2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon fire: post-fire database

Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
Originator: Mell, William E.
Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
Originator: Leland, Carrie
Publication_Date: 2023
Title:
2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon fire: post-fire database
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular and vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
Description:
Abstract:
This data publication contains data collected and derived as part of a joint effort conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the United States Forest Service (USFS) to assess the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire (Waldo Canyon Fire). NIST and the USFS participated in the effort as part of the NIST/USFS Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Exposure Data Collection and Modeling Project. This data publication contains information on primary structures (e.g., damaged residential wood roofs), vegetation, the timeline of burning features, defensive actions, and general fire direction indicators. These data were derived through a combination of field assessments occurring weeks and months after the fire as well as office assessments of ground and aerial images and videos representing pre-fire, active-fire and post-fire conditions.
Purpose:
The objective of the WUI Fire Exposure Data Collection and Modeling Project is to develop the measurement science needed to mitigate the effects of WUI fires by providing technical guidance on building components, landscaping elements, and community designs that resist ignition and limit the spread of WUI fires. The project's vision is to address structure and community vulnerabilities to WUI fires by developing fire-resistant design and advanced materials based on reliable post-fire data and incorporating findings into codes, standards, and best practices. Post-fire analysis of WUI fires, such as presented in this data package, provides the knowledge to focus experiments and modeling on critical structure and landscape design and materials vulnerabilities. Standard data collection methodologies will also help generate reliable post-fire data. This data package is intended for examination of certain aspects of the Waldo Canyon Fire, particularly the Mountain Shadows Community affected by the Waldo Fire, initially on June 26, 2012. We also presented this file geodatabase as a flexible framework for storing specific data acquired during post-fire assessments. This file geodatabase provides a data model for storing images and eyewitness accounts of active-fire conditions and relating them to features in space and time.
Supplemental_Information:
Maranghides et al. (2015) provides an overview of the Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment as well as analysis results. A description of each feature class, table and relationship class present in this geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescriptions.pdf.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20120626
Ending_Date: 20120628
Currentness_Reference:
Ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
The Waldo Canyon Fire post-fire assessment data-gathering effort focused on the Mountain Shadows Community (MSC) due to the majority of structure destruction occurring in this community and the unique fire behavior observed in the MSC. As studied in the Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment (Maranghides et al. 2015), the MSC is a Colorado Springs neighborhood extending from North 30th Street at the southern end to a drainage ditch on the northern end. The neighborhood starts at Centennial Boulevard on the eastern side and directly abuts the wildlands extending into the Rocky Mountains to the west. There are occluded wildland areas and recreational parks within MSC. Most primary structures are residential, but within the community are three schools, commercial buildings, a well-known tourist ranch, and other types of primary structures. A canyon borders MSC to the north where elevations at the water tower are approximately 2,166 meters (m) and elevations at the bottom of the northern canyon are at 2,109 m. A significant canyon is also found south of the water tower on the western edge of the MSC, extending down into a high structure density portion of the community to the east of Flying W Ranch Road (i.e., Majestic Drive). Throughout the community are smaller canyons and other topographic features of various configurations.

The 2001 (Lacey et al.) Colorado Springs Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) lists the wildland vegetation around MSC as consisting of predominantly Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson), Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.), pinyon-juniper (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém, Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little) stands and other mixed conifer stands. The Colorado Springs CWPP26 also lists other vegetation types in and around Colorado Springs as shortgrass prairie with Yucca spp. L. and prickly pear-cactus (Opuntia spp. Mill.). Additionally, the Colorado Springs CWPP26 describes isolated pockets of beetle-kill and mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp. M. Bieb) in Colorado Springs, though this was not evident in pre-fire imagery around MSC. High stand densities of 300 stems per acre compared to traditional densities of 75 to 150 stems per acre are also found in Colorado Springs (Lacey et al. 2001).
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.99644
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.78117
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.10797
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.82551
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: biota
Theme_Keyword: boundaries
Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
Theme_Keyword: environment
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
Theme_Keyword: planningCadastre
Theme_Keyword: society
Theme_Keyword: structure
Theme_Keyword: transportation
Theme_Keyword: utilitiesCommunication
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
Theme_Keyword: Climatology
Theme_Keyword: Fire
Theme_Keyword: Fire ecology
Theme_Keyword: Fire suppression, pre-suppression
Theme_Keyword: Wildland/urban interface
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: wildland-urban interface
Theme_Keyword: WUI
Theme_Keyword: Joint Fire Science Program
Theme_Keyword: JFSP
Theme_Keyword: fire perimeter
Theme_Keyword: post-fire assessment
Theme_Keyword: exposure
Theme_Keyword: defensive actions
Theme_Keyword: destroyed structures
Theme_Keyword: damaged structures
Theme_Keyword: fire behavior
Theme_Keyword: wildland fire
Theme_Keyword: 2012 Waldo Canyon Post-Fire Assessment
Theme_Keyword: combustibles
Theme_Keyword: linear features
Theme_Keyword: attached features
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Colorado
Place_Keyword: Colorado Springs
Place_Keyword: El Paso County
Place_Keyword: Mountain Shadows Community
Place_Keyword: Perrigrine Community
Place_Keyword: Cedar Heights Community
Place_Keyword: Waldo Canyon
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:

McNamara, Derek J.; Maranghides, Alexander; Mell, William E.; Restaino, Joseph C.; Vihnanek, Robert E.; Leland, Carrie. 2023. 2012 Waldo Canyon fire: post-fire database. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Alexander Maranghides
Contact_Organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Contact_Position: Fire Protection Engineer
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: U.S. Department of Commerce
Address: 100 Bureau Drive
City: Gaithersburg
State_or_Province: MD
Postal_Code: 20899-8663
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 202-567-1634
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: alexm@nist.gov
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Data_Set_Credit:
Funding for this project provided by the Joint Fire Science Program (JFSP 11-1-3-29): https://www.firescience.gov. Funding also provided by the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.


Author Information:

Derek J. McNamara
Geospatial Measurement Solutions, LLC
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1029-6234

Alexander Maranghides
National Institute of Standards and Technology
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-2475

William E. Mell
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-5061

Joseph C. Restaino
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station (former employee)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-638X

Robert E. Vihnanek
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station (retired)

Carrie Leland
no current affiliations
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Version 6.2 (Build 9200) ; Esri ArcGIS 10.5.0.6491
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Butry, David T.
Originator: Forney, Glenn P.
Originator: Johnsson, Erik L.
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
Publication_Date: 2011
Title:
WUI Fire Exposure Data Collection and Modeling Project
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Online_Linkage: https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/wui-fire-exposure-data-collection-and-modeling-project
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Ingram, Jennifer
Publication_Date: 2012
Title:
Waldo Canyon Fire Progression
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Redlands, CA
Publisher: Esri
Other_Citation_Details:
ArcGIS Online map
Online_Linkage: https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=75d1bde002fc4accbb55577dbf58702d
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Lacey, Brett
Originator: Randall, Christina
Originator: Notbohm, Andrew
Originator: Mounts, Roger
Originator: Steigauf, Dustin
Publication_Date: 2001
Title:
City of Colorado Springs Community Wildlfire Protection Plan
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
Publisher: Colorado Springs Fire Department
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
Originator: Mell, William E.
Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
Originator: Leland, Carrie
Publication_Date: 2015
Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
Issue_Identification: 1910
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
Evaluating the effectiveness of mitigations activities in the Wildland Urban Interface, final report JFSP project ID: 11-1-3-29
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Joint Fire Science Final Report
Issue_Identification: Project #: 11-1-3-29
Other_Citation_Details:
(included in data publication download: \Supplements\Final_Report_11-1-3-29.pdf)
Online_Linkage: https://www.firescience.gov/projects/11-1-3-29/project/11-1-3-29_final_report.pdf
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
Originator: Mell, William E.
Originator: Maranghides Alexander
Publication_Date: 2019
Title:
Object-based classification of building destruction, damage and defensive actions at the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: International Journal of Wildland Fire
Issue_Identification: 29(2): 174-189
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19041
Analytical_Tool:
Analytical_Tool_Description:
Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) ArcMap: commercial geographic information system (GIS) used for viewing, editing and analyzing database objects.
Tool_Access_Information:
Online_Linkage: http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/
Tool_Access_Instructions:
see website
Tool_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Derek McNamara
Contact_Organization: Geospatial Measurement Solutions, LLC
Contact_Position: GIS Analyst
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1841 4th Street
Address: Hood River, Oregon 97031
City: Hood River
State_or_Province: OR
Postal_Code: 97031
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 208-818-2152
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dmgeo@gmsgis.com
Analytical_Tool:
Analytical_Tool_Description:
QGIS: open-source geographic information system used for viewing database objects.
Tool_Access_Information:
Online_Linkage: https://qgis.org/en/site/
Tool_Access_Instructions:
https://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html
Analytical_Tool:
Analytical_Tool_Description:
Feature Analyst works with Esri ArcGIS to extract feature data from imagery in order to populate geographic information systems (GIS) databases.
Tool_Access_Information:
Online_Linkage: https://www.textronsystems.com/products/feature-analyst
Tool_Access_Instructions:
see website
Back to Top
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Attribute accuracy is described in the metadata document for each individual object (i.e., feature class and table) in the file geodatabase. See the metadata associated with each table or feature class (provided in the \Data folder as both an XML and HTML file) for a complete description of all attributes in the database.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
ArcGIS data validation tools.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
Various topological checks conducted on feature classes are described in the metadata document associated with each feature class. Relationship classes are created in the database between the various database objects (i.e., feature classes and tables) to ensure the fidelity of the relationships. A full description of relationship classes, feature classes, tables and domains created within this publication's geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf.
Completeness_Report:
Information about omissions, selection criteria, generalizations, definitions used and other rules used to derive the respective feature class or table are found in the associated metadata for each individual object (i.e., feature class and table) in the file geodatabase. This database contains information collected on all properties within the Mountain Shadows Community and believed to be affected by the Waldo Canyon Fire.

