Crossdated fire-scar fire histories from ponderosa pine-dominated forests of Idaho and western Montana

Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Heyerdahl, Emily K.
Originator: Morgan, Penelope
Originator: Riser II, James P.
Publication_Date: 2008
Title:
Crossdated fire-scar fire histories from ponderosa pine-dominated forests of Idaho and western Montana
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Series_Information:
Series_Name: IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Boulder, CO
Publisher: NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program
Online_Linkage: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/fire-history
Description:
Abstract:
This dataset contains dendrochronologically crossdated surface fire histories from fire scars on trees at 23 dry forest sites in Idaho and Montana west of the Continental Divide.
Purpose:
We reconstructed these fire chronologies to infer the historical climate drivers of regional-fire years in the Northern Rockies.
Supplemental_Information:
The wood samples are currently archived by Emily K. Heyerdahl at the Fire Sciences Laboratory (Rocky Mountain Research Station, 5775 US West Highway 10, Missoula, Montana 59808).

Original metadata date was 09/10/2008. Minor metadata edits made on 02/07/2011, 02/22/2013, 01/06/2015, 12/19/2016, and 05/29/2019.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1405
Ending_Date: 2005
Currentness_Reference:
Ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
Spatial_Domain:
Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
Sites are in Idaho and Montana west of the Continental Divide. See the site characteristics file (Site_characteristics_ID_MT_fire-scar_study.pdf, which is available with the metadata download), which contains characteristics of the individual sites sampled and the amount of fire evidence collected.
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -116.90
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -113.45
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 49.87
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 43.83
Bounding_Altitudes:
Altitude_Minimum: 700
Altitude_Maximum: 1900
Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: fire history
Theme_Keyword: dendrochronology
Theme_Keyword: fire scars
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: biota
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Research & Development Taxonomy
Theme_Keyword: Fire
Theme_Keyword: Fire detection
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Idaho
Place_Keyword: Montana
Place_Keyword: Rocky Mountains
Taxonomy:
Keywords/Taxon:
Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus:
None
Taxonomic_Keywords: Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson
Taxonomic_Keywords: Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco
Taxonomic_Keywords: Larix occidentalis Nutt.
Taxonomic_System:
Classification_System/Authority:
Classification_System_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: United States Department of Agriculture
Publication_Date: 2008
Title:
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Online_Linkage: https://www.itis.gov
Taxonomic_Procedures:
unknown
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom
Taxon_Rank_Value: Plantae
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Subkingdom
Taxon_Rank_Value: Tracheobionta
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Division
Taxon_Rank_Value: Coniferophyta
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Class
Taxon_Rank_Value: Pinopsida
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Order
Taxon_Rank_Value: Pinales
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Family
Taxon_Rank_Value: Pinaceae
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
Taxon_Rank_Value: Larix
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
Taxon_Rank_Value: Larix occidentalis
Applicable_Common_Name: hackmatack
Applicable_Common_Name: montana larch
Applicable_Common_Name: mountain larch
Applicable_Common_Name: western larch
Applicable_Common_Name: western tamarack
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
Taxon_Rank_Value: Pinus
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
Taxon_Rank_Value: Pinus ponderosa
Applicable_Common_Name: bull pine
Applicable_Common_Name: ponderosa pine
Applicable_Common_Name: western yellow pine
Applicable_Common_Name: blackjack pine
Applicable_Common_Name: pinabete
Applicable_Common_Name: rock pine
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus
Taxon_Rank_Value: Pseudotsuga
Taxonomic_Classification:
Taxon_Rank_Name: Species
Taxon_Rank_Value: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Applicable_Common_Name: red fir
Applicable_Common_Name: douglas spruce
Applicable_Common_Name: oregon pine
Applicable_Common_Name: Douglas fir
Applicable_Common_Name: Douglas-fir
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation:

Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Morgan, Penelope; Riser II, James P. 2008. Crossdated fire-scar fire histories from ponderosa pine-dominated forests of Idaho and western Montana. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #xxx. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. Available: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/fire-history

