E. Gregory McPherson

Davis, CA 95618
United States
Dr. Greg McPherson is a Research Forester with the USDA Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station located in Davis, CA, Greg grew up under a canopy of American elm trees in Howell, Michigan. Despite attempts to save the trees, all were lost to Dutch elm disease, and having felt the sting of that loss he became a green accountant, developing new methods and tools for quantifying the value of nature's benefits from city trees. He works with a team of scientists to measure and model effects of trees on energy use, urban heat islands, air pollutant uptake, carbon sequestration, and rainfall interception. Their research is helping justify investments in urban forest planning and management. In 2000, Greg received the International Society of Arboriculture's L.C. Chadwick Award for Research. Greg was a co-founder and Chair of the Tree Growth and Longevity Working Group and serves on the California Urban Forest Advisory Council. He attended University of Michigan (BGS), Utah State University (Masters in Landscape Architecture), and SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (Ph.D. Forestry).
- E. Gregory McPherson, Qingfu Xiao, Elena Aguaron. 2013. A new approach to quantify and map carbon stored, sequestered and emissions avoided by urban forests
- E.Gregory McPherson, Louren Kotow. 2013. A municipal forest report card: Results for California, USA
- Elena Aguaron, E. Gregory McPherson. 2012. Comparison of methods for estimating carbon dioxide storage by Sacramento's urban forest
- Robert F. Young, E. Gregory McPherson. 2013. Governing metropolitan green infrastructure in the United States
- E. Gregory McPherson, Paula J. Peper. 2012. Urban tree growth modeling
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, Q. Xiao, C. Wu. 2011. Million trees Los Angeles canopy cover and benefit assessment
- E. Gregory McPherson, Allison Berry, Natalie van Doorn, James Downer, Janet Hartin, Darren Harver, Erica Teach. 2020. Climate-ready tree study: update for Southern California communities
- Lara A. Roman, Natalie S. van Doorn, E. Gregory McPherson, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Jason G. Henning, Johan P.A. Ӧstberg, Lee S. Mueller, Andrew K. Koeser, John R. Mills, Richard A. Hallett, John E. Sanders, John J. Battles, Deborah J. Boyer, Jason P. Fristensky, Sarah K. Mincey, Paula J. Peper, Jess Vogt. 2020. Urban tree monitoring: a field guide
- Natalie S. van Doorn, Lara A. Roman, E. Gregory McPherson, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Jason G. Henning, Johan P.A. Östberg, Lee S. Mueller, Andrew K. Koeser, John R. Mills, Richard A. Hallet, John E. Sanders, John Battles, Debra J. Boyer, Jason P. Fristensky, Sarah K. Mincey, Paula J. Peper, Jessica M. Vogt. 2020. Urban tree monitoring: a resource guide
- E.Gregory McPherson, Alison M. Berry, Natalie S. van Doorn. 2018. Performance testing to identify climate-ready trees
- Natalie S. van Doorn, E. Gregory McPherson. 2018. Demographic trends in Claremont California’s street tree population
- E. Gregory McPherson, Qingfu Xiao, Natalie S. van Doorn, Nels Johnson, Shannon Albers, Paula J. Peper. 2018. Shade factors for 149 taxa of in-leaf urban trees in the USA
- E. Gregory McPherson, Natalie S. van Doorn, E. Teach. 2017. Evaluation of six drought tolerant trees 17 years after planting in Northern California
- Jason J. Griffin, William R. Jacobi, E. Gregory McPherson, Clifford S. Sadof, James R. McKenna, Mark L. Gleason, Nicole Ward Gauthier, Daniel A. Potter, David R. Smitley, Gerard C. Adams, Ann Brooks Gould, Christian R. Cash, James A. Walla, Mark C. Starrett, Gary Chastagner, Jeff L. Sibley, Vera A. Krischik, Adam F. Newby. 2017. Ten-year performance of the United States national elm trial
- Xiang Li, Qingfu Xiao, Jianzhi Niu, Salli Dymond, E. Gregory McPherson, Natalie van Doorn, Xinxiao Yu, Baoyuan Xie, Kebin Zhang, Jiao Li. 2017. Rainfall interception by tree crown and leaf litter: an interactive process
- E. Gregory McPherson, Q. Xiao, Natalie van Doorn, P. Peper, E. Teach. 2017. Surface storage of rainfall in tree crowns: not all trees are equal
- E. Gregory McPherson, Qingfu Xiao, Natalie S. van Doorn, John de Goede, Jacquelyn Bjorkman, Allan Hollander, Ryan M. Boynton, James F. Quinn, James H. Thorne. 2017. The structure, function and value of urban forests in California communities
- Qingfu Xiao, E. McPherson, Qi Zhang, Xinlei Ge, Randy Dahlgren. 2017. Performance of two bioswales on urban runoff management