Some attribute values use an "N/D" or "n/d", which indicates that an attribute value was not determined. Some attribute values use a value of "N/A" or "n/a", which indicates that an attribute value is not applicable.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Horizontal positional accuracy of feature classes varies and is described in the metadata associated with each feature class.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Vertical positional accuracy of feature classes varies and is described in the metadata associated with each feature class.
Lineage:
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Field
Methodology_Description:
The data in this database results from post-fire assessments conducted at the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire. These assessments involved various field and office activities, including discussions with eyewitness of the fire (e.g., first responders), analysis of pre-fire (e.g., light detection and ranging data [LiDAR], and multispectral imagery) and post-fire imagery, active-fire ground images and videos from eyewitnesses, and other data described in the various metadata documents associated with this data package. All data was integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine spatial relationships of features and quality control data as described in the metadata documents and Maranghides et al. (2015). For a complete description of the methodologies employed in the 2012 Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment, see Maranghides et al. (2015).
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
Originator: Leland, Carrie
Publication_Date: 2015
Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
Issue_Identification: 1910
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: City of Colorado Springs
Publication_Date: 2011
Title:
Pre-Fire Multispectral Imagery
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
Publisher: City of Colorado Springs
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2011
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Ground Condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Pre-Fire Multispectral Imagery
Source_Contribution:
Used to distinguish wildland versus residential vegetation. Building footprints were extracted from these data along with the pre-fire multispectral imagery. Some building footprints, which were used to identify the points in the structure feature class, were adjusted based on these data. Also used to extract fuel breaks such as rock outcrops, roads, and parking lots, and manually delineate other landcover classes. Communities were based on observations of wildlands and neighborhood similarities from this imagery.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Colorado Springs Fire Department
Publication_Date: unknown
Title:
Pre-Fire Property Assessments
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: spreadsheet
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 2008
Ending_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Ground Condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Pre-Fire Property Assessments
Source_Contribution:
Building material and landscape attributes for structures were populated from this data.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Colorado Springs Fire Department
Publication_Date: unknown
Title:
Post-Fire Damage Assessments
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: spreadsheet
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 201206
Ending_Date: 201207
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Ground Condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Post-Fire Damage Assessments
Source_Contribution:
Damage and destruction to structures in the structures feature class were partially populated from these data.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Colorado Springs Utilities
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
2010 Pre-Fire LiDAR
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
Publisher: Colorado Springs Utilities
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2011
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Ground Condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Pre-Fire LiDAR
Source_Contribution:
2010 data: Building footprints were derived from the pre-fire LiDAR as were canopy height models, representing the heights of vegetative canopy. The metadata documents associated with the specific data provide more information on how the LiDAR was used to derive data in this database.

