2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon fire: post-fire database
Metadata:
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Identification_Information:
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Citation:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
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Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
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Originator: Mell, William E.
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Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
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Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
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Originator: Leland, Carrie
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Publication_Date: 2023
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Title:
2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon fire: post-fire database- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular and vector digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
- Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
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Description:
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Abstract:
- This data publication contains data collected and derived as part of a joint effort conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the United States Forest Service (USFS) to assess the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire (Waldo Canyon Fire). NIST and the USFS participated in the effort as part of the NIST/USFS Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Exposure Data Collection and Modeling Project. This data publication contains information on primary structures (e.g., damaged residential wood roofs), vegetation, the timeline of burning features, defensive actions, and general fire direction indicators. These data were derived through a combination of field assessments occurring weeks and months after the fire as well as office assessments of ground and aerial images and videos representing pre-fire, active-fire and post-fire conditions.
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Purpose:
- The objective of the WUI Fire Exposure Data Collection and Modeling Project is to develop the measurement science needed to mitigate the effects of WUI fires by providing technical guidance on building components, landscaping elements, and community designs that resist ignition and limit the spread of WUI fires. The project's vision is to address structure and community vulnerabilities to WUI fires by developing fire-resistant design and advanced materials based on reliable post-fire data and incorporating findings into codes, standards, and best practices. Post-fire analysis of WUI fires, such as presented in this data package, provides the knowledge to focus experiments and modeling on critical structure and landscape design and materials vulnerabilities. Standard data collection methodologies will also help generate reliable post-fire data. This data package is intended for examination of certain aspects of the Waldo Canyon Fire, particularly the Mountain Shadows Community affected by the Waldo Fire, initially on June 26, 2012. We also presented this file geodatabase as a flexible framework for storing specific data acquired during post-fire assessments. This file geodatabase provides a data model for storing images and eyewitness accounts of active-fire conditions and relating them to features in space and time.
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Supplemental_Information:
- Maranghides et al. (2015) provides an overview of the Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment as well as analysis results. A description of each feature class, table and relationship class present in this geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescriptions.pdf.
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Time_Period_of_Content:
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Time_Period_Information:
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Range_of_Dates/Times:
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Beginning_Date: 20120626
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Ending_Date: 20120628
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Currentness_Reference:
- Ground condition
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Status:
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Progress: Complete
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Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
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Spatial_Domain:
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Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
- The Waldo Canyon Fire post-fire assessment data-gathering effort focused on the Mountain Shadows Community (MSC) due to the majority of structure destruction occurring in this community and the unique fire behavior observed in the MSC. As studied in the Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment (Maranghides et al. 2015), the MSC is a Colorado Springs neighborhood extending from North 30th Street at the southern end to a drainage ditch on the northern end. The neighborhood starts at Centennial Boulevard on the eastern side and directly abuts the wildlands extending into the Rocky Mountains to the west. There are occluded wildland areas and recreational parks within MSC. Most primary structures are residential, but within the community are three schools, commercial buildings, a well-known tourist ranch, and other types of primary structures. A canyon borders MSC to the north where elevations at the water tower are approximately 2,166 meters (m) and elevations at the bottom of the northern canyon are at 2,109 m. A significant canyon is also found south of the water tower on the western edge of the MSC, extending down into a high structure density portion of the community to the east of Flying W Ranch Road (i.e., Majestic Drive). Throughout the community are smaller canyons and other topographic features of various configurations.
The 2001 (Lacey et al.) Colorado Springs Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) lists the wildland vegetation around MSC as consisting of predominantly Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson), Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.), pinyon-juniper (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém, Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little) stands and other mixed conifer stands. The Colorado Springs CWPP26 also lists other vegetation types in and around Colorado Springs as shortgrass prairie with Yucca spp. L. and prickly pear-cactus (Opuntia spp. Mill.). Additionally, the Colorado Springs CWPP26 describes isolated pockets of beetle-kill and mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp. M. Bieb) in Colorado Springs, though this was not evident in pre-fire imagery around MSC. High stand densities of 300 stems per acre compared to traditional densities of 75 to 150 stems per acre are also found in Colorado Springs (Lacey et al. 2001).
