Processed data and code used to characterize rain storm intensity, duration, and size across an elevation gradient for assessment of post-fire hazards

Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: White, Phoebe S.
Originator: Nelson, Peter A.
Publication_Date: 2025
Title:
Processed data and code used to characterize rain storm intensity, duration, and size across an elevation gradient for assessment of post-fire hazards
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
Publisher: Forest Service Research Data Archive
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2025-0028
Description:
Abstract:
These data include pre-existing gridded precipitation datasets that have been processed to obtain the maximum seasonal hourly and daily precipitation accumulations over the specified geographic extent, on a consistent grid. The study area includes the mountainous area of Colorado, west of 104 degrees and the study period is constrained to 1980 through 2022. Additionally, two precipitation frequency studies have been regridded, with data extracted for the same geographic region. The gridded precipitation datasets are also sampled at gage locations to facilitate comparison with station data. Elevation data have been regridded to assess how precipitation trends vary with elevation. This data publication also includes the Python script files used to process these data. All program files used to download and manipulate publicly available data are included, as well as the resulting output data files. The associated Joint Fire Science Program report is included as well.
Purpose:
These data was used to evaluate the spatial patterns in extreme precipitation related to terrain features, identify areas where relative intensity changes with increasing accumulation duration, observe seasonal differences in spatial patterns, and compare spatial patterns of extreme precipitation from gridded datasets with precipitation frequency studies based on interpolated station data. The reduction of orographic effects at shorter time scales is significant for post-wildfire hazards, as these hazards are more strongly associated with brief, intense rainfall events. Additionally, results highlight the need for caution when relying on interpolated data or precipitation frequency studies that use interpolated data in mountainous regions.
Supplemental_Information:
For additional details, see White and Nelson (2024) as well as Nelson and White (2024).
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1980
Ending_Date: 2022
Currentness_Reference:
Ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
The study area includes the mountainous area of Colorado, west of 104 degrees longitude (see Figure 1 in White and Nelson 2024).
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -109.00000
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.00500
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.00000
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.00000
Bounding_Altitudes:
Altitude_Minimum: 1200
Altitude_Maximum: 4000
Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
Theme_Keyword: Ecology, Ecosystems, & Environment
Theme_Keyword: Hydrology, watersheds, sedimentation
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: orographic precipitation
Theme_Keyword: Joint Fire Science Program
Theme_Keyword: JFSP
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Colorado
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:

White, Phoebe S.; Nelson, Peter A. 2025. Processed data and code used to characterize rain storm intensity, duration, and size across an elevation gradient for assessment of post-fire hazards. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2025-0028
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Colorado State University
Contact_Person: Peter Nelson
Contact_Position: Associate Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1372 Campus Delivery
City: Fort Collins
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80523-1372
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 970-491-5247
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: peter.nelson@colostate.edu
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Data_Set_Credit:
Funding for this project provided by Joint Fire Science Program (JFSP # 22-1-01-21): https://www.firescience.gov.


Author Information:

Phoebe S. White
Colorado State University (PhD Hydrology student)

Peter A. Nelson
Colorado State University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3982
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Python code developed using conda environment on Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Standard.
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nelson, Peter A.
Originator: White, Phoebe S.
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:
Evaluation of sub-hourly MRMS quantitative precipitation estimates in mountainous terrain using machine learning
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Water Resources Research
Issue_Identification: 60(12): e2024WR037437
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037437
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: White, Phoebe S.
Originator: Nelson, Peter A.
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:
Characterizing rain storm intensity, duration, and size across an elevation gradient for assessment of post-fire hazards
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Joint Fire Science Program Final Report
Issue_Identification: Project ID: 22-1-01-21
Other_Citation_Details:
(Included in data package: \Supplements\22-1-01-21_JFSP_final_report.pdf)
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Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
The source data contains several biases in mountainous terrain, which is the focus of the JFSP study. Datasets were compared spatially and linear trends with elevation were also compared. Gages were used to compare the distribution of precipitation values from the precipitation datasets.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
Time series of data were plotted and visually assessed for outliers. Each dataset was visually compared to station data. Median values were mapped to compare spatial differences.
Completeness_Report:
The source data includes missing data. The missing data should not influence seasonal maximums. Only values above 0.13 millimeters (mm) were used to compare gridded datasets to gage data, missing data should not significantly influence distributions of all values above 0.13 mm.
Lineage:
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Field
Methodolgy_Identifier:
Methodolgy_Keyword_Thesaurus:
None
Methodology_Keyword: multiple gridded precipitation dataset comparison
Methodology_Description:
Precipitation datasets and precipitation frequency studies were re-gridded to CONUS404 using conservative interpolation. Elevation data were re-gridded to CONUS404 using bilinear interpolation. The maximum accumulations for seasons were calculated from gridded data for comparison. Two gages were removed due to repeated values. Only gridded precipitation data above 0.13 mm were compared to station data (minimum nonzero value recorded by gages).

