Robert E. Keane II

My research includes 1) developing spatially explicit ecological computer simulation models for exploring landscape, fire, vegetation, and climate dynamics, 2) conducting wildland fuel science: the sampling, describing, modeling, and mapping of wildland fuel characteristics, and 3) exploring the ecology and restoration of whitebark pine.

I have developed several computer models that operate at many scales including CRBSUM, LANDSUM, WXFIRE, FireBGC, and FireBGCv2 landscape simulation models. I also developed the originalversions of the FOFEM (First Order Fire Effects Model) and I have written several fire hazard and analysis programs (FLEAT, FIREHARM). I also assisted in the development of FIREMON (a FIRE MONitoring sampling and database management system)and ECODATA ( an ecological inventory system). I was also lead scientists on the LANDFIRE prototype project and wrote many computer programs for that project including LF-BGC, LANDSUMv4, and WXFIRE. I have written several articles about the restoration of whitebark pine ecosystems and have documented decomposition, deposition, and accumulation rates of wildland fuels in the northern US Rocky Mountains. I have also conducted landscape ecology experiments in wildland fuels to aid in sampling and mapping.

I am interested in the landscape ecology of ecosystem processes, especially disturbance, climate, and vegetation, and the scales at which these processes interact. I am also interested in the high elevation forests of the northern Rocky Mountains of the US, especially the whitebark pine ecosystem (its decline and potential restoration). Recently I've done work in understanding the dynamics of wildland fuels - how fuels accumulate, how their properties change over time, and how they are impacted by disturbance

Long-term, spatially explicit field sampling is costly and time consuming, especially at the time scales of fire regimes, vegetation succession, and climate, so ecosystem modeling provides a valuable tool to evaluate effects of changing climate and disturbance regimes on landscape ecology and condition. Fuels are the most important management factor in manipulating fire behavior because it is the only factor that managers can control, yet we know very little of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of fuels over time and space. Last, whitebark pine forests are declining at alarming rates and new treatments are needed to restore these high elevation ecosystems.

• Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Mahalovich, Mary F.; Tomback, Diana F. 2017. Restoring whitebark pine ecosystems in the face of climate change
• Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, Diana F.; Murray, Michael P.; Smith, Cyndi M. 2011. The future of high-elevation, five-needle white pines in Western North America: Proceedings of the High Five Symposium
• Keane, Robert E.; Loehman, Rachel A.; Holsinger, Lisa M. 2011. The FireBGCv2 landscape fire and succession model: a research simulation platform for exploring fire and vegetation dynamics
• Keane, Robert E.; Schoettle, Anna W. 2011. Strategies, tools, and challenges for sustaining and restoring high elevation five-needle white pine forests in western North America
• Leirfallom, Signe B.; Keane, Robert E. 2011. Six-year post-fire mortality and health of relict ponderosa pines in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Area, Montana
• Keane, Robert E. 2011. Restoration of whitebark pine forests in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
• Keane, Robert E.; Loehman, Rachel A.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Falk, Donald A.; Higuera, Philip ; Hood, Sharon M.; Hessburg, Paul F. 2018. Use of landscape simulation modeling to quantify resilience for ecological applications
• Keane, Robert E. 2018. Managing wildfire for whitebark pine ecosystem restoration in western North America
• Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Mahalovich, Mary F.; Tomback, Diana F. 2017. Evaluating future success of whitebark pine ecosystem restoration under climate change using simulation modeling

• Keane, Robert E.; Schoettle, Anna W.; Tomback, Diana F. 2022. Effective actions for managing resilient high elevation five-needle white pine forests in western North America at multiple scales under changing climates
• Tomback, Diana F.; Keane, Robert E.; Schoettle, Anna W.; Sniezko, Richard A.; Jenkins, Melissa B.; Nelson, Cara R.; Bower, Andrew D.; DeMastus, Clay R.; Guiberson, Emily ; Krakowski, Jodie ; Murray, Michael P.; Pansing, Elizabeth R.; Shamhart, Julee. 2022. Tamm review: Current and recommended management practices for the restoration of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), an imperiled high-elevation Western North American forest tree
• Prichard, Susan J.; Rowell, Eric M.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Keane, Robert E.; Loudermilk, E. Louise; Lutes, Duncan C.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Chappell, Linda M.; Hall, John A.; Hornsby, Benjamin S. 2022. Fuels and consumption [Chapter 2]
• Jenkins, Melissa B.; Schoettle, Anna W.; Wright, Jessica W.; Anderson, Karl A.; Fortier, Joseph ; Hoang, Linh ; Incashola, Tony , Jr..; Keane, Robert E.; Krakowski, Jodie ; LaFleur, Dawn M.; Mellmann-Brown, Sabine ; Meyer, Elliott D.; Pete, ShiNaasha ; Renwick, Katherine ; Sissons, Robert A. 2022. Restoring a forest keystone species: A plan for the restoration of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) in the Crown of the Continent ecosystem
• Hansen, Andrew J.; East, Alyson ; Keane, Robert E.; Lavin, Matt ; Legg, Kristin ; Holden, Zachary ; Toney, Chris ; Alongi, Franklin. 2021. Is whitebark pine less sensitive to climate warming when climate tolerances of juveniles are considered?