2011 data: Used to distinguish vegetation and buildings, particularly above ground vegetation that might represent wildland vegetation. Building footprints were extracted from these data along with the pre-fire multispectral imagery.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: El Paso County
Publication_Date: 2011
Title:
Parcel Polygons
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
Publisher: El Paso County
Online_Linkage: https://assets-admin.elpasoco.com/wp-content/uploads/parcels1foot_public-1.zip
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2011
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Parcel Polygons
Source_Contribution:
Used as the base for the parcel polygons. Parcel polygons were combined into one polygon for each community delineated in the Community feature class. These data were used to identify addresses referenced by eyewitnesses. Also, addresses for structures and all addresses in the geodatabase were obtained from these data. These data were also used as the base for the parcel polygon feature class.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
Originator: Leland, Carrie
Publication_Date: 2015
Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
Issue_Identification: 1910
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
Type_of_Source_Media: Paper
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20120801
Ending_Date: 20140407
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Eyewitness Discussions
Source_Contribution:
Eyewitnesses described fire spread. Much of the data in the TechnicalDiscussionStreet and TechnicalDiscussionAddress data files came from these discussions. Information from each eyewitness discussion was cross-referenced against information from other discussions for concurrence, when applicable. Eyewitness discussions identified the time and location of burning structures and features on parcels.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Maranghides, Alexander
Originator: McNamara, Derek J.
Originator: Vihnanek, Robert E.
Originator: Restaino, Joseph C.
Originator: Leland, Carrie
Publication_Date: 2015
Title:
A case study of a community affected by the Waldo Fire – event timeline and defensive actions
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: NIST Technical Note
Issue_Identification: 1910
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD
Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20120626
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Ground Imagery
Source_Contribution:
Active-fire ground images and videos as described in Maranghides et al. (2015) were used to identify fire direction, in the case of videos, and smoke movement in videos and images, which enabled identifying the fire direction. This imagery consisted of videos and images collected by eyewitness of the fire (i.e., first responders, police officers, and citizens). Active-fire ground images and videos as described in Maranghides et al. (2015) were used to identify burn times of structures, if known, and the locations of these structures. This imagery consisted of videos and images collected by eyewitness of the fire (i.e., first responders, police officers, and citizens).
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: The Sanborn Mapping Company
Publication_Date: 2012
Title:
2012 Post-Fire Imagery
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Colorado Springs, CO
Publisher: The Sanborn Mapping Company
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20120628
Ending_Date: 20120712
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Ground Condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Post-Fire Imagery
Source_Contribution:
Post-fire imagery was used to help identify the locations of defensive actions, identify the locations of burned features, identify fire direction through scorching of features and other uses as described in Maranghides et al. (2015). Damage and destruction to structures was also confirmed by using these data. The post-fire imagery was used to identify areas of scorching of features (e.g., vegetation) thereby identifying the direction the fire was moving. In some cases, scorching can be in the opposite case of fire direction and caused by the behavior of the burning vegetation underneath the scorched vegetation. Consequently, primarily observations of scorched vegetation were delineated where there was not fire behavior beneath the scorched vegetation. Observations from eyewitnesses were cross-referenced against the post-fire imagery to confirm the feature being discussed was present. Communities were based on observations of wildlands and neighborhood similarities from this imagery. Fire perimeter was delineated from these data, helping to identify which parcel had active fire behavior.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
This database was created using tools in the Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcMap and ArcCatalog products. A feature dataset was created to store spatial datasets and tables are stored outside this feature dataset. A topology was created to ensure that features did not overlap, and there were no large gaps, unintended, in the datasets. Process steps for each dataset are described in the respective metadata document and listed below.


BUILDING FEATURE CLASS

See McNamara et al. (2019) for a complete description of how building footprints were derived from the pre-fire LiDAR data.

The LP360 Planar Point Filter Tool (GeoCue Group Support 2017a) was used to classify LiDAR building returns requiring two sets of slightly different parameters to account for unusually different point densities in the LiDAR data (Table 2 in McNamara et al. 2019). Manual edits, based on pre-fire imagery (Table 1 in McNamara et al. 2019), to the LiDAR points were conducted to remove returns incorrectly classified as buildings (errors of commission) and classify missed building returns (errors of omission). We then inputted LiDAR points into the LP360 Point Group Tracing and Squaring Tool (GeoCue Group Support 2017b) to extract building footprints. Again, two sets of parameters were used to account for unusually varying point densities in the dataset (Table 3 in McNamara et al. 2019). Errors of commission and omission were corrected. Editing of single building foot-prints occurred in ArcGIS such that a single polygon represented a single dwelling in a multi-family residence (e.g. duplex). This process was vital for identifying the final counts of damage and destruction to individual dwellings.