- E.G. McPherson, A.M. Berry, N.S. van Doorn, J. Downer, J. Hartin, D. Haver, E. Teach. 2017. Climate-ready tree study – update for Central Valley communities
- S. J. Livesley, E. G. McPherson, C. Calfapietra. 2016. The urban forest and ecosystem services: impact on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale
- Qingfu Xiao, E. Gregory McPherson. 2016. Surface water storage capacity of twenty tree species in Davis, California
- E. Gregory McPherson, Natalie van Doorn, John de Goede. 2016. Structure, function and value of street trees in California, USA
- Jun-Hak Lee, Yekang Ko, E. Gregory McPherson. 2016. The feasibility of remotely sensed data to estimate urban tree dimensions and biomass
- Yekang Ko, Lara A. Roman, E. Gregory McPherson, Junhak Lee. 2016. Does tree planting pay us back? Lessons from Sacramento, CA
- E. Gregory McPherson, Natalie S. van Doorn, Paula J. Peper. 2016. Urban tree database and allometric equations
- Xiang Li, Jianzhi Niu, Linus Zhang, Qingfu Xiao, Gregory E. McPherson, Natalie van Doorn, Xinxiao Yu, Baoyuan Xie, Salli Dymond, Jiao Li, Chen Meng, Ziteng Luo. 2016. A study on crown interception with four dominant tree species: a direct measurement
- E.G. McPherson, A.M. Berry. 2015. Climate ready urban trees for Central Valley cities
- E.G. McPherson, A. Kendall, S. Albers. 2015. Million Trees Los Angeles: Carbon dioxide sink or source?
- E. Gregory McPherson, Alissa Kendall, Shannon Albers. 2015. Life cycle assessment of carbon dioxide for different arboricultural practices in Los Angeles, CA
- Yekang Ko, Jun-Hak Lee, E. Gregory McPherson, Lara A. Roman. 2015. Factors affecting long-term mortality of residential shade trees: evidence from Sacramento, California
- Yekang Ko, Jun-Hak Lee, E. Gregory McPherson, Lara A. Roman. 2015. Long-term monitoring of Sacramento Shade program trees: tree survival, growth and energy-saving performance
- T.D. Paine, J.G. Millar, L.M. Hanks, J. Gould, Q. Wang, K. Daane, D.L. Dahlsten, E.G. McPherson. 2015. Cost-benefit analysis for biological control programs that target insects pests of eucalypts in urban landscapes of California
- Haider Taha, James Wilkinson, Robert Bornstein, Qingfu Xiao, E. Gregory McPherson, Jim Simpson, Charles Anderson, Steven Lau, Janice Lam, Cindy Blain. 2015. An urban-forest control measure for ozone in the Sacramento, CA federal non-attainment area (SFNA)
- Greg McPherson, Qingfu Xiao, Joe Purohit, Mark Dietenberger, Charles (C.R.) Boardman, Jim Simpson, Paula Peper. 2014. ecoSmart landscapes: a versatile SaaS platform for green infrastructure applications in urban environments
- E. Gregory McPherson, Alissa Kendall. 2014. A life cycle carbon dioxide inventory of the Million Trees Los Angeles program
- E. Gregory McPherson. 2014. Monitoring Million Trees LA: Tree performance during the early years and future benefits
- E.G. McPherson, S. Albers. 2014. Evaluation of seven drought tolerant tree species for central California
- G. Gray, E.G. McPherson, C. Mills, E. Morehouse. 2014. Urban forest projects and California’s climate change policies and programs
- E. Gregory McPherson, Robert Prince. 2013. Water scarcity and urban forest management: introduction
- Richard Baldauf, Greg McPherson, Linda Wheaton, Max Zhang, Tom Cahill, Chad Bailey, Christina Hemphill Fuller, Eearl Withycombe, Kori Titus. 2013. Integrating vegetation and green infrastructure into sustainable transportation planning
- Lara A. Roman, E. Gregory McPherson, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Julia Bartens. 2013. Identifying common practices and challenges for local urban tree monitoring programs across the United States
- Alissa Kendall, E. Gregory McPherson. 2012. A life cycle greenhouse gas inventory of a tree production system
- E.Gregory McPherson, Bryant C. Sharenbroch. 2012. Urban tree growth & longevity: Introduction
- Greg McPherson. 2012. Urban tree growth & longevity working group
- A.L. Soares, F.C. Rego, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao. 2011. Benefits and costs of street trees in Lisbon
- R. Baldauf, L. Jackson, G. Hagler, I. Vlad, G. McPherson, D. Nowak, T. Cahill, M. Zhang, R. Cook, C. Bailey, P. Wood. 2011. The role of vegetation in mitigating air quality impacts from traffic emissions
- J.R. Simpson, E.G. McPherson. 2011. The tree BVOC index
- Qingfu Xiao, Gregory McPherson. 2011. Performance of engineered soil and trees in a parking lot bioswale