• Vose, James M.; Peterson, David L.; Fettig, Christopher J.; Halofsky, Jessica E.; Hiers, J. Kevin.; Keane, Robert E.; Loehman, Rachel ; Stambaugh, Michael C. 2021. Fire and forests in the 21st Century: Managing resilience under changing climates and fire regimes in USA forests
• Prichard, Susan J.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Hagmann, R. Keala; Povak, Nicholas A.; Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Hurteau, Matthew D.; Kane, Van R.; Keane, Robert E.; Kobziar, Leda N.; Kolden, Crystal A.; North, Malcolm ; Parks, Sean A.; Safford, Hugh D.; Stevens, Jens T.; Yocom, Larissa L.; Churchill, Derek J.; Gray, Robert W.; Huffman, David W.; Lake, Frank K.; Khatri‐Chhetri, Pratima. 2021. Adapting western North American forests to climate change and wildfires: 10 common questions
• Hagmann, R. K.; Hessburg, P. F.; Prichard, S. J.; Povak, N. A.; Brown, P. M.; Fulé, P. Z.; Keane, R. E.; Knapp, E. E.; Lydersen, J. M.; Metlen, K. L.; Reilly, M. J.; Sánchez Meador, A. J.; Stephens, S. L.; Stevens, J. T.; Taylor, A. H.; Yocom, L. L.; Battaglia, M. A.; Churchill, D. J.; Daniels, L. D.; Falk, D. A.; Henson, P. ; Johnston, J. D.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Levine, C. R.; Meigs, G. W.; Merschel, A. G.; North, M. P.; Safford, Hugh; Swetnam, T. W.; Waltz, A. E. M. 2021. Evidence for widespread changes in the structure, composition, and fire regimes of western North American forests
• Stalling, Chris ; Keane, Bob. 2021. Simple, fast, and cheap: A new photoload sequence building technique for fuel load estimates
• Maher, Colin T.; Millar, Constance I; Affleck, David L. R.; Keane, Robert E.; Sala, Anna ; Tobalske, Claudine ; Larson, Andrew J.; Nelson, Cara R. 2021. Alpine treeline ecotones are potential refugia for a montane pine species threatened by bark beetle outbreaks
• Stalling, Christine M.; Keane, Robert E. 2020. Creating photographic loading sequences in the field for the photoload sampling technique
• Prichard, Susan ; Rowell, Eric M.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Keane, Robert E.; Loudermilk, E. Louise; Lutes, Duncan C.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Chappell, Linda M.; Hall, John A.; Hornsby, Benjamin S. 2020. Fuels and Consumption
• Keane, Robert E.; Hood, Sharon M.; Loehman, Rachel A.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Higuera, Philip ; Falk, Donald A. 2020. Using landscape simulation modeling to develop an operational resilience metric
• Jenkins, Melissa ; Incashola, Tony , Jr..; LaFleur, Dawn ; Hoang, Linh ; Renwick, Katie ; Schoettle, Anna ; Mellman-Brown, Sabine ; Lozeau, James ; O’Bennick, Kelly Rose; Meyer, Elliott ; Anderson, Karl ; Sissons, Rob ; Keane, Bob ; Jones, Brad. 2020. Crown of the Continent Ecosystem Whitebark Pine Restoration Strategy: 2019 Pilot - Project Summary
• Kelly, Luke T.; Giljohann, Katherine M.; Duane, Andrea ; Aquilué, Núria ; Archibald, Sally ; Batllori, Enric ; Bennett, Andrew F.; Buckland, Stephen T.; Canelles, Quim ; Clarke, Michael F.; Fortin, Marie-Josée ; Hermoso, Virgilio ; Herrando, Sergi ; Keane, Robert E.; Lake, Frank K.; McCarthy, Michael A.; Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra ; Parr, Catherine L.; Pausas, Juli G.; Penman, Trent D.; Regos, Adrián ; Rumpff, Libby ; Santos, Julianna L.; Smith, Annabel L.; Syphard, Alexandra D.; Tingley, Morgan W.; Brotons, Lluís. 2020. Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene
• Alongi, Franklin ; Hansen, Andrew J.; Laufenberg, David ; Keane, Robert E.; Legg, Kristin ; Lavin, Matt. 2020. Using genetics to distinguish limber from whitebark pine
• Keane, Bob ; Bower, Andrew ; Hood, Sharon. 2020. A burning paradox: Whitebark is easy to kill but also dependent on fire
• Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Loehman, Rachel. 2020. Bioclimatic modeling of potential vegetation types as an alternative to species distribution models for projecting plant species shifts under changing climates
• Loehman, Rachel A.; Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M. 2020. Simulation modeling of complex climate, wildfire, and vegetation dynamics to address wicked problems in land management
• Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Smith, Helen Y.; Sikkink, Pamela G. 2020. Drying rates of saturated masticated fuelbeds from Rocky Mountain mixed-conifer stands
• Flanary, Sarah J.; Keane, Robert E. 2020. Ponderosa pine mortality in the Bob Marshall Wilderness after successive fires over 14 years
• Keane, Robert E.; Loehman, Rachel. 2019. Historical range and variation (HRV)
• Keane, Robert ; Flanary, Sarah. 2019. Whitebark pine encroachment into lower elevation sagebrush grasslands in southwest Montana, USA (Mountain Views)
• Flanary, Sarah J.; Keane, Robert E. 2019. Whitebark pine encroachment into lower-elevation sagebrush grasslands in southwest Montana, USA
• Keane, Robert E. 2019. Natural fuels
• Keane, Robert E.; Gray, Kathy ; Davis, Brett ; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Loehman, Rachel. 2019. Evaluating ecological resilience across wildfire suppression levels under climate and fuel treatment scenarios using landscape simulation modelling