McNamara, Derek J.; Mell, William E.; Maranghides Alexander. 2019. Object-based classification of building destruction, damage and defensive actions at the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 29(2): 174-189. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19041

GeoCue Group Support. 2017a. Planar point filter point cloud task. Available at http://support.geocue.com/planar-point-filter-point-cloud-task/ [Verified 16 August 2018].

GeoCue Group Support. 2017b. Point cloud cluster tracing point cloud task. Available at http://support.geocue.com/point-cloud-cluster-tracing-point-cloud-task/ [Verified 16 August 2018].


BURNTIMEPARCEL TABLE

Timelines of features burning on parcels were identified by ground imagery, eyewitness discussions (Maranghides et al. 2015), pre-fire, and post-fire aerial imagery. These data were integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to locate the feature in the ground image and its location. The burn condition, as portrayed by the particular observation, was recorded, and the time, if known. In some cases, only the date was known. Finally, the type of feature burning (e.g., vegetation, linear feature [e.g., fence], other, or unknown). This table is related to the parcel feature class.


BURNTIMESTRCT TABLE

Timelines of structures burning were identified by ground imagery, eyewitness discussions (Maranghides et al. 2015), pre-fire, and post-fire aerial imagery. These data were integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to locate the feature in the ground image and its location. The burn condition, as portrayed by the particular observation, was recorded, and the time, if known. In some cases, only the date was known.


COMMUNITY FEATURE CLASS

Communities were delineated based on streets and various neighborhoods within the area affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire. Communities are comprised of parcels within the respective area. The communities represent changes in WUI type (occluded, intermix, interface. or interior communities that are not a WUI type) based on visual mapping using pre-fire and post-fire aerial imagery, and grouping of polygons based on fire behavior and similarities in neighborhoods.


FIREDIRECTION FEATURE CLASS

Fire direction was delineated in the field based on field observations such as needle freeze or directional scorching. Fire direction was also delineated based on smoke and fire movement observed in active fire videos and images. Finally, fire direction was identified through scorched vegetation from the post-fire imagery, primarily where there was not fire behavior in vegetation beneath the scorched vegetation.


FIREPERIMETERS FEATURE CLASS

Fire perimeters were delineated around the Mountain Shadows Community based on observed fire behavior in the post-fire imagery. Rock outcrops, roads, and green areas were extracted from the post-fire imagery using supervised image classification approaches in Feature Analyst and other areas were assummed to be burned. This dataset was then manually edited through aerial interpretation to determine vegetative areas around the Mountain Shadow Community affected by fire.


LANDCOVER FEATURE CLASS

Fuel breaks were extracted from pre-fire imagery using Feature Analyst. Wildland and residential vegetative fuels were manually delineated from the pre-fire imagery and LiDAR.


PARCEL FEATURE CLASS

Parcel polygons were appended to this dataset and attributes were populated appropriately. This population including classifying properties as residential or wildlands (i.e., containing no buildings).


STREETPOLY TABLE

Street level observations from fire witness documented by Maranghides et al. (2015) were associated with a single polygon representing all the parcels on a particular street. Each polygon in this dataset can have many observations in the related table.


STRUCTURE FEATURE CLASS

Structure points were derived from the building footprints. A point was placed inside each building's footprint polygon. Attributes were populated based on a combination of field and office exercises. Much of the building material and landscape information was obtained from ground surveys conducted by the Colorado Springs Fire Department before the fire. In some cases, this information was updated if warranted based on office analysis and information identified after the fire (e.g., roof changes identified in the post-fire imagery). Pre-Fire imagery was used to confirm that smaller features were secondary buildings. The damage status of buildings was identified through assessments of the post-fire imagery, information provided by Colorado Springs from damage assessments, and eyewitness discussions. The address of addressable structures was derived from the Parcel Polygons.


TECHNICALDISCUSSIONADDRESS & TECHNICALDISCUSSIONSTREET TABLE

The procedures conducted for the technical discussions (TDs) were as follows:

1. Met with the first responder(s) of interest, if there was a representative group (e.g., Brush Truck or Fire Engine) then discussed the incident with the first responder of interest.