- E. Gregory McPherson. 2011. Propelling arboriculture into the future
- Qingfu Xiao, E. Gregory McPherson. 2011. Rainfall interception of three trees in Oakland, California
- Katherine Unger, Divya Abhat., Constance Millar, Greg [featured scientists] McPherson. 2010. New focus on forests
- E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula. J. Peper, Aaron M.N. Crowell, Qingfu Xiao. 2010. Northern California coast community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- E.G. McPherson. 2010. Selecting reference cities for i-Tree Streets
- Paula J. Peper, E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Shannon N. Albers, Qingfu Xiao. 2010. Central Florida community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- E.G. McPherson, F. Ferrini. 2010. Trees are good, but…
- E.G. McPherson. 2010. Tools for valuing tree and park services
- E.G. McPherson, R. Young. 2010. Understanding the challenges of municipal tree planting
- M.R. McHale, I.C. Burke, M.A. Lefsky, P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson. 2009. Urban forest biomass estimates: is it important to use allometric relationships developed specifically for urban trees?
- E.G. McPherson. 2009. Observing urban forests in Australia
- E.G. McPherson. 2009. From frill to fundamental: The growing importance of science to the tree care industry
- Paula J. Peper, E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Kelaine E. Vargas, Qingfu Xiao. 2009. Lower Midwest community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, Q. Xiao. 2009. City of Orlando, Florida municipal forest resource analysis
- Kelaine E. Vargas, Gregory E. McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Qingfu Xiao. 2008. Tropical community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- E.G. McPherson. 2008. Urban forestry and carbon: what the reporting protocol means to you
- Chunxia Wua, Qingfu Xiaoa, Gregory E. McPherson. 2008. A method for locating potential tree-planting sites in urban areas: a case study of Los Angeles, USA
- Gregory E. McPherson, James R. Simpson, Qingfu Xiao, Wu Chunxia. 2008. Los Angeles 1-Million tree canopy cover assessment
- Kelaine E. Vargas, E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Qingfu Xiao. 2007. Temperate Interior West community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Kelaine E. Vargas, Qingfu Xiao. 2007. Northeast community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- Kelaine E. Vargas, Gregory E. McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Qingfu Xiao. 2007. Interior West community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- S. Brasch, L. Linsen, E.G. McPherson. 2007. Visualization of time-varying natural tree data
- M.R. McHale, E.G. McPherson, I.C. Burke. 2007. The potential of urban tree plantings to be cost effective in carbon credit markets
- E.G. McPherson. 2007. Benefit-based tree valuation
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, S.L. Gardner, K.E. Vargas, Q. Xiao. 2007. City of Boise, Idaho Municipal Forest Resource Analysis
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, S.L. Gardner, K.E. Vargas, Q. Xiao. 2007. New York City, New York Municipal Forest Resource Analysis
- S. Rudnick, L. Linsen, E.G. McPherson. 2007. Inverse modeling and animation of growing single-stemmed trees at interactive rates
- Q. Xiao, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, S.L. Ustin. 2007. Hydrological processes at the urban residential scale
- D.E. Pataki, R.J. Alig, A.S. Fung, E. Golubiewski, C.A. Kennedy, E.G. McPherson, D.J. Nowak, R.V. Pouyat, P. Romero Lankao. 2006. Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle
- E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Kelaine E. Vargas, Scott E. Maco, Qingfu Xiao. 2006. Coastal plain community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planning
- E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Scott E. Maco, Shelley L. Gardner, Shauna K. Cozad, Qingfu Xiao. 2006. Midwest community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Kelaine E. Vargas, Scott E. Maco, Qingfu Xiao. 2006. Piedmont community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting
- E.G. McPherson. 2006. Urban forestry in North America
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.L. Gardner, K.E. Vargas, S.E. Maco, Q. Xiao. 2006. City of Charleston, South Carolina Municipal Forest Resource Analysis