• Keane, Robert E. 2019. Fire ecology
• Higuera, Philip E.; Metcalf, Alexander L.; Miller, Carol ; Buma, Brian ; McWethy, David B.; Metcalf, Elizabeth C.; Ratajczak, Zak ; Nelson, Cara R.; Chaffin, Brian C.; Stedman, Richard C.; McCaffrey, Sarah ; Schoennagel, Tania ; Harvey, Brian J.; Hood, Sharon M.; Schultz, Courtney A.; Black, Anne E.; Campbell, David ; Haggerty, Julia H.; Keane, Robert E.; Krawchuk, Meg A.; Kulig, Judith C.; Rafferty, Rebekah ; Virapongse, Arika. 2019. Integrating subjective and objective dimensions of resilience in fire-prone landscapes
• Keane, Robert E.; Loehman, Rachel A.; Holsinger, Lisa M. 2019. Selecting a landscape model for natural resource management applications
• Alongi, Franklin ; Hansen, Andrew J.; Laufenberg, David ; Keane, Robert E.; Legg, Kristin ; Lavin, Matt. 2019. An economical approach to distinguish genetically needles of limber from whitebark pine
• Retzlaff, Molly L.; Keane, Robert E.; Affleck, David L.; Hood, Sharon M. 2018. Growth response of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm) regeneration to thinning and prescribed burn treatments
• Keane, Robert. 2018. Predicting the future to save whitebark pine
• Vose, J.M. ; Peterson, D.L. ; Domke, G.M. ; Fettig, C.J. ; Joyce, L.A. ; Keane, R.E. ; Luce, C.H. ; Prestemon, J.P ; Band, L.E. ; Clark, J.S. ; Cooley, N.E. ; D’Amato, A. ; Halofsky, J.E. 2018. Forests
• Keane, Robert E.; Cushman, Samuel A. 2018. Best friends forever: The whitebark pine and Clark's nutcracker
• Ireland, Kathryn B.; Hansen, Andrew J.; Keane, Robert E.; Legg, Kristen ; Gump, Robert L. 2018. Putting climate adaptation on the map: Developing spatial management strategies for whitebark pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
• Behrens, Patrick N.; Keane, Robert E.; Peterson, David L.; Ho, Joanne J. 2018. Effects of climate change on forest vegetation [Chapter 6]
• Hood, Sharon M.; Keane, Robert E.; Smith, Helen Y.; Egan, Joel ; Holsinger, Lisa. 2018. Chapter 13 - Conventional fire behavior modeling systems are inadequate for predicting fire behavior in bark beetle-impacted forests (Project INT-EM-F-11-03)
• Loehman, Rachel A.; Bentz, Barbara J.; DeNitto, Gregg A.; Keane, Robert E.; Manning, Mary E.; Duncan, Jacob P.; Egan, Joel M.; Jackson, Marcus B.; Kegley, Sandra; Lockman, I. Blakey; Pearson, Dean E.; Powell, James A.; Shelly, Steve; Steed, Brytten E.; Zambino, Paul J. 2018. Effects of climate change on ecological disturbance in the Northern Rockies Region [Chapter 8]
• Keane, Robert E.; Mahalovich, Mary Frances; Bollenbacher, Barry L.; Manning, Mary E.; Loehman, Rachel A.; Jain, Terrie B.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Larson, Andrew J.; Webster, Meredith M. 2018. Effects of climate change on forest vegetation in the Northern Rockies Region [Chapter 6]
• Keane, Robert E.; Sikkink, Pamela G.; Jain, Theresa B. 2018. Physical and chemical characteristics of surface fuels in masticated mixed-conifer stands of the U.S. Rocky Mountains
• Keane, Robert E.; Mahalovich, Mary Frances; Bollenbacher, Barry L.; Manning, Mary E.; Loehman, Rachel A.; Jain, Terrie B.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Larson, Andrew J. 2018. Effects of climate change on forest vegetation in the northern Rockies [Chapter 5]
• Cary, Geoffrey J.; Davies, Ian D.; Bradstock, Ross A.; Keane, Robert E.; Flannigan, Mike D. 2017. Importance of fuel treatment for limiting moderate-to-high intensity fire: Findings from comparative fire modeling
• Loehman, Rachel A.; Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Wu, Zhiwei. 2017. Interactions of landscape disturbances and climate change dictate ecological pattern and process: spatial modeling of wildfire, insect, and disease dynamics under future climates
• Schaedel, Michael S.; Larson, Andrew J.; Weisbrod, Cullen J.; Keane, Robert E. 2017. Density-dependent woody detritus accumulation in an even-aged, single-species forest
• Stalling, Chris; Keane, Robert E.; Retzlaff, Molly. 2017. Surface fuel changes after severe disturbances in northern Rocky Mountain ecosystems
• Keane, Robert. 2017. Disturbance regimes and the historical range and variation in terrestrial ecosystems
• Sikkink, Pamela G.; Jain, Theresa B.; Reardon, James; Heinsch, Faith Ann; Keane, Robert E.; Butler, Bret; Baggett, L. Scott. 2017. Effect of particle aging on chemical characteristics, smoldering, and fire behavior in mixed-conifer masticated fuel
• Bond, W. J.; Keane, Robert. 2017. Fires, ecological effects of
• Hutto, Richard L.; Keane, Robert E.; Sherriff, Rosemary L.; Rota, Christopher T.; Eby, Lisa A.; Saab, Vicki. 2016. Toward a more ecologically informed view of severe forest fires
• Tomback, Diana F.; Resler, Lynn M.; Keane, Robert E.; Pansing, Elizabeth R.; Andrade, Andrew J.; Wagner, Aaron C. 2016. Community structure, biodiversity, and ecosystem services in treeline whitebark pine communities: Potential impacts from a non-native pathogen