Processing of data was conducted for a novel comparison across precipitation datasets and precipitation frequency studies.

Complete methods are described in White and Nelson (2024) as well as Nelson and White (2024).
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nelson, Peter A.
Originator: White, Phoebe S.
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:
Evaluation of sub-hourly MRMS quantitative precipitation estimates in mountainous terrain using machine learning
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Water Resources Research
Issue_Identification: 60(12): e2024WR037437
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037437
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: White, Phoebe S.
Originator: Nelson, Peter A.
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:
Characterizing rain storm intensity, duration, and size across an elevation gradient for assessment of post-fire hazards
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Joint Fire Science Program Final Report
Issue_Identification: Project ID: 22-1-01-21
Other_Citation_Details:
(Included in data package: \Supplements\22-1-01-21_JFSP_final_report.pdf)
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:
NOAA Analysis of Record for Calibration (AORC) Dataset
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Publication_Information:
Publisher: Amazon Web Services
Online_Linkage: https://registry.opendata.aws/noaa-nws-aorc/
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 2016
Ending_Date: 2022
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
AORC
Source_Contribution:
Gridded dataset with hourly resolution of rainfall intensity. Analysis of Record for Calibration (AORC) has a spatial resolution of 1 kilometer (km).
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Publication_Date: 2013
Title:
Atlas 14 Precipitation Frequency Estimates in GIS Compatible Format
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Online_Linkage: https://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/pfds/pfds_gis.html
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
Atlas 14
Source_Contribution:
Hourly and daily precipitation. Spatial resolution is 30-arc seconds (800 meters).
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Colorado Climate Center
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
CoAgMET gages
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Online_Linkage: https://coagmet.colostate.edu/data/url-builder
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 2016
Ending_Date: 2022
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
CoAgMET gages
Source_Contribution:
Hourly precipitation
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: THREDDS Data Server
Publication_Date: 2023
Title:
CONUS404
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Publication_Information:
Publisher: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Research Data Archive
Online_Linkage: https://thredds.rda.ucar.edu/thredds/catalog/files/g/d559000/catalog.html
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1980
Ending_Date: 2022
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
CONUS404
Source_Contribution:
Gridded dataset with hourly resolution of rainfall intensity with a spatial resolution of 4 km.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Iowa Environmental Mesonet
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:
Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Online_Linkage: https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 2016
Ending_Date: 2022
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
MRMS
Source_Contribution:
Gridded dataset with hourly resolution of rainfall intensity with a spatial resolution of 1 km.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: MetPortal
Publication_Date: 2018
Title:
CO-NM Regional Extreme Precipitation Study (REPS)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Online_Linkage: https://rti-metportal.shinyapps.io/conm_region/
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
REPS
Source_Contribution:
Hourly and daily precipitation. Spatial resolution is 30-arc seconds (800 meters).
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: USGS National Map
Publication_Date: 2022
Title:
NASA Shuttle Radar Topography
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Online_Linkage: https://apps.nationalmap.gov/downloader/
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2022
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
NASA Shuttle Radar Topography
Source_Contribution:
Elevation data were sourced from the NASA Shuttle Radar Topography 1-arc second dataset.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: USGS National Map
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:
Hydrologic Unit 2 (HUC2) Region
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Online_Linkage: https://apps.nationalmap.gov/downloader/
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2024
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
HUC2 region
Source_Contribution:
HUC2 Regional information and boundaries
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
see methodology section
Process_Date: unknown
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
Below you will find a list and description of the files included in this data publication.


VARIABLE DESCRIPTION FILE (1)

1. \Data\_variable_descriptions.csv: Comma-separated values (CSV) file containing a list and description of variables found in all data files as well the variables used in each Python file.

Columns include:

Filename = name of data file
Variable = name of variable
Units = units (if applicable)
Precision = precision (if applicable)
Description = description of variable


DATA FILES (11)

1. \Data\aorc_ann_max: Feather file containing Analysis of Record for Calibration (AORC) maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations for June, July, and August (JJA) for 2016-2022.