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Bounding_Coordinates:
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West_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.99644
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East_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.78117
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North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.10797
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South_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.82551
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Keywords:
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Theme:
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Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
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Theme_Keyword: biota
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Theme_Keyword: boundaries
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Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
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Theme_Keyword: environment
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Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
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Theme_Keyword: planningCadastre
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Theme_Keyword: society
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Theme_Keyword: structure
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Theme_Keyword: transportation
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Theme_Keyword: utilitiesCommunication
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Theme:
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Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
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Theme_Keyword: Climatology
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Theme_Keyword: Fire
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Theme_Keyword: Fire ecology
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Theme_Keyword: Fire suppression, pre-suppression
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Theme_Keyword: Wildland/urban interface
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Theme:
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Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
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Theme_Keyword: wildland-urban interface
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Theme_Keyword: WUI
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Theme_Keyword: Joint Fire Science Program
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Theme_Keyword: JFSP
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Theme_Keyword: fire perimeter
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Theme_Keyword: post-fire assessment
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Theme_Keyword: exposure
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Theme_Keyword: defensive actions
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Theme_Keyword: destroyed structures
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Theme_Keyword: damaged structures
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Theme_Keyword: fire behavior
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Theme_Keyword: wildland fire
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Theme_Keyword: 2012 Waldo Canyon Post-Fire Assessment
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Theme_Keyword: combustibles
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Theme_Keyword: linear features
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Theme_Keyword: attached features
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Place:
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Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
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Place_Keyword: Colorado
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Place_Keyword: Colorado Springs
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Place_Keyword: El Paso County
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Place_Keyword: Mountain Shadows Community
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Place_Keyword: Perrigrine Community
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Place_Keyword: Cedar Heights Community
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Place_Keyword: Waldo Canyon
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Access_Constraints: None
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Use_Constraints:
- These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:
McNamara, Derek J.; Maranghides, Alexander; Mell, William E.; Restaino, Joseph C.; Vihnanek, Robert E.; Leland, Carrie. 2023. 2012 Waldo Canyon fire: post-fire database. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
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Point_of_Contact:
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Contact_Information:
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Contact_Person_Primary:
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Contact_Person: Alexander Maranghides
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Contact_Organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology
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Contact_Position: Fire Protection Engineer
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Contact_Address:
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Address_Type: mailing and physical
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Address: U.S. Department of Commerce
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Address: 100 Bureau Drive
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City: Gaithersburg
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State_or_Province: MD
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Postal_Code: 20899-8663
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Country: USA
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Contact_Voice_Telephone: 202-567-1634
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Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
alexm@nist.gov
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Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
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Data_Set_Credit:
- Funding for this project provided by the Joint Fire Science Program (JFSP 11-1-3-29): https://www.firescience.gov. Funding also provided by the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Author Information:
Derek J. McNamara
Geospatial Measurement Solutions, LLC
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1029-6234
Alexander Maranghides
National Institute of Standards and Technology
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-2475
William E. Mell
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-5061
Joseph C. Restaino
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station (former employee)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-638X
Robert E. Vihnanek
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station (retired)
Carrie Leland
no current affiliations
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Native_Data_Set_Environment:
- Version 6.2 (Build 9200) ; Esri ArcGIS 10.5.0.6491
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Cross_Reference:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: Butry, David T.
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Originator: Forney, Glenn P.
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Originator: Johnsson, Erik L.
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Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
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Publication_Date: 2011
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Title:
WUI Fire Exposure Data Collection and Modeling Project- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
- Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Online_Linkage: https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/wui-fire-exposure-data-collection-and-modeling-project
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Cross_Reference:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: Ingram, Jennifer
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Publication_Date: 2012
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Title:
Waldo Canyon Fire Progression- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Redlands, CA
- Publisher: Esri
- Other_Citation_Details:
- ArcGIS Online map
- Online_Linkage: https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=75d1bde002fc4accbb55577dbf58702d
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Cross_Reference:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: Lacey, Brett
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Originator: Randall, Christina
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Originator: Notbohm, Andrew
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Originator: Mounts, Roger
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Originator: Steigauf, Dustin
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Publication_Date: 2001
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Title:
City of Colorado Springs Community Wildlfire Protection Plan- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
- Publisher: Colorado Springs Fire Department
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Cross_Reference:
-
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Citation_Information:
-
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Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
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Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
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Originator: Mell, William E.