2. Provided an open format for the first responders to describe what they saw at the incident in a chronological order, to the extent possible, with few questions actually asked.

3. Recorded the information spoken by the first responder using written notes with associated locations, if not representing an addressable structure, marked on a hard-copy map.

4. Two data recorders were often utilized. The first data recorder captured the overall narrative and the second recorder only documented defensive actions and observations.

5. Utilized geospatial technologies such as Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL), Bing Maps Birds Eye View, Google Street View and other geospatial technologies during TDs.

6. Recorded observations in a spreadsheet and transferred the spreadsheet to this database table. Address attributes were updated appropriately based on parcel polygons.

7. Quality checked each observation for accuracy using post-fire imagery and ground imagery, as well as cross checking with other observations.

A complete description of the methodologies employed in the 2012 Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment can be found in Maranghides et al. (2015)


WUIDELINEATION FEATURE CLASS

Using the pre-fire LiDAR and pre-fire multispectral imagery, areas of wildland versus residential vegetation in and around the Mountain Shadows Community where heads-up digitized in ArcMap. Wildland vegetation that was surrounded by residential vegetation or built features was labeled as wildlands (occluded).
Process_Date: Unknown
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Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
SDTS_Terms_Description:
SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: GT-polygon composed of chains
Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1
SDTS_Terms_Description:
SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon
Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 479
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Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Map_Projection:
Map_Projection_Name: NAD 1983 StatePlane Colorado Central FIPS 0502 Feet
Lambert_Conformal_Conic:
Standard_Parallel: 38.45
Standard_Parallel: 39.75
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -105.5
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 37.83333333333334
False_Easting: 3000000.000316083
False_Northing: 999999.999996
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Horizontal_Datum_Name: D North American 1983
Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: 2012WaldoFire.gdb
Entity_Type_Definition:
Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) file geodatabase containing data collected and derived as part of the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment. This post-fire assessment was conducted as a joint effort between the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the United States Forest Service. A complete description of all the items in this File Geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf.
Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
National Institute of Standards and Technology, and United States Forest Service
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
Below you will find a list and description of the files included in this data publication.


VARIABLE DESCRIPTION FILE (1)

1. \Data\_variable_descriptions.csv: Comma-separated values (CSV) file containing a list and description of variables found in all data files. (A description of these variables are also provided in the individual metadata documents located in the \Data folder.)

Columns include:

Filename = name of data file
Variable = name of variable
Units = units (if applicable)
Precision = precision (if applicable)
Description = description of variable


DATA FILES (1)

1. \Data\2012WaldoCanyon Fire.gdb: Esri file geodatabase (GDB) containing data collected and derived as part of the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire Post-Fire Assessment. See the metadata associated with each table or feature class (provided in the \Data folder as both an XML and HTML file) for a complete description of all attributes in the database. This post-fire assessment was conducted as a joint effort between the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the United States Forest Service. A complete description of all the items in included in the file geodatabase can be found in \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf. Below is a brief description of the contents.

Feature Datasets

AssessmentData: Stores all point, line and polygon data related to 2012 Waldo Canyon Fire (Waldo Fire) Post-Fire Assessment. Information in this feature dataset is typically collected in the field but might be supplemented by information from local authorities as well as office data and analysis. See \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf for a complete description of the feature classes, tables and relationship classes within this feature dataset.


Feature Classes
(Metadata specific to each of these feature classes is available under \Data as both an XML and HTML file.)

Building: This polygon feature class is used to store the horizontal extent of large human-made features across the study area to help relate the spatial location of these features to other features across the landscape.

Community: This feature class is used to store the spatial representations of various communities found within areas affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.

FireDirection: This feature class records the direction of the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire at known locations.

FirePerimeters: This feature class is used to locate fire behavior in space. These fire perimeters are delineated to identify the area affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.

Landcover: This feature class generally describes the landcover types in and around the Mountain Shadows Community affected by the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.

Parcel: This feature class serves as the primary assessment unit for the Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment. These property or parcel boundaries are not intended as a legal representation of the property boundary. El Paso County provided these parcel boundaries.

StreetPoly: This feature class is used to link observations recorded during the technical discussion effort to specific streets. Some technical discussion observations could only be geolocated to the street level, and this feature class allows for the identification of those observations.

Structures: This feature class records the location and characteristics of primary structures assessed during the Waldo Fire Post-Fire Assessment.