- D.E. Pataki, R.J. Alig, A.S. Fung, N.E. Golubiewski, C.A. Kennedy, E.G. McPherson, D.J. Nowak, R.V. Pouyat, P.R. Lankao. 2006. Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle
- K.E. Vargas, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.L. Gardner, Q. Xiao. 2006. City of Albuquerque, New Mexico, Municipal Forest Resource Analysis
- L. Linsen, B.J. Karis, E.G. McPherson, B. Hamann. 2005. Tree growth visualization
- S.E. Maco, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao. 2005. City of Berkeley, California Municipal Tree Resource Analysis
- E.G. McPherson, J. Muchnick. 2005. Effects of street tree shade on asphalt concrete pavement performance
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.E. Maco, Q. Xiao. 2005. Municipal forest benefits and costs in five U.S. cities
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.E. Maco, S.L. Gardner, K.E. Vargas, S. Cozad, Q. Xiao. 2005. City of Minneapolis, Minnesota Municipal Tree Resource Analysis
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.L. Gardner, K.E. Vargas, Q. Xiao. 2005. City of Boulder, Colorado Municipal Tree Resource Analysis
- Qingfu Xiao, E. Gregory. McPherson. 2005. Tree health mapping with multispectral remote sensing data at UC Davis, California
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.L. Gardner, K.E. Vargas, S.E. Maco, Q. Xiao. 2005. City of Charlotte, North Carolina Municipal Forest Resource Analysis
- S.E. Maco, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao. 2004. City of San Francisco, California street tree resource analysis
- Greg McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.E. Maco, Q. Xiao, E. Mulrean. 2004. Desert Southwest Community Tree Guide: Benefits, Costs and Strategic Planting
- P.J. Peper, Greg McPherson, J.R. Simpson, S.E. Maco, Q. Xiao. 2004. City of Cheyenne, Wyoming Municipal Tree Resource Analysis
- Q. Xiao, S.L. Ustin, E.G. McPherson. 2004. Using AVIRIS data and multiple-masking techniques to map urban forest trees species
- S.E. Maco, E.G. McPherson. 2003. A practical approach to assessing structure, function, and value of street tree populations in small communities
- E.G. McPherson. 2003. Urban forestry: The final frontier?
- E.G. McPherson. 2003. A benefit-cost analysis of ten tree species in Modesto, California, U.S.A
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson. 2003. Potential energy savings in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.E. Maco, Q. Xiao, P.J. Hoefer. 2003. Northern Mountain and Prairie Community Tree Guide
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, S.E. Maco, Q. Xiao. 2003. Benefit-cost analysis of Fort Collins' municipal forest
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson. 2003. Evaluation of four methods for estimating leaf area of isolated trees
- T.B. Randrup, E.G. McPherson, L.R. Costello. 2003. A review of tree root conflicts with sidewalks, curbs, and roads
- S.E. Maco, E.G. McPherson. 2002. Assessing canopy cover over streets and sidewalks in street tree populations
- E.G. McPherson, S.E. Maco, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao, A. VanDerZanden, N. Bell. 2002. Western Washington and Oregon Community Tree Guide: Benefits, Costs and Strategic Planting
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson. 2002. A comparison of municipal forest benefits and costs in Modesto and Santa Monica, California, U.S.A
- Qingfu Xiao, E. Gregory. McPherson. 2002. Rainfall interception by Santa Monica's municipal urban forest
- H.K. Jo, E.G. McPherson. 2001. Indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation and planting strategies in Chicago, U.S.A
- E.G. McPherson. 2001. Sacramento's parking lot shading ordinance: environmental and economic costs of compliance
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao, D.R. Pittenger, D.R. Hodel. 2001. Tree Guidelines for Inland Empire Communities
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao. 2001. Benefit-cost analysis of Santa Monica's municipal forest
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson, S.M. Mori. 2001. Predictive equations for dimensions and leaf area of coastal Southern California street trees
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson, S.M. Mori. 2001. Equations for predicting diameter, height, crown width, and leaf area of San Joaquin Valley street trees
- T.B. Randrup, E.G. McPherson, L.R. Costello. 2001. Tree root intrusion in sewer systems: A review of extent and costs