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Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
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Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
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Originator: Leland, Carrie
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Publication_Date: 2015
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Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
- Issue_Identification: 1910
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
- Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
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Cross_Reference:
-
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
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Publication_Date: 2016
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Title:
Evaluating the effectiveness of mitigations activities in the Wildland Urban Interface, final report JFSP project ID: 11-1-3-29- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: Joint Fire Science Final Report
- Issue_Identification: Project #: 11-1-3-29
- Other_Citation_Details:
- (included in data publication download: \Supplements\Final_Report_11-1-3-29.pdf)
- Online_Linkage: https://www.firescience.gov/projects/11-1-3-29/project/11-1-3-29_final_report.pdf
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Cross_Reference:
-
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
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Originator: Mell, William E.
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Originator: Maranghides Alexander
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Publication_Date: 2019
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Title:
Object-based classification of building destruction, damage and defensive actions at the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: International Journal of Wildland Fire
- Issue_Identification: 29(2): 174-189
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19041
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Analytical_Tool:
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Analytical_Tool_Description:
- Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) ArcMap: commercial geographic information system (GIS) used for viewing, editing and analyzing database objects.
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Tool_Access_Information:
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Online_Linkage:
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/
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Tool_Access_Instructions:
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Tool_Contact:
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Contact_Information:
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Contact_Person_Primary:
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Contact_Person: Derek McNamara
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Contact_Organization: Geospatial Measurement Solutions, LLC
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Contact_Position: GIS Analyst
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Contact_Address:
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Address_Type: mailing and physical
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Address: 1841 4th Street
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Address: Hood River, Oregon 97031
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City: Hood River
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State_or_Province: OR
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Postal_Code: 97031
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Contact_Voice_Telephone: 208-818-2152
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Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
dmgeo@gmsgis.com
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Analytical_Tool:
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Analytical_Tool_Description:
- QGIS: open-source geographic information system used for viewing database objects.
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Tool_Access_Information:
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Online_Linkage:
https://qgis.org/en/site/
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Tool_Access_Instructions:
- https://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html
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Analytical_Tool:
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Analytical_Tool_Description:
- Feature Analyst works with Esri ArcGIS to extract feature data from imagery in order to populate geographic information systems (GIS) databases.
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Tool_Access_Information:
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Online_Linkage:
https://www.textronsystems.com/products/feature-analyst
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Tool_Access_Instructions:
- see website
Back to Top
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Data_Quality_Information:
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Attribute_Accuracy:
-
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Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
- Attribute accuracy is described in the metadata document for each individual object (i.e., feature class and table) in the file geodatabase. See the metadata associated with each table or feature class (provided in the \Data folder as both an XML and HTML file) for a complete description of all attributes in the database.
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Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
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Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
- ArcGIS data validation tools.
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Logical_Consistency_Report:
- Various topological checks conducted on feature classes are described in the metadata document associated with each feature class. Relationship classes are created in the database between the various database objects (i.e., feature classes and tables) to ensure the fidelity of the relationships. A full description of relationship classes, feature classes, tables and domains created within this publication's geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf.
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Completeness_Report:
- Information about omissions, selection criteria, generalizations, definitions used and other rules used to derive the respective feature class or table are found in the associated metadata for each individual object (i.e., feature class and table) in the file geodatabase. This database contains information collected on all properties within the Mountain Shadows Community and believed to be affected by the Waldo Canyon Fire.
Some attribute values use an "N/D" or "n/d", which indicates that an attribute value was not determined. Some attribute values use a value of "N/A" or "n/a", which indicates that an attribute value is not applicable.
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Positional_Accuracy:
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Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
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Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
- Horizontal positional accuracy of feature classes varies and is described in the metadata associated with each feature class.
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Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
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Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
- Vertical positional accuracy of feature classes varies and is described in the metadata associated with each feature class.
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Lineage:
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Methodology:
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Methodology_Type: Field
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Methodology_Description:
- The data in this database results from post-fire assessments conducted at the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire. These assessments involved various field and office activities, including discussions with eyewitness of the fire (e.g., first responders), analysis of pre-fire (e.g., light detection and ranging data [LiDAR], and multispectral imagery) and post-fire imagery, active-fire ground images and videos from eyewitnesses, and other data described in the various metadata documents associated with this data package. All data was integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine spatial relationships of features and quality control data as described in the metadata documents and Maranghides et al. (2015). For a complete description of the methodologies employed in the 2012 Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment, see Maranghides et al. (2015).