• Retzlaff, Molly L.; Leirfallom, Signe B.; Keane, Robert E. 2016. A 20-year reassessment of the health and status of whitebark pine forests in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex, Montana
• Keane, Robert E. 2016. Spatiotemporal variability of wildland fuels in US Northern Rocky Mountain forests
• Gray, Kathy; Keane, Robert; Karpisz, Ryan; Pedersen, Alyssa; Brown, Rick; Russell, Taylor. 2016. Bayesian techniques for surface fuel loading estimation
• Vakili, Emma; Hoffman, Chad M.; Keane, Robert E.; Tinkham, Wade T.; Dickinson, Yvette. 2016. Spatial variability of surface fuels in treated and untreated ponderosa pine forests of the southern Rocky Mountains
• Vakili, Emma; Hoffman, Chad M.; Keane, Robert E. 2016. Fine woody fuel particle diameters for improved planar intersect fuel loading estimates in Southern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine forests
• Hansen, Andrew; Ireland, Kathryn; Legg, Kristin; Keane, Robert; Barge, Edward; Jenkins, Martha; Pillet, Michiel. 2016. Complex challenges of maintaining whitebark pine in Greater Yellowstone under climate change: A call for innovative research, management, and policy approaches
• Hessburg, Paul F.; Churchill, Derek J.; Larson, Andrew J.; Haugo, Ryan D.; Miller, Carol; Spies, Thomas A.; North, Malcolm P.; Povak, Nicholas A.; Belote, R. Travis; Singleton, Peter H.; Gaines, William L.; Keane, Robert E.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Stephens, Scott L.; Morgan, Penelope; Bisson, Peter A.; Rieman, Bruce E.; Salter, R. Brion; Reeves, Gordon H. 2015. Restoring fire-prone Inland Pacific landscapes: seven core principles
• Leirfallom, Signe B.; Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, Diana F.; Dobrowski, Solomon Z. 2015. The effects of seed source health on whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) regeneration density after wildfire
• Yospin, Gabriel I.; Wood, Samuel W.; Holz, Andres; Bowman, David M. J. S.; Keane, Robert E.; Whitlock, Cathy. 2015. Modeling vegetation mosaics in sub-alpine Tasmania under various fire regimes
• Keane, Robert E.; McKenzie, Donald; Falk, Donald A.; Smithwick, Erica A.H.; Miller, Carol; Kellogg, Lara-Karena B. 2015. Representing climate, disturbance, and vegetation interactions in landscape models
• Cary, Geoffrey J.; Keane, Robert E.; Flannigan, Mike D.; Davies, Ian D.; Parsons, Russ A. 2015. What determines area burned in large landscapes? Insights from a decade of comparative landscape-fire modelling
• Keane, Robert E.; Herynk, Jason M.; Toney, Chris; Urbanski, Shawn P.; Lutes, Duncan C.; Ottmar, Roger D. 2015. Assessing three fuel classification systems and their maps using Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) surface fuel measurements
• Keane, Robert E.; Jolly, Matt; Parsons, Russell; Riley, Karin. 2015. Proceedings of the large wildland fires conference; May 19-23, 2014; Missoula, MT
• Riggs, Robert A.; Keane, Robert E.; Cimon, Norm; Cook, Rachel; Holsinger, Lisa; Cook, John; DelCurto, Timothy; Baggett, L.Scott; Justice, Donald; Powell, David; Vavra, Martin; Naylor, Bridgett. 2015. Biomass and fire dynamics in a temperate forest-grassland mosaic: Integrating multi-species herbivory, climate, and fire with the FireBGCv2/GrazeBGC system
• Fule, Peter Z.; Swetnam, Thomas W.; Brown, Peter M.; Falk, Donald A.; Peterson, David L.; Allen, Craig D.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Battaglia, Mike A.; Binkley, Dan; Farris, Calvin; Keane, Robert E.; Margolis, Ellis Q.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri; Miller, Carol; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Skinner, Carl; Stephens, Scott L.; Taylor, Alan. 2014. Unsupported inferences of high-severity fire in historical dry forests of the western United States: Response to Williams and Baker
• Morgan, Penelope; Keane, Robert E.; Dillon, Gregory K.; Jain, Theresa B.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Karau, Eva C.; Sikkink, Pamela G.; Holden, Zachery A.; Strand, Eva K. 2014. Challenges of assessing fire and burn severity using field measures, remote sensing and modelling
• Stephens, Scott L.; Burrows, Neil; Buyantuyev, Alexander; Gray, Robert W.; Keane, Robert E.; Kubian, Rick; Liu, Shirong; Seijo, Francisco; Shu, Lifu; Tolhurst, Kevin G.; van Wagtendonk, Jan W. 2014. Temperate and boreal forest mega-fires: characteristics and challenges
• Prichard, Susan J.; Karau, Eva C.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Kennedy, Maureen C.; Cronan, James B.; Wright, Clinton S.; Keane, Robert E. 2014. Evaluation of the CONSUME and FOFEM fuel consumption models in pine and mixed hardwood forests of the eastern United States
• Karau, Eva C.; Sikkink, Pamela G.; Keane, Robert E.; Dillon, Gregory K. 2014. Integrating satellite imagery with simulation modeling to improve burn severity mapping
• Ireland, Kathryn B.; Moore, Margaret M.; Fule, Peter Z.; Zegler, Thomas J.; Keane, Robert E. 2014. Slow lifelong growth predisposes Populus tremuloides to tree mortality