- J. Simpson, G. McPherson. 2001. Tree planting to optimize energy and CO2 benefits
- H.-K Jo, E.G. McPherson. 2001. Indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation and planting strategies in Chicago, USA
- E.G. McPherson. 2000. Expenditures associated with conflicts between street tree root growth and hardscape in California
- Qingfu Xiao, E. Gregory McPherson, Susan L. Ustin, Mark E. Grismer, James R. Simpson. 2000. Winter rainfall interception by two mature open-grown trees in Davis, California
- Qingfu Xiao, E. Gregory McPherson, Susan L. Ustin, Mark E. Grismer. 2000. A new approach to modeling tree rainfall interception
- E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson. 1999. Carbon dioxide reduction through urban forestry: guidelines for professional and volunteer tree planters
- K.I. Scott, J.R. Simpson, E.G. McPherson. 1999. Effects of tree cover on parking lot microclimate and vehicle emissions
- E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, Q. Xiao. 1999. Benefits-cost analysis of Modesto's municipal urban forest
- E.G. McPherson. 1998. Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest
- E.G. McPherson. 1998. Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest
- Q. Xiao, E.G. McPherson, J.R Simpson, S.L. Ustin. 1998. Rainfall interception by Sacramento's urban forest
- K.I. Scott, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson. 1998. Air pollutant uptake by Sacramento's urban forest
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson. 1998. Comparison of five methods for estimating leaf area index of open-grown deciduous trees
- P.J. Peper, E.G. McPherson. 1998. Comparison of four foliar and woody biomass estimation methods applied to open-grown deciduous trees
- J.R. Simpson, E.G. McPherson. 1998. Simulation of tree shade impacts on residential energy use for space conditioning in Sacramento
- E.Gregory McPherson, Klaus I Scott, James R. Simpson. 1998. Estimating cost effectiveness of residential yard trees for improving air quality in Sacramento, California, using existing models
- E.G. McPherson, N. Luttinger. 1998. From nature to nurture: the history of Sacramento's urban forest
- J. Summit, E.G. McPherson. 1998. Residential tree planting and care: a study of attitudes and behavior in Sacramento, California
- J.R. Simpson, E.G. McPherson. 1997. The effects of roof albedo modification on cooling loads of scale model residences in Tucson, Arizona
- E. Gregory McPherson, David Nowak, Gordon Heisler, Sue Grimmond, Catherine Souch, Rich Grant, Rowan Rowntree. 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project
- J.R. Simpson, E.G. McPherson. 1996. Potential of tree shade for reducing residential energy use in California
- E.G. McPherson, P.J. Peper. 1996. Costs of street tree damage to infrastructure
- David J. Nowak, Rowan A. Rowntree, E. Gregory McPherson, Susan M. Sisinni, Esther R. Kirkmann, Jack C. Stevens. 1996. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover
- P.L. Sacamano, E.G. McPherson, J. Myhre, M. Stankovich, R.C. Weih. 1995. Describing urban forest cover: an evaluation of airborne videography
- E.G. McPherson, R.A. Rowntree, J.A. Wagar. 1995. Energy-efficient landscapes
- Hyun-Kil Jo, Gregory E. McPherson. 1995. Carbon Storage and Flux in Urban Residential Greenspace
- E. Gregory McPherson. 1994. Cooling urban heat islands with sustainable landscapes
- Gregory E. McPherson, David J. Nowak, Rowan A. Rowntree. 1994. Chicago's urban forest ecosystem: results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project
- E.G. McPherson, R.A. Rowntree. 1993. Energy conservation potential of urban tree planting
- E. Gregory. McPherson. 1993. Monitoring urban forest health
- Gregory E. McPherson, David J. Nowak, Paul L. Sacamano, Scott E. Prichard, Edith M. Makra. 1993. Chicago's evolving urban forest: initial report of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project
- E. Gregory McPherson. 1992. Accounting for benefits and costs of urban greenspace
- J.F. Dwyer, E.G. McPherson, H.W. Schroeder, R.A. Rowntree. 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest
- E.G. McPherson, S. Biedenbender. 1991. The cost of shade: cost-effectiveness of trees versus bus shelters
- E.G. McPherson, R.A. Rowntree. 1989. Using structural measures to compare twenty-two U.S
- E.Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Margaret Livingston. 1989. Effects of three landscape treatments on residential energy and water use in Tucson, Arizona