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Methodology_Citation:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
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Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
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Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
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Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
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Originator: Leland, Carrie
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Publication_Date: 2015
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Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
- Issue_Identification: 1910
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
- Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
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Source_Information:
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Source_Citation:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: City of Colorado Springs
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Publication_Date: 2011
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Title:
Pre-Fire Multispectral Imagery- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
- Publisher: City of Colorado Springs
-
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
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Time_Period_Information:
-
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Single_Date/Time:
-
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Calendar_Date: 2011
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Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
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Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Pre-Fire Multispectral Imagery
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Source_Contribution:
- Used to distinguish wildland versus residential vegetation. Building footprints were extracted from these data along with the pre-fire multispectral imagery. Some building footprints, which were used to identify the points in the structure feature class, were adjusted based on these data. Also used to extract fuel breaks such as rock outcrops, roads, and parking lots, and manually delineate other landcover classes. Communities were based on observations of wildlands and neighborhood similarities from this imagery.
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Source_Information:
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Source_Citation:
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Citation_Information:
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Originator: Colorado Springs Fire Department
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Publication_Date: unknown
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Title:
Pre-Fire Property Assessments- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: spreadsheet
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Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
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Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Range_of_Dates/Times:
-
-
Beginning_Date: 2008
-
Ending_Date: 2010
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
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Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Pre-Fire Property Assessments
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Source_Contribution:
- Building material and landscape attributes for structures were populated from this data.
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Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
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Citation_Information:
-
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Originator: Colorado Springs Fire Department
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Publication_Date: unknown
-
Title:
Post-Fire Damage Assessments- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: spreadsheet
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Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Range_of_Dates/Times:
-
-
Beginning_Date: 201206
-
Ending_Date: 201207
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
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Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Post-Fire Damage Assessments
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Source_Contribution:
- Damage and destruction to structures in the structures feature class were partially populated from these data.
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Source_Information:
-
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Source_Citation:
-
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Citation_Information:
-
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Originator: Colorado Springs Utilities
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Publication_Date: 2010
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Title:
2010 Pre-Fire LiDAR- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
- Publisher: Colorado Springs Utilities
-
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Multiple_Dates/Times:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2010
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2011
-
Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Pre-Fire LiDAR
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Source_Contribution:
- 2010 data: Building footprints were derived from the pre-fire LiDAR as were canopy height models, representing the heights of vegetative canopy. The metadata documents associated with the specific data provide more information on how the LiDAR was used to derive data in this database.
2011 data: Used to distinguish vegetation and buildings, particularly above ground vegetation that might represent wildland vegetation. Building footprints were extracted from these data along with the pre-fire multispectral imagery.
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Source_Information:
-
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Source_Citation:
-
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Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: El Paso County
-
Publication_Date: 2011
-
Title:
Parcel Polygons- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
- Publisher: El Paso County
- Online_Linkage: https://assets-admin.elpasoco.com/wp-content/uploads/parcels1foot_public-1.zip
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 2011
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Parcel Polygons
-
Source_Contribution:
- Used as the base for the parcel polygons. Parcel polygons were combined into one polygon for each community delineated in the Community feature class. These data were used to identify addresses referenced by eyewitnesses. Also, addresses for structures and all addresses in the geodatabase were obtained from these data. These data were also used as the base for the parcel polygon feature class.
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Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
-
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
-
Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
-
Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
-
Originator: Leland, Carrie
-
Publication_Date: 2015
-
Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
- Issue_Identification: 1910
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
- Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
-
Type_of_Source_Media: Paper
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Range_of_Dates/Times:
-
-
Beginning_Date: 20120801
-
Ending_Date: 20140407
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Eyewitness Discussions
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Source_Contribution:
- Eyewitnesses described fire spread. Much of the data in the TechnicalDiscussionStreet and TechnicalDiscussionAddress data files came from these discussions. Information from each eyewitness discussion was cross-referenced against information from other discussions for concurrence, when applicable. Eyewitness discussions identified the time and location of burning structures and features on parcels.
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Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
-
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
-
Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
-
Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
-
Originator: Leland, Carrie
-
Publication_Date: 2015
-
Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
- Issue_Identification: 1910
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
- Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
-
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Single_Date/Time:
-
-
Calendar_Date: 20120626
-
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Ground Imagery
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Source_Contribution:
- Active-fire ground images and videos as described in Maranghides et al. (2015) were used to identify fire direction, in the case of videos, and smoke movement in videos and images, which enabled identifying the fire direction. This imagery consisted of videos and images collected by eyewitness of the fire (i.e., first responders, police officers, and citizens). Active-fire ground images and videos as described in Maranghides et al. (2015) were used to identify burn times of structures, if known, and the locations of these structures. This imagery consisted of videos and images collected by eyewitness of the fire (i.e., first responders, police officers, and citizens).