• Holsinger, Lisa; Keane, Robert E.; Isaak, Daniel J.; Eby, Lisa; Young, Michael K. 2014. Relative effects of climate change and wildfires on stream temperatures: A simulation modeling approach in a Rocky Mountain watershed
• Hahn, Beth; Saab, Vicki; Bentz, Barbara; Loehman, Rachel; Keane, Bob. 2014. Ecological consequences of the MPB epidemic for habitats and populations of wildlife [Chapter 5]
• McKenzie, Donald; Shankar, Uma; Keane, Robert E.; Stavros, E. Natasha; Heilman, Warren E.; Fox, Douglas G.; Riebau, Allen C. 2014. Smoke consequences of new wildfire regimes driven by climate change
• Keane, Robert E.; Dillon, Greg; Drury, Stacy; Innes, Robin; Morgan, Penny; Lutes, Duncan; Prichard, Susan J.; Smith, Jane; Strand, Eva. 2014. New and revised fire effects tools for fire management
• Keane, Robert E.; Herynk, Jason M.; Toney, Chris; Urbanski, Shawn P.; Lutes, Duncan C.; Ottmar, Roger D. 2013. Evaluating the performance and mapping of three fuel classification systems using Forest Inventory and Analysis surface fuel measurements
• Keane, Robert E.; Gray, Kathy. 2013. Comparing three sampling techniques for estimating fine woody down dead biomass
• Miller, Sue; Keane, Robert; Morgan, Penny; Sikkink, Pamela; Karau, Eva; Dillon, Greg. 2013. Seeing red: New tools for mapping and understanding fire severity
• Keane, Robert E.; Cary, Geoffrey J.; Flannigan, Mike D.; Parsons, Russell A.; Davies, Ian D.; King, Karen J.; Li, Chao; Bradstock, Ross A.; Gill, Malcolm. 2013. Exploring the role of fire, succession, climate, and weather on landscape dynamics using comparative modeling
• McWethy, D. B.; Higuera, P. E.; Whitlock, C.; Veblen, T. T.; Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Cary, G. J.; Haberle, S. G.; Keane, R. E.; Maxwell, B. D.; McGlone, M. S.; Perry, G. L. W.; Wilmshurst, J. M. 2013. A conceptual framework for predicting temperate ecosystem sensitivity to human impacts on fire regimes
• Keane, Robert. 2013. Disturbance regimes and the historical range of variation in terrestrial ecosystems [Chapter 389]
• Keane, Robert E. 2013. Describing wildland surface fuel loading for fire management: A review of approaches, methods and systems
• Keane, Robert E.; Reeves, Matt. 2012. Use of expert knowledge to develop fuel maps for wildland fire management [chapter 11]
• Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, D. F.; Aubry, C. A.; Bower, A. D.; Campbell, E. M.; Cripps, C. L.; Jenkins, M. B.; Mahalovich, M. F.; Manning, M.; McKinney, S. T.; Murray, M. P.; Perkins, D. L.; Reinhart, D. P.; Ryan, C.; Schoettle, A. W.; Smith, C. M. 2012. A range-wide restoration strategy for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)
• Keane, Robert E.; Gray, Kathy; Bacciu, Valentina; Leirfallom, Signe. 2012. Spatial scaling of wildland fuels for six forest and rangeland ecosystems of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
• Sikkink, Pamela G.; Keane, Robert E. 2012. Predicting fire severity using surface fuels and moisture
• Keane, Robert E. 2012. Modeling historic variation and its application for understanding future variability (section 3)
• Keane, Robert E. 2012. Creating historical range of variation (HRV) time series using landscape modeling: Overview and issues [Chapter 8]
• Keane, Robert E.; Gray, Kathy; Bacciu, Valentina. 2012. Spatial variability of wildland fuel characteristics in northern Rocky Mountain ecosystems
• Holsinger, Lisa; Keane, Robert. 2011. Fire and fish dynamics in a changing climate
• Keane, Robert E. 2011. Foreword
• Liu, Shuguang; Bond-Lamberty, Ben; Hicke, Jeffrey A.; Vargas, Rodrigo; Zhao, Shuqing; Chen, Jing; Edburg, Steven L.; Hu, Yueming; Liu, Jinxun; McGuire, A. David; Xiao, Jingfeng; Keane, Robert; Yuan, Wenping; Tang, Jianwu; Luo, Yiqi; Potter, Christopher; Oeding, Jennifer. 2011. Simulating the impacts of disturbances on forest carbon cycling in North America: processes, data, models, and challenges
• Loehman, Rachel A.; Clark, Jason A.; Keane, Robert E. 2011. Modeling effects of climate change and fire management on western white pine (Pinus monticola) in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
• Keane, Robert E.; Cary, Geoffrey J.; Flannigan, Mike D. 2011. Challenges and needs in fire management: A landscape simulation modeling perspective [chapter 4]
• French, Nancy H.F.; de Groot, William J.; Jenkins, Liza K.; Rogers, Brendan M.; Alvarado, Ernesto; Amiro, Brian; De Jong, Bernardus; Goetz, Scott; Hoy, Elizabeth; Hyer, Edward; Keane, Robert; Law, B.E.; McKenzie, Donald; McNulty, Steven G.; Ottmar, Roger; Perez-Salicrup, Diego R.; Randerson, James; Robertson, Kevin M.; Turetsky, Merritt. 2011. Model comparisons for estimating carbon emissions from North American wildland fire
• Campbell, Elizabeth M.; Keane, Robert E.; Larson, Evan R.; Murray, Michael P.; Schoettle, Anna W.; Wong, Carmen. 2011. Disturbance ecology of high-elevation five-needle pine ecosystems in western North America
• Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa; Parsons, Russell A. 2011. Evaluating indices that measure departure of current landscape composition from historical conditions