WUIDelineation: This feature class portrays the type of wildland-urban interface land cover in the Mountain Shadows Community.


Relationship Classes

CommunityHasParcels: A one-to-many simple relationship between the Community feature class and the parcel feature class. This relationship class is included as a mechanism to ensure that the respective community covers parcels in that community and facilitate spatial and tabular analysis. The primary key is CommunityID and the foreign key is CommunityID.

ParcelHasBuildings: A one-to-many simple relationship between the parcel feature class and the building feature class. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of buildings on respective parcels. The primary key is ParcelID, and the foreign key is ParcelID.

StructureHasBuildings: A one-to-one composite relationship class between the structure feature class and the building feature class. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of buildings associated with structure points and structure points associated with buildings. The primary key is BuildingID, and the foreign key is BuildingID.


Database Tables
(Metadata specific to each of these database tables is available under \Data as both an XML and HTML file.)

BurnTimeParcel: Database table used to record the burn time of parcel features as portrayed in various active-fire ground images and videos recorded during the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.

BurnTimeStrct: Database table used to record the burn time of structures as portrayed in various active-fire ground images and videos recorded during the 2012 Colorado Waldo Canyon Fire.

TechnicalDiscussionAddress: Database table used to store observations from the technical discussions that were able to be geolocated at the address level.

TechnicalDiscussionStreet: Database table used to store observations from the technical discussions that were able to be geolocated at the street level.


Relationship Classes

ParcelHasBurnTimes: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the Parcel feature class and the BurnTimeParcel table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of documented times of burning features on parcels. The primary key is ParcelID and the foreign key is ParcelID.

StreetPolyHasTechnicalDiscussion: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the StreetPoly feature class and the TechnicalDiscussionStreet table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of observations (fire behavior and defensive actions) from a particular street area found in the StreetPoly feature class. The primary key is StreetLnk, and the foreign key is Street.

StructureHasBurnTimes: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the Structure feature class and the BurnTimeStrct table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of documented times of burning structures. The primary key is BuildingID, and the foreign key is BuildingID.

StructureHasTechnicalDiscussionAddress: A one-to-many composite relationship class between the Structure feature class and the TechnicalDiscussionAddress table. This relationship class is included to facilitate quick identification of observations (fire behavior and defensive actions) from a particular structure found in the Structure feature class. The primary key is AddressLnk, and the foreign key is AddLink.



SUPPLEMENTAL FILES (2)

1. \Supplements\DatabaseDescription.pdf: Portable Document Format (PDF) file containing a description of all the database objects (i.e., tables, feature classes, feature datasets, and relationship classes) found in the project GDB (\Data\2012WaldoCanyonFire.gdb).

2. \Supplements\Final_Report_11-1-3-29.pdf: PDF file containing the JFSP Final Report associated with these data.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Maranghides, Alexander; McNamara, Derek J.; Vihnanek, Robert E.; Restaino, Joseph C.; Leland, Carrie. 2015. A case study of a community afffected by the Waldo Fire - event timeline and defensive actions. NIST Technical Note: 1910. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1910

Maranghides, Alexander. 2016. Evaluating the effectiveness of mitigations activities in the Wildland Urban Interface, final report JFSP project ID: 11-1-3-29. JFSP Final Report, Project ID: 11-1-3-29. https://www.firescience.gov/projects/11-1-3-29/project/11-1-3-29_final_report.pdf (included in data publication download: \Supplements\Final_Report_11-1-3-29.pdf)
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Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Research and Development
Contact_Position: Research Data Archivist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 240 West Prospect Road
City: Fort Collins
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80526
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: see Contact Instructions
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of December 2023. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Resource_Description: RDS-2023-0055
Distribution_Liability:
Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.

The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
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Format_Specification:
Esri file geodatabase
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Description
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Digital_Form:
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Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
comma-separated values file
Digital_Transfer_Option:
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Computer_Contact_Information:
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Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2023-0055
Fees: none
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20231208
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Geospatial Measurement Solutions, LLC
Contact_Person: Derek McNamara
Contact_Position: GIS Analyst
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing
Address: 2149 Cascade Ave. Ste. 106A PMB 240
City: Hood River
State_or_Province: OR
Postal_Code: 97031
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 208-818-2152
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 866-221-6148
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dmgeo@gmsgis.com
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
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