-
Source_Information:
-
-
Source_Citation:
-
-
Citation_Information:
-
-
Originator: The Sanborn Mapping Company
-
Publication_Date: 2012
-
Title:
2012 Post-Fire Imagery- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
- Publication_Information:
- Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
- Publisher: The Sanborn Mapping Company
-
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
-
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
-
-
Time_Period_Information:
-
-
Range_of_Dates/Times:
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Beginning_Date: 20120628
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Ending_Date: 20120712
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Source_Currentness_Reference:
- Ground Condition
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Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
- Post-Fire Imagery
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Source_Contribution:
- Post-fire imagery was used to help identify the locations of defensive actions, identify the locations of burned features, identify fire direction through scorching of features and other uses as described in Maranghides et al. (2015). Damage and destruction to structures was also confirmed by using these data. The post-fire imagery was used to identify areas of scorching of features (e.g., vegetation) thereby identifying the direction the fire was moving. In some cases, scorching can be in the opposite case of fire direction and caused by the behavior of the burning vegetation underneath the scorched vegetation. Consequently, primarily observations of scorched vegetation were delineated where there was not fire behavior beneath the scorched vegetation. Observations from eyewitnesses were cross-referenced against the post-fire imagery to confirm the feature being discussed was present. Communities were based on observations of wildlands and neighborhood similarities from this imagery. Fire perimeter was delineated from these data, helping to identify which parcel had active fire behavior.
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Process_Step:
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Process_Description:
- This database was created using tools in the Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcMap and ArcCatalog products. A feature dataset was created to store spatial datasets and tables are stored outside this feature dataset. A topology was created to ensure that features did not overlap, and there were no large gaps, unintended, in the datasets. Process steps for each dataset are described in the respective metadata document and listed below.
BUILDING FEATURE CLASS
See McNamara et al. (2019) for a complete description of how building footprints were derived from the pre-fire LiDAR data.
The LP360 Planar Point Filter Tool (GeoCue Group Support 2017a) was used to classify LiDAR building returns requiring two sets of slightly different parameters to account for unusually different point densities in the LiDAR data (Table 2 in McNamara et al. 2019). Manual edits, based on pre-fire imagery (Table 1 in McNamara et al. 2019), to the LiDAR points were conducted to remove returns incorrectly classified as buildings (errors of commission) and classify missed building returns (errors of omission). We then inputted LiDAR points into the LP360 Point Group Tracing and Squaring Tool (GeoCue Group Support 2017b) to extract building footprints. Again, two sets of parameters were used to account for unusually varying point densities in the dataset (Table 3 in McNamara et al. 2019). Errors of commission and omission were corrected. Editing of single building foot-prints occurred in ArcGIS such that a single polygon represented a single dwelling in a multi-family residence (e.g. duplex). This process was vital for identifying the final counts of damage and destruction to individual dwellings.
McNamara, Derek J.; Mell, William E.; Maranghides Alexander. 2019. Object-based classification of building destruction, damage and defensive actions at the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 29(2): 174-189. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19041
GeoCue Group Support. 2017a. Planar point filter point cloud task. Available at http://support.geocue.com/planar-point-filter-point-cloud-task/ [Verified 16 August 2018].
GeoCue Group Support. 2017b. Point cloud cluster tracing point cloud task. Available at http://support.geocue.com/point-cloud-cluster-tracing-point-cloud-task/ [Verified 16 August 2018].
BURNTIMEPARCEL TABLE
Timelines of features burning on parcels were identified by ground imagery, eyewitness discussions (Maranghides et al. 2015), pre-fire, and post-fire aerial imagery. These data were integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to locate the feature in the ground image and its location. The burn condition, as portrayed by the particular observation, was recorded, and the time, if known. In some cases, only the date was known. Finally, the type of feature burning (e.g., vegetation, linear feature [e.g., fence], other, or unknown). This table is related to the parcel feature class.
BURNTIMESTRCT TABLE
Timelines of structures burning were identified by ground imagery, eyewitness discussions (Maranghides et al. 2015), pre-fire, and post-fire aerial imagery. These data were integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to locate the feature in the ground image and its location. The burn condition, as portrayed by the particular observation, was recorded, and the time, if known. In some cases, only the date was known.