• Loehman, Rachel A.; Corrow, Allissa; Keane, Robert E. 2011. Modeling climate changes and wildfire interactions: Effects on whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and implications for restoration, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
• Holley, Violet J.; Keane, Robert E. 2010. A visual training tool for the Photoload sampling technique
• Karau, Eva C.; Keane, Robert E. 2010. Burn severity mapping using simulation modeling and satellite imagery
• Hessburg, Paul F.; Reynolds, Keith M.; Keane, Robert E.; James, Kevin M.; Salter, R. Brion. 2010. Evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing vegetation and fuels treatments
• Keane, Robert; Loehman, Rachel. 2010. Understanding the role of wildland fire, insects, and disease in predicting climate change effects on whitebark pine: Simulating vegetation, disturbance, and climate dynamics in a northern Rocky Mountain landscape
• Keane, Robert E.; Karau, Eva. 2010. Evaluating the ecological benefits of wildfire by integrating fire and ecosystem simulation models
• Keane, Robert E.; Parsons, Russell A. 2010. Restoring whitebark pine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
• Keane, Robert E.; Drury, Stacy A.; Karau, Eva C.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Reynolds, Keith M. 2010. A method for mapping fire hazard and risk across multiple scales and its application in fire management
• Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Holsinger, Lisa; Keane, Robert. 2010. Effects of biomass removal treatments on stand-level fire characteristics in major forest types of the northern Rocky Mountains
• Keane, Robert E.; Parsons, Russell A. 2010. Management guide to ecosystem restoration treatments: Whitebark pine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.
• Sikkink, Pamela G.; Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E. 2009. Field guide for identifying fuel loading models
• Keane, Robert E.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Landres, Peter B.; Swanson, Fred J. 2009. The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management
• Cary, Geoffrey J.; Flannigan, Mike D.; Keane, Robert E.; Bradstock, Ross A.; Davies, Ian D.; Lenihan, James M.; Li, Chao; Logan, Kimberley A.; Parsons, Russell A. 2009. Relative importance of fuel management, ignition management and weather for area burned: Evidence from five landscape-fire-succession models
• Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E.; Caratti, John F. 2009. A surface fuel classification for estimating fire effects
• Reynolds, Keith M.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Keane, Robert E.; Menakis, James P. 2009. National fuel-treatment budgeting in US federal agencies: capturing opportunities for transparent decision-making
• Dillon, Gregory K.; Holden, Zachary A.; Morgan, Penny; Keane, Bob. 2009. A Fire Severity Mapping System (FSMS) for real-time management applications and long term planning: Developing a map of the landscape potential for severe fire in the western United States
• Keane, Robert E. 2008. Book review: Understanding human development in the western United States
• Kaufmann, Merrill R.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Babler, Michael G.; Baker, William L.; Bentz, Barbara; Harrington, Michael; Hawkes, Brad C.; Huckaby, Laurie Stroh; Jenkins, Michael J.; Kashian, Daniel M.; Keane, Robert E.; Kulakowski, Dominik; McCaughey, Ward; McHugh, Charles; Negron, Jose; Popp, John; Romme, William H.; Shepperd, Wayne; Smith, Frederick W.; Sutherland, Elaine Kennedy; Tinker, Daniel; Veblen, Thomas T. 2008. The status of our scientific understanding of lodgepole pine and mountain pine beetles - a focus on forest ecology and fire behavior
• Alexander III, Jack D.; Findley, Jean; Kury, Brenda K.; Beyers, Jan L.; Cram, Douglas S.; Baker, Terrell T.; Boren, Jon C.; Edminster, Carl; Ferguson, Sue A.; McKay, Steven; Nagel, David; Piepho, Trent; Rorig, Miriam; Anderson, Casey; Hoadley, Jeanne; Ford, Paulette L.; Andersen, Mark C.; Fredrickson, Ed L.; Truett, Joe; Roemer, Gary W.; Kury, Brenda K.; Vollmer, Jennifer; May, Christine L.; Lee, Danny C.; Menakis, James P.; Keane, Robert E.; Zhu, Zhi-Liang; Miller, Carol; Davis, Brett; Gray, Katharine; Mix, Ken; Kuvlesky Jr., William P.; Drawe, D. Lynn; Narog, Marcia G.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Vihnanek, Robert E.; Wright, Clinton S.; Paysen, Timothy E.; Pendleton, Burton K.; Pendleton, Rosemary L.; White, Carleton S.; Rogan, John; Stow, Doug; Franklin, Janet; Miller, Jennifer; Levien, Lisa; Fischer, Chris; Underwood, Emma; Klinger, Robert; Moore, Peggy; Wright, Clinton S. 2008. Poster Session- Extended Abstracts
• Hessburg, Paul F.; Reynolds, Keith M.; Keane, Robert E.; James, Kevin M.; Salter, R. Brion. 2008. Evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing vegetation and fuels treatments
• Keane, Robert E.; Agee, James K.; Fule, Peter; Keeley, Jon E.; Key, Carl; Kitchen, Stanley G.; Miller, Richard; Schulte, Lisa A. 2008. Ecological effects of large fires on US landscapes: benefit or catastrophe?
• Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Keane, Robert E.; Calkin, David E.; Cohen, Jack D. 2008. Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior western United States
• Keane, Robert E. 2008. Biophysical controls on surface fuel litterfall and decomposition in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
• Sikkink, Pamela G.; Keane, Robert E. 2008. A comparison of five sampling techniques to estimate surface fuel loading in montane forests
• Arno, Stephen F.; Östlund, Lars; Keane, Robert E. 2008. Living artifacts: The ancient ponderosa pines of the West
• Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Parsons, Russell A.; Gray, Kathy. 2008. Climate change effects on historical range and variability of two large landscapes in western Montana, USA
• Keane, Robert E. 2008. Surface fuel litterfall and decomposition in the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.
• Karau, Eva C.; Keane, Robert E. 2007. Determining landscape extent for succession and disturbance simulation modeling
• Keane, Robert E.; Rollins, Matthew, G..; Zhu, Zhi-Liang. 2007. Using simulated historical time series to prioritize fuel treatments on landscapes across the United States: The LANDFIRE prototype project
• Keane, Robert E.; Cary, Geoffrey J.; Davies, Ian D.; Flannigan, Michael D.; Gardner, Robert H.; Lavorel, Sandra; Lenihan, James M.; Li, Chao; Rupp, T. Scott. 2007. Understanding global fire dynamics by classifying and comparing spatial models of vegetation and fire
• Parsons, Russell A.; Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Keane, Robert E.; Dorner, Brigitte; Fall, Joseph. 2007. Assessing accuracy of point fire intervals across landscapes with simulation modelling
• Cary, Geoffrey J.; Keane, Robert E.; Flannigan, Mike D. 2007. Classifying and comparing spatial models of fire dynamics
• Keane, Robert E.; Key, Carl. 2007. CCE fire regimes and their management
• Keane, Robert E.; Gray, Kathy L.; Dickinson, Laura J. 2007. Whitebark pine diameter growth response to removal of competition
• Keane, Robert E.; Dickinson, Laura J. 2007. Development and evaluation of the photoload sampling technique
• Keane, Robert E.; Dickinson, Laura J. 2007. The photoload sampling technique: estimating surface fuel loadings from downward-looking photographs of synthetic fuelbeds
• Keane, Robert E.; Rollins, Matthew. 2006. The scientific foundation of the LANDFIRE Prototype Project [Chapter 3]
• Brown, Kathryn; Hansen, Andrew J.; Keane, Robert E.; Graumlich, Lisa J. 2006. Complex interactions shaping aspen dynamics in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
• Keane, Robert E.; Arno, Stephen; Dickinson, Laura J. 2006. The complexity of managing fire-dependent ecosystems in wilderness: relict ponderosa pine in the Bob Marshall Wilderness
• Reinhardt, Elizabeth; Scott, Joe; Gray, Kathy; Keane, Robert. 2006. Estimating canopy fuel characteristics in five conifer stands in the western United States using tree and stand measurements
• Steele, Brian M.; Reddy, Swarna K.; Keane, Robert E. 2006. A methodology for assessing departure of current plant communities from historical conditions over large landscapes
• Cary, Geoffrey J.; Keane, Robert E.; Gardner, Robert H.; Lavorel, Sandra; Flannigan, Mike D.; Davies, Ian D.; Li, Chao; Lenihan, James M.; Rupp, T. Scott; Mouillot, Florent. 2006. Comparison of the sensitivity of landscape-fire-succession models to variation in terrain, fuel pattern, climate and weather
• Keane, Robert E.; Frescino, Tracey; Reeves, Matthew C.; Long, Jennifer L. 2006. Chapter 12 - Mapping wildland fuel across large regions for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project
• Holsinger, Lisa; Keane, Robert E.; Steele, Brian; Reeves, Matthew C.; Pratt, Sarah. 2006. Using historical simulations of vegetation to assess departure of current vegetation conditions across large landscapes[Chapter 11]
• Pratt, Sarah; Holsinger, Lisa; Keane, Robert E. 2006. Chapter 10 - Using simulation modeling to assess historical reference conditions for vegetation and fire regimes for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project
• Long, Jennifer L.; Miller, Melanie; Menakis, James P.; Keane, Robert E. 2006. Chapter 6 - Developing the LANDFIRE Vegetation and Biophysical Settings Map Unit Classifications for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project
• Holsinger, Lisa; Keane, Robert E.; Parsons, Russell; Karau, Eva. 2006. Chapter 5 - Development of biophysical gradient layers for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project
• Keane, Robert E. 2006. Tree Data (TD)
• Rollins, Matthew G.; Keane, Robert E.; Zhu, Zhiliang; Menakis, James P. 2006. Chapter 2 - An overview of the LANDFIRE Prototype Project
• Keane, Robert E. 2006. Plot Description (PD)
• Keane, Robert E.; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Pratt, Sarah D. 2006. Simulating historical landscape dynamics using the landscape fire succession model LANDSUM version 4.0
• Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E.; Caratti, John F.; Key, Carl H.; Benson, Nathan C.; Sutherland, Steve; Gangi, Larry J. 2006. FIREMON: Fire effects monitoring and inventory system
• Keane, Robert E.; Lutes, Duncan C. 2006. Integrated Sampling Strategy (ISS) Guide
• Cary, Geoffrey J.; Keane, Robert E.; Gardner, Robert H.; Lavorel, Sandra; Flannigan, Michael D.; Davies, Ian D.; Li, Chao; Lenihan, James M.; Rupp, T. Scott; Mouillot, Florent. 2006. Comparison of the sensitivity of landscape-fire-succession models to variation in terrain, fuel pattern, climate and weather
• Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E. 2006. Fuel Load (FL)
• Keane, Robert E. 2006. Metadata (MD)
• Keane, Robert E. 2006. Fire Behavior (FB)
• Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E.; Caratti, John F.; Key, Carl H.; Benson, Nathan C. 2006. How To ... Guide
• Cary, Geoffrey J.; Keane, Robert E.; Gardner, Robert H.; Lavorel, Sandra; Flannigan, Mike D.; Davies, Ian D.; Li, Chao; Lenihan, James M.; Rupp, T. Scott; Mouillot, Florent. 2006. Comparison of the sensitivity of landscape-fire-succession models to variation in terrain, fuel pattern, climate and weather.