Variables include: maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in millimeters (mm)


2. \Data\aorc_atgage: Feather file containing AORC 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations at gage locations.

Variables include: maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


3. \Data\atlas_14: Feather file containing Atlas 14 10-year recurrence 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations.

Variables include: 10-year recurrence 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


4. \Data\coag_1: Feather file containing CoAgMET 1-hour accumulations.

Variables include: 1-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


5. \Data\coag_24: Feather file containing CoAgMET 24-hour accumulations.

Variables include: 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


6. \Data\conus_ann_max: Feather file containing CONUS404 maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations for 1980-2022.

Variables include: maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


7. \Data\conus_atgage: Feather file containing CONUS404 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations at gage locations.

Variables include: 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


8. \Data\conus_elev: Feather file containing elevation with HUC2 basins with CONUS404 grid.

Variables include: elevation in meters (m)


9. \Data\mrms_ann_max: Feather file containing Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations for JJA for 2016-2022.

Variables include: maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


10. \Data\mrms_atgage: Feather file containing MRMS 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations at gage locations.

Variables include: 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm


11. \Data\reps: Feather file containing Regional Extreme Precipitation Study (REPS) 10-year recurrence 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations.

Variables include: 10-year recurrence 1-hour and 24-hour accumulated precipitation in mm



SUPPELEMENTAL FILES (13)

Note: For all PY files, see _variable_descriptions.csv for a list and description of the variables used in each of these files.

1. \Supplements\22-1-01-21_JFSP_final_report.pdf: Portable Document Format file containing the JFSP Project ID: 22-1-01-21 Final Report "Characterizing rain storm intensity, duration, and size across an elevation gradient for assessment of post-fire hazards.

2. \Supplements\ann_max_px.py: Python script (PY) file that will open dataset (CONUS404, AORC, MRMS 1-hour radar only) files stored by year, select region of interest (ROI), regrid to CONUS404 grid, and for each file save maximum 1-hour and 24-hour accumulations.

3. \Supplements\coagmet.py: PY file that will download CoAgMET gage data and metadata.

4. \Supplements\elev.py: PY file that will regrid elevation data to CONUS404 grid, save HUC2 basins for each coordinate.

5. \Supplements\environment.yml: Yet Another Markup Language (YML) configuration file.

6. \Supplements\get_mrms_data.py: PY file that will download MRMS 1-hour radar only quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE).

7. \Supplements\getAORC_CO.py: PY file that will download AORC precipitation data.

8. \Supplements\getCONUS404_CO_allmonths.py: PY file that will download CONUS404 and regrid to 4-kilometer latitude/longitude grid.

9. \Supplements\mrms_co.py: PY file that will open MRMS files and save for only ROI.

10. \Supplements\pfs_compare.py: PY file that will open REPS and Atlas 14, regrid to CONUS404, and save only ROI.

11. \Supplements\save_atgage.py: PY file that will save gridded datasets at gage locations.

12. \Supplements\save_coag.py: PY file that will merge CoAgMET metadata with gage files, save only ROI, remove gages that have suspicious values, and save only gages with record from 2016-2022.

13. \Supplements\save_conus_year.py: PY file that will chunk CONUS404 hourly files into seasons.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
see methodology citations
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Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Research and Development
Contact_Position: Research Data Archivist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 240 West Prospect Road
City: Fort Collins
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80526
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: see Contact Instructions
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of May 2025. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Resource_Description: RDS-2025-0028
Distribution_Liability:
Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.

The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: CSV
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
Comma-separated values file
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2025-0028
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: PY
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
Python script file (used for writing and executing code in the Python programming language)
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2025-0028
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: Feather (no file extension)
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
File with no extension is a Feather files (fast, lightweight binary format for storing DataFrames, used for efficient data interchange between Python [pandas] and R software)
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2025-0028
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: PDF
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
Portable Document Format file
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2025-0028
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: YML
Format_Version_Number: see Format Specification
Format_Specification:
Yet Another Markup Language (YAML or YML) file (human-readable data serialization format, commonly used for configuration files and data exchange)
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2025-0028
Fees: None
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20250529
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Colorado State University
Contact_Person: Peter Nelson
Contact_Position: Associate Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1372 Campus Delivery
City: Fort Collins
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80523-1372
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 970-491-5247
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: peter.nelson@colostate.edu
Contact Instructions: This contact information was current as of original publication date. For current information see Contact Us page on: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS.
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999
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