COMMUNITY FEATURE CLASS
Communities were delineated based on streets and various neighborhoods within the area affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire. Communities are comprised of parcels within the respective area. The communities represent changes in WUI type (occluded, intermix, interface. or interior communities that are not a WUI type) based on visual mapping using pre-fire and post-fire aerial imagery, and grouping of polygons based on fire behavior and similarities in neighborhoods.
FIREDIRECTION FEATURE CLASS
Fire direction was delineated in the field based on field observations such as needle freeze or directional scorching. Fire direction was also delineated based on smoke and fire movement observed in active fire videos and images. Finally, fire direction was identified through scorched vegetation from the post-fire imagery, primarily where there was not fire behavior in vegetation beneath the scorched vegetation.
FIREPERIMETERS FEATURE CLASS
Fire perimeters were delineated around the Mountain Shadows Community based on observed fire behavior in the post-fire imagery. Rock outcrops, roads, and green areas were extracted from the post-fire imagery using supervised image classification approaches in Feature Analyst and other areas were assummed to be burned. This dataset was then manually edited through aerial interpretation to determine vegetative areas around the Mountain Shadow Community affected by fire.
LANDCOVER FEATURE CLASS
Fuel breaks were extracted from pre-fire imagery using Feature Analyst. Wildland and residential vegetative fuels were manually delineated from the pre-fire imagery and LiDAR.
PARCEL FEATURE CLASS
Parcel polygons were appended to this dataset and attributes were populated appropriately. This population including classifying properties as residential or wildlands (i.e., containing no buildings).
STREETPOLY TABLE
Street level observations from fire witness documented by Maranghides et al. (2015) were associated with a single polygon representing all the parcels on a particular street. Each polygon in this dataset can have many observations in the related table.
STRUCTURE FEATURE CLASS
Structure points were derived from the building footprints. A point was placed inside each building's footprint polygon. Attributes were populated based on a combination of field and office exercises. Much of the building material and landscape information was obtained from ground surveys conducted by the Colorado Springs Fire Department before the fire. In some cases, this information was updated if warranted based on office analysis and information identified after the fire (e.g., roof changes identified in the post-fire imagery). Pre-Fire imagery was used to confirm that smaller features were secondary buildings. The damage status of buildings was identified through assessments of the post-fire imagery, information provided by Colorado Springs from damage assessments, and eyewitness discussions. The address of addressable structures was derived from the Parcel Polygons.
TECHNICALDISCUSSIONADDRESS & TECHNICALDISCUSSIONSTREET TABLE
The procedures conducted for the technical discussions (TDs) were as follows:
1. Met with the first responder(s) of interest, if there was a representative group (e.g., Brush Truck or Fire Engine) then discussed the incident with the first responder of interest.
2. Provided an open format for the first responders to describe what they saw at the incident in a chronological order, to the extent possible, with few questions actually asked.
3. Recorded the information spoken by the first responder using written notes with associated locations, if not representing an addressable structure, marked on a hard-copy map.
4. Two data recorders were often utilized. The first data recorder captured the overall narrative and the second recorder only documented defensive actions and observations.
5. Utilized geospatial technologies such as Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL), Bing Maps Birds Eye View, Google Street View and other geospatial technologies during TDs.
6. Recorded observations in a spreadsheet and transferred the spreadsheet to this database table. Address attributes were updated appropriately based on parcel polygons.
7. Quality checked each observation for accuracy using post-fire imagery and ground imagery, as well as cross checking with other observations.
A complete description of the methodologies employed in the 2012 Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment can be found in Maranghides et al. (2015)
WUIDELINEATION FEATURE CLASS
Using the pre-fire LiDAR and pre-fire multispectral imagery, areas of wildland versus residential vegetation in and around the Mountain Shadows Community where heads-up digitized in ArcMap. Wildland vegetation that was surrounded by residential vegetation or built features was labeled as wildlands (occluded).