• Rollins, Matthew G.; Keane, Robert E.; Zhu, Zhiliang. 2006. Chapter 1 - Executive summary
• Keane, Robert E.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Scott, Joe; Gray, Kathy; Reardon, James. 2005. Estimating forest canopy bulk density using six indirect methods
• Keane, Robert E.; Cary, Geoffrey J.; Davies, Ian D.; Flannigan, Michael D.; Gardner, Robert H.; Lavorel, Sandra ; Lenihan, James M.; Li, Chao ; Rupp, T. Scott. 2004. A classification of landscape fire succession models: Spatial simulations of fire and vegetation dynamics
• Hessl, Amy E.; Milesi, Cristina; White, Michael A.; Peterson, David L.; Keane, Robert E. 2004. Ecophysiological parameters for Pacific Northwest trees.
• Weise, David R.; Kimberlin, Richard; Arbaugh, Mike; Chew, Jim; \r\nJones, Greg; Merzenich, Jim; Wiitala, Marc; Keane, Robert; Schaaf, Mark; Van Wagtendonk, Jan. 2003. Comparing potential fuel treatment trade-off models
• Keane, Robert E.; Rollins, Matthew G.; McNicoll, Cecilia H.; Parsons, Russell A. 2002. Integrating ecosystem sampling, gradient modeling, remote sensing, and ecosystem simulation to create spatially explicit landscape inventories
• Keane, Robert E.; Ryan, Kevin C.; Veblen, Tom T.; Allen, Craig D.; Logan, Jessie; Hawkes, Brad. 2002. Cascading effects of fire exclusion in the Rocky Mountain ecosystems: a literature review
• Keane, Robert E.; Parsons, Russell A.; Hessburg, Paul F. 2002. Estimating historical range and variation of landscape patch dynamics: limitations of the simulation approach
• Keane, Robert E.; Austin, Mike ; Field, Christopher ; Huth, Andreas ; Lexer, Manfred J.; Peters, Debra ; Solomon, Allen ; Wyckoff, Peter. 2001. Tree mortality in gap models: Application to climate change
• Keane, Robert E.; Garner, Janice L.; Teske, Casey; Stewart, Cathy; Hessburg, Paul. 2001. Range and variation in landscape patch dynamics: Implications for ecosystem management
• Hoff, Raymond J.; Ferguson, Dennis E.; McDonald, Geral I.; Keane, Robert E. 2001. Strategies for managing whitebark pine in the presence of white pine blister rust [Chapter 17]
• Blocker, Larry; Hagle, Susan K.; Lasko, Rick; Keane, Robert; Bollenbacher, Barry; Fox, Bruce; Samson, Fred; Gay, Randy; Manning, Cynthia. 2001. Understanding the connection between historic range of variation, current social values and developing desired conditions
• Hardy, Colin C.; Keane, Robert E.; Harrington, Michael G. 2000. Associated riparian communities
• Hardy, Colin C.; Keane, Robert E.; Stewart, Catherine A. 2000. Ecosystem-based management in the lodgepole pine zone
• Keane, Robert E.; Arno, Stephen F.; Stewart, Catherine A. 2000. Ecosystem-based management in the whitebark pine zone
• Arno, Stephen F.; Parsons, David J.; Keane, Robert E. 2000. Mixed-severity fire regimes in the northern Rocky Mountains: consequences of fire exclusion and options for the future
• Keane, Robert E. 2000. The importance of wilderness to whitebark pine research and management
• Keane, Robert E.; Mincemoyer, Scott A.; Schmidt, Kirsten M.; Long, Donald G.; Garner, Janice L. 2000. Mapping vegetation and fuels for fire management on the Gila National Forest Complex, New Mexico
• Schmoldt, Daniel L.; Peterson, David L.; Keane, Robert E.; Lenihan, James M.; McKenzie, Donald; Weise, David R.; Sandberg, David V. 1999. Assessing the effects of fire disturbance on ecosystems: a scientific agenda for research and management.
• Keane, Robert E.; Morgan, Penelope ; White, Joseph D. 1999. Temporal patterns of ecosystem processes on simulated landscapes in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
• Keane, Robert E.; Garner, Janice L.; Schmidt, Kirsten M.; Long, Donald G.; Menakis, James P.; Finney, Mark A. 1998. Development of input data layers for the FARSITE fire growth model for the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Complex, USA
• Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Keane, Robert E.; Brown, James K. 1997. First Order Fire Effects Model: FOFEM 4.0, user's guide
• Smith, Jane Kapler; Solorzano, Lucia; Howard, Janet; Arno, Steve; Wagner, Thomas G.; Keane, Robert; Lyon, L. Jack; Jones, J. Greg; Heald, Sue. 1997