* Please note that in the actual citation 'Series #xxx' needs to be replaced with the series number for the data set being used. See Site_characteristics_ID_MT_fire-scar_study.pdf (which is available for download) which contains site characteristic and series information.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Emily K. Heyerdahl
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
Contact_Position: Research Forester
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 5775 US West Highway 10
City: Missoula
State_or_Province: MT
Postal_Code: 59808
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 406-829-6939
Data_Set_Credit:
For help with field sampling we especially thank G.A. Dean and M.H. Weber, but also B. Brett, M. Brito, S. Bunting, E. Ellis, D.V. Gayton, C. Gibson, C. Hall, M. Harrington, M. Hartman, Z. Holden, C. Merrel, C. Miller, K. Miller, H. Osborne, L. Peterson, A. Sala, L. Shapiro, and E.K. Sutherland. For permission to use data from LUB, we thank L.A. Jones. For help identifying sampling sites we thank T. Button, J. Carlsen, Q. Carver, K. Chaffee, T. Demetriades, K. Geier-Hayes, G. Gibson, G. Gorley, N. Hernandez, M. Hotinger, R. Hvizdak, J. Ingebretson, S. Kimball, S. and S. Miller, L. Morelan, C. and L. Packard, S. Robbins, B. Sandman, A. and N. Stevens, C. Stewart, G. Sundberg, C. Wagner, and L. Ward. For help with sample preparation and/or GIS mapping we thank G.A. Dean, A. Harrison, M. Holland, W. Lyngholm, and A. Wilson.
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
The data sets are in ASCII format.
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Heyerdahl, Emily K.
Originator: Morgan, Penelope
Originator: Riser II, James P.
Publication_Date: 2008
Title:
Crossdated fire histories (1650-1900) from ponderosa pine-dominated forests of Idaho and western Montana
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:
Series_Name: General Technical Report
Issue_Identification: RMRS-GTR-214WWW
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO
Publisher: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
Other_Citation_Details:
83 p.
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-214
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Heyerdahl, Emily K.
Originator: Morgan, Penelope
Originator: Riser II, James P.
Publication_Date: 2008
Title:
Multi-season climate synchronized historical fires in dry forests (1650-1900), Northern Rockies, USA
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Ecology
Issue_Identification: 89(3)
Other_Citation_Details:
Pages 705-716.
Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/29773
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2047.1
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Keeling, Eric G.
Originator: Sala, Anna
Originator: DeLuca, Thomas H.
Publication_Date: 20061215
Title:
Effects of fire exclusion on forest structure and composition in unlogged ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Forest Ecology and Management
Issue_Identification: Vol 237
Other_Citation_Details:
Pages 418-428.
Please note: This publication changed the site 'TTM' to be 'TW', and changed the site 'COV' to be 'MB'.
Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27809
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.064
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Brown, Peter. M
Originator: Morgan, Penelope
Originator: Sutherland, Elaine
Publication_Date: 2005
Title:
Characterizing fire frequency and fire-climate links in a central Idaho ponderosa pine forest
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: conference proceedings
Series_Information:
Series_Name: North American Dendrochronology Fieldweek (NADEF) Final Report
Issue_Identification: 15th Annual
Other_Citation_Details:
Pages 63-69
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Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Fire scar dates are considered accurate to the year. Tree locations are from a handheld global positioning system receiver with unknown accuracy.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
Calendar dates were generally visually assigned to each tree ring on the wood using visual crossdating. For samples from roughly 15% of trees we also cross-correlated measured ring widths with tree-ring reconstructed Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) or other local chronologies using the computer program COFECHA. Any discrepancies were checked on the wood. Fire scar dates and other tree rings dates (inner or outer ring dates, pith or bark dates, recording and non-recording periods) were entered. Inconsistent dates in the data files were reviewed on the wood samples and corrected as needed.
Completeness_Report:
Samples that could not be crossdated (about 7% of trees) do not have fire-scar dates but their location and species are given. Otherwise, information from all tree rings collected is provided.
Lineage:
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Field
Methodolgy_Identifier:
Methodolgy_Keyword_Thesaurus:
None
Methodology_Keyword: dendrochronology
Methodology_Keyword: chain saw
Methodology_Keyword: fire history
Methodology_Description:
We used a chain saw to remove fire-scarred partial sections from those trees with the greatest number of well-preserved visible fire scars at each site.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Heyerdahl, Emily K.
Originator: Morgan, Penelope
Originator: Riser II, James P.
Publication_Date: 2008
Title:
Multi-season climate synchronized historical fires in dry forests (1650-1900), Northern Rockies, USA
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Ecology
Issue_Identification: 89(3): 705-716
Online_Linkage: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/29773
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
We sanded the fire-scarred partical sections until the cell structure was visible with a binocular microscope and assigned calendar years to tree rings by visually crossdating ring widths on each sample among trees and sites. We also cross-correlated measured ring widths with tree-ring reconstructed PDSI for 15% of the trees. We identified the calendar year in which each scar formed as the year of fire occurrence and noted its intra-ring position (earlywood, latewood or ring boundary).
Process_Date: Unknown
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
File Naming Convention:

File names consist of 8 characters describing the location, followed by a 3 character extension. The first 2 characters represent the two letter International Organization for Standardization (ISO) country code. The next three characters represent the site code, and the last three characters are a sequential numeric index used to uniquely identify files for sites with replicate studies, or those with duplicate country and site codes. The fire scar data files all have an extension of "fhx" and their related documentation files all have the extension "txt", while establishment data files all have an extension of "dat".

Fire Scar Data File Format:

The fire scar data files are provided in the FHX2 format. Although FHX2 is currently a proprietary software, the data files are ASCII text files that can be read by most programs. The structure of the data file is as follows (note that line numbers listed refer to those demonstrated in this example file, but may vary due to the variable line length of the comments section):

The first 30 lines contain the site information. Each line is labeled, and should be self explanatory.
Line 31 begins the comments section, which is variable in length and can be up to 80 lines long, and is accompanied by line 32 which marks the end of the comments section.
Line 33 is blank, and line 34 reads either "FHX2 FORMAT" or "FIRE2 FORMAT" to indicate that the file is an FHX2 file.
Line 35 contains the starting year for the data matrix, the number of trees included in the matrix, and the number of characters used for the sample codes. For example, the line "1400 5 8" indicates that the data begin in 1400, that data are included for 5 trees, and that their sample codes are 8 characters long.
The next several lines contain the sample codes, with each tree labeled vertically in a single column. The number of lines is variable according to the number given in line 35, but they are followed by an additional, blank line. This is demonstrated by lines 36 through 44 in the example file.
The remaining lines contain the data matrix. Each sample is represented by a column, while each row contains the fire history information for the year. The fire history information is represented using a single designated symbol to describe each feature.

Fire Scar Documentation File Format:

The tree-ring fire event documentation files are ASCII text files that contain additional information provided by the investigator. NOTE: Early versions of the FHX2 software may override any information included in the comment lines (lines 31 and 32) of the data files. Therefore this information has been duplicated in the accompanying documentation files.

All of the above information is from: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/impd/tree_event_info.html.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 2001. FHX2 - Software for analyzing temporal and spatial patterns in fire regimes from tree rings. Tree-Ring Research 57(1): 115-124.
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Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Emily K. Heyerdahl
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
Contact_Position: Research Forester
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 5775 US West Highway 10
City: Missoula
State_or_Province: MT
Postal_Code: 59808
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 406-829-6939
Distribution_Liability:
Metadata documents have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Unless otherwise stated, all data and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, neither the author, the Archive, nor any part of the federal government can assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed for a user's application of these data or related materials.

The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the author or the Archive of the issues.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: ASCII
Format_Version_Number: See Format Specification
Format_Specification:
Comma-delimited ASCII text file
File_Decompression_Technique: None specified
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/fire-history
Access_Instructions:
Under 'Obtaining Data' choose 'Search All Paleoclimatology Data' and search by site or investigator (Emily Heyerdahl, or Peter Brown for Bannock Creek). For a list of site names see: Site_characteristics_ID_MT_fire-scar_study.pdf (which is available with the metadata download).
Fees: None
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20190529
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
Contact_Person: Emily K. Heyerdahl
Contact_Position: Research Forester
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 5775 US West Highway 10
City: Missoula
State_or_Province: MT
Postal_Code: 59808
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 406-829-6939
Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for National Biological Information Infrastructure Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999
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https://www.fs.usda.gov/rds/archive/products/RDS-ext-2008-0002/_metadata_RDS-ext-2008-0002.html