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Process_Date: Unknown
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Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
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Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
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Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
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SDTS_Terms_Description:
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SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: GT-polygon composed of chains
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Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1
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SDTS_Terms_Description:
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SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon
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Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 479
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Spatial_Reference_Information:
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Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
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Planar:
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Map_Projection:
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Map_Projection_Name: NAD 1983 StatePlane Colorado Central FIPS 0502 Feet
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Lambert_Conformal_Conic:
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Standard_Parallel: 38.45
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Standard_Parallel: 39.75
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Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -105.5
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Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 37.83333333333334
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False_Easting: 3000000.000316083
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False_Northing: 999999.999996
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Planar_Coordinate_Information:
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Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair
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Coordinate_Representation:
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Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000000027037905248050726
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Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000000027037905248050726
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Planar_Distance_Units: foot_us
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Geodetic_Model:
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Horizontal_Datum_Name: D North American 1983
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Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980
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Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0000
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Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
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Detailed_Description:
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Entity_Type:
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Entity_Type_Label: 2012WaldoFire.gdb
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Entity_Type_Definition:
- Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) file geodatabase containing data collected and derived as part of the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment. This post-fire assessment was conducted as a joint effort between the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the United States Forest Service. A complete description of all the items in this File Geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf.
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Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, and United States Forest Service
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Overview_Description:
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Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
- Below you will find a list and description of the files included in this data publication.
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION FILE (1)
1. \Data\_variable_descriptions.csv: Comma-separated values (CSV) file containing a list and description of variables found in all data files. (A description of these variables are also provided in the individual metadata documents located in the \Data folder.)
Columns include:
Filename = name of data file
Variable = name of variable
Units = units (if applicable)
Precision = precision (if applicable)
Description = description of variable
DATA FILES (1)
1. \Data\2012WaldoCanyon Fire.gdb: Esri file geodatabase (GDB) containing data collected and derived as part of the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment. See the metadata associated with each table or feature class (provided in the \Data folder as both an XML and HTML file) for a complete description of all attributes in the database. This post-fire assessment was conducted as a joint effort between the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the United States Forest Service. A complete description of all the items in included in the file geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf. Below is a brief description of the contents.
Feature Datasets
AssessmentData: Stores all point, line and polygon data related to 2012 Waldo Canyon Fire (Waldo Fire) Post-Fire Assessment. Information in this feature dataset is typically collected in the field but might be supplemented by information from local authorities as well as office data and analysis. See \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf for a complete description of the feature classes, tables and relationship classes within this feature dataset.
Feature Classes
(Metadata specific to each of these feature classes is available under \Data as both an XML and HTML file.)
Building: This polygon feature class is used to store the horizontal extent of large human-made features across the study area to help relate the spatial location of these features to other features across the landscape.
Community: This feature class is used to store the spatial representations of various communities found within areas affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.
FireDirection: This feature class records the direction of the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire at known locations.
FirePerimeters: This feature class is used to locate fire behavior in space. These fire perimeters are delineated to identify the area affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.
Landcover: This feature class generally describes the landcover types in and around the Mountain Shadows Community affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.
Parcel: This feature class serves as the primary assessment unit for the Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment. These property or parcel boundaries are not intended as a legal representation of the property boundary. El Paso County provided these parcel boundaries.
StreetPoly: This feature class is used to link observations recorded during the technical discussion effort to specific streets. Some technical discussion observations could only be geolocated to the street level, and this feature class allows for the identification of those observations.
Structures: This feature class records the location and characteristics of primary structures assessed during the Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment.
WUIDelineation: This feature class portrays the type of wildland-urban interface land cover in the Mountain Shadows Community.
Relationship Classes
CommunityHasParcels: A one-to-many simple relationship between the Community feature class and the parcel feature class. This relationship class is included as a mechanism to ensure that the respective community covers parcels in that community and facilitate spatial and tabular analysis. The primary key is CommunityID and the foreign key is CommunityID.
ParcelHasBuildings: A one-to-many simple relationship between the parcel feature class and the building feature class. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of buildings on respective parcels. The primary key is ParcelID, and the foreign key is ParcelID.
StructureHasBuildings: A one-to-one composite relationship class between the structure feature class and the building feature class. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of buildings associated with structure points and structure points associated with buildings. The primary key is BuildingID, and the foreign key is BuildingID.
Database Tables
(Metadata specific to each of these database tables is available under \Data as both an XML and HTML file.)
BurnTimeParcel: Database table used to record the burn time of parcel features as portrayed in various active-fire ground images and videos recorded during the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.
BurnTimeStrct: Database table used to record the burn time of structures as portrayed in various active-fire ground images and videos recorded during the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.
TechnicalDiscussionAddress: Database table used to store observations from the technical discussions that were able to be geolocated at the address level.
