-nitrogen-fixing species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
19. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_Prestoea_acuminata.img: Modeled distributions of Prestoea acuminata as measured by percent basal area using the Cubist model.
20. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_Spathodea_campanulata.img: Modeled distributions of Spathodea campanulata as measured by percent basal area using the Cubist model.
21. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_subcoriaceous.img: Modeled distributions of subcoriaceous species measured in percent basal area using the Cubist model.
22. \Data\Cubist\Helmer_et_al_2018_cubist_trees_per_hectare.img: Modeled distributions of the number of trees per hectare using the Cubist model.
Imagery and Geology Data Files
23-26. \Data\Imagery_and_Geology\YYYY_mosaic_scene_extents_final.img: IMG georeferenced raster files (4) containing the extent of each Landsat scene that makes up the YYYY composite, where YYYY = 1980, 1985, 1990, 2000.
Attributes include:
OID = Internal feature numbers generated automatically by Esri
Value = Unique identifier generated automatically by Esri
Count = Value pixel count
Red = RGB colormap code
Green = RGB colormap code
Blue = RGB colormap code
Opacity = RGB colormap code
Scene Date = Date the Landsat imagery was taken
27. \Data\Imagery_and_Geology\geology.img: IMG georeferenced raster file containing a map of geologic substrate.
Attributes include:
OID = Internal feature numbers generated automatically by Esri
Value = Unique identifier generated automatically by Esri
Red = RGB colormap code
Green = RGB colormap code
Blue = RGB colormap code
Count = Value pixel count
Short_name = Geology category type identifier
Opacity = RGB colormap code
Class_Names = Geology descriptive category type identifier
28-31. \Data\Imagery_and_Geology\landsat_mosaic_YYYY_with_mona.img: IMG georeferenced raster file containing Landsat MSS multispectral bands of cloud-minimized image composite centered on YYYY, where YYYY = 1980, 1985, 1990, 2000.
32. \Data\Imagery_and_Geology\spot_panchromatic_no_clouds.img: IMG georeferenced raster file containing SPOT panchromatic image composite for the year 1995 from normalizing image sections with linear regression.
Attributes include:
OID = Internal feature numbers generated automatically by Esri
Value = Unique identifier generated automatically by Esri
Count = Value pixel count
33. \Data\Imagery_and_Geology\spot_scene_extents_updated.img: IMG georeferenced raster file containing the extent of each SPOT scene that makes up the 1995 composite.
Attributes include:
OID = Internal feature numbers generated automatically by Esri
Value = Date that the SPOT imagery was taken
Count = Value pixel count
Red = RGB colormap code
Green = RGB colormap code
Blue = RGB colormap code
Opacity = RGB colormap code
PGNN Model Data Files
34. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_aboveground_live_dry_biomass.img: Modeled distributions of aboveground live dry biomass measured in megagrams per hectare (metric tons per hectare) using the PGNN model.
35. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Acacia_farnesiana.img: Modeled distributions of Acacia farnesiana as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
36. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Bourriera_succulenta.img: Modeled distributions of Bourriera succulenta as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
37. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Bursera_simaruba.img: Modeled distributions of Bursera_simaruba as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
38. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Cecropia_schreberiana.img: Modeled distributions of Cecropia schreberiana as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
39. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Citrus_sinensis.img: Modeled distributions of Citrus sinensis as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
40. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Coccoloba_diversifolia.img: Modeled distributions of Coccoloba diversifolia as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
41. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Cordia_alliodora.img: Modeled distributions of Cordia alliodora as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
42. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Guapira_fragrans.img: Modeled distributions of Guapira fragrans as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
43. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Guarea_guidonia.img: Modeled distributions of Guarea guidonia as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
44. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Inga_laurina.img: Modeled distributions of Inga laurina as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
45. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Melicoccus_bijugatus.img: Modeled distributions of Melicoccus bijugatus as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
46. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Ocotea_leucoxylon.img: Modeled distributions of Ocotea leucoxylon as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
47. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Prestoea_acuminata.img: Modeled distributions of Prestoea acuminata as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
48. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Roystonea_borinquena.img: Modeled distributions of Roystonea borinquena as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
49. \Data\PGNN\Helmer_et_al_2018_PGNN_Spathodea_campanulata.img: Modeled distributions of Spathodea campanulata as measured by percent basal area using the PGNN model.
SUPPLEMENTAL FILES (1)
1. \Supplements\ForestCharacteristics_CorrCoeff_AvgAbsError.pdf: Portable Document Format (PDF) file containing correlation coefficients and average absolute error information for the Cubist and PGNN models.
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Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
- Helmer, Eileen H.; Ruzycki, Thomas S.; Wilson, Barry T.; Sherrill, Kirk R.; Lefsky, Michael A.; Marcano-Vega, Humfredo; Brandeis, Thomas J.; Erickson, Heather E.; Ruefenacht, Bonnie. 2018. Tropical deforestation and recolonization by exotic and native trees: Spatial patterns of tropical forest biomass, functional groups, and species counts and links to stand age, geoclimate, and sustainability goals. Remote Sensing. 10(11): 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111724 and https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/57626
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Distribution_Information:
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Distributor:
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Contact_Information:
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Contact_Organization_Primary:
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Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Research and Development
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Contact_Position: Research Data Archivist
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Contact_Address:
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Address_Type: mailing and physical
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Address: 240 West Prospect Road
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City: Fort Collins
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State_or_Province: CO
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Postal_Code: 80526
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Country: USA
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Contact_Voice_Telephone: see Contact Instructions
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Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of November 2023. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
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Resource_Description: RDS-2023-0045
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Distribution_Liability:
- Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.
The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
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Standard_Order_Process:
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Digital_Form:
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Digital_Transfer_Information:
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Format_Name: CSV
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
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Format_Specification:
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Online_Option:
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https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0045
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Digital_Form:
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Format_Name: IMG
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
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Format_Specification:
- ERDAS IMAGINE file
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Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Online_Option:
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Digital_Form:
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Format_Name: PDF
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
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Format_Specification:
- Portable Document Format file
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Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Online_Option:
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Computer_Contact_Information:
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Network_Address:
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Network_Resource_Name:
https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0045
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
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Metadata_Date: 20231113
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Metadata_Contact:
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Contact_Information:
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Contact_Organization_Primary:
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Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry
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Contact_Person: Eileen H. Helmer
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Contact_Position: Principal Investigator
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Contact_Address:
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Address_Type: mailing and physical
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Address: 240 West Prospect Road
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City: Fort Collins
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State_or_Province: CO
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Postal_Code: 80526
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Country: USA
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Contact_Voice_Telephone: 970-498-2644
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Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 970-498-1212
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Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
eileen.helmer@usda.gov
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Hours_of_Service: M-F 8-5 MT
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Contact Instructions: Phone or email
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Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
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Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
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Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999
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