TechnicalDiscussionStreet: Database table used to store observations from the technical discussions that were able to be geolocated at the street level.
Relationship Classes
ParcelHasBurnTimes: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the Parcel feature class and the BurnTimeParcel table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of documented times of burning features on parcels. The primary key is ParcelID and the foreign key is ParcelID.
StreetPolyHasTechnicalDiscussion: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the StreetPoly feature class and the TechnicalDiscussionStreet table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of observations (fire behavior and defensive actions) from a particular street area found in the StreetPoly feature class. The primary key is StreetLnk, and the foreign key is Street.
StructureHasBurnTimes: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the Structure feature class and the BurnTimeStrct table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of documented times of burning structures. The primary key is BuildingID, and the foreign key is BuildingID.
StructureHasTechnicalDiscussionAddress: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the Structure feature class and the TechnicalDiscussionAddress table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of observations (fire behavior and defensive actions) from a particular structure found in the Structure feature class. The primary key is AddressLnk, and the foreign key is AddLink.
SUPPLEMENTAL FILES (2)
1. \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf: Portable Document Format (PDF) file containing a description of all the database objects (i.e., tables, feature classes, feature datasets, and relationship classes) found in the project GDB (\Data\2012WaldoCanyonFire.gdb).
2. \Supplements\Final_Report_11-1-3-29.pdf: PDF file containing the JFSP Final Report associated with these data.
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Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
- Maranghides, Alexander; McNamara, Derek J.; Vihnanek, Robert E.; Restaino, Joseph C.; Leland, Carrie. 2015. A case study of a community afffected by the Waldo Fire - event timeline and defensive actions. NIST Technical Note: 1910. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
Maranghides, Alexander. 2016. Evaluating the effectiveness of mitigations activities in the Wildland Urban Interface, final report JFSP project ID: 11-1-3-29. JFSP Final Report, Project ID: 11-1-3-29. https://www.firescience.gov/projects/11-1-3-29/project/11-1-3-29_final_report.pdf (included in data publication download: \Supplements\Final_Report_11-1-3-29.pdf)
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Distribution_Information:
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Distributor:
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Contact_Information:
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Contact_Organization_Primary:
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Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Research and Development
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Contact_Position: Research Data Archivist
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Contact_Address:
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Address_Type: mailing and physical
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Address: 240 West Prospect Road
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City: Fort Collins
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State_or_Province: CO
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Postal_Code: 80526
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Country: USA
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Contact_Voice_Telephone: see Contact Instructions
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Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of December 2023. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
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Resource_Description: RDS-2023-0055
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Distribution_Liability:
- Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.
The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
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Standard_Order_Process:
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Digital_Form:
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Digital_Transfer_Information:
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Format_Name: GDB
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
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Format_Specification:
- Esri file geodatabase
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Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Online_Option:
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Computer_Contact_Information:
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Network_Address:
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Network_Resource_Name:
https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
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Digital_Form:
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Format_Name: XML
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Description
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Format_Specification:
- eXtensible Markup Language file
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Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Online_Option:
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Computer_Contact_Information:
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Network_Address:
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Network_Resource_Name:
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Digital_Form:
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Format_Name: HTML
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Description
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Format_Specification:
- HyperText Markup Language file
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Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Online_Option:
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Computer_Contact_Information:
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Network_Address:
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Network_Resource_Name:
https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
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Digital_Form:
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Format_Name: PDF
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Description
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Format_Specification:
- Portable Document Format file
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Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Online_Option:
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Computer_Contact_Information:
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Network_Resource_Name:
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Digital_Form:
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Format_Name: CSV
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
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Format_Specification:
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Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Network_Address:
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Network_Resource_Name:
https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
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Fees: none
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
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Metadata_Date: 20231208
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Metadata_Contact:
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Contact_Information:
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Contact_Organization_Primary:
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Contact_Organization: Geospatial Measurement Solutions, LLC
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Contact_Person: Derek McNamara
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Contact_Position: GIS Analyst
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Contact_Address:
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Address_Type: mailing
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Address: 2149 Cascade Ave. Ste. 106A PMB 240
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City: Hood River
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State_or_Province: OR
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Postal_Code: 97031
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Country: USA
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Contact_Voice_Telephone: 208-818-2152
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Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 866-221-6148
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Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
dmgeo@gmsgis.com
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Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
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Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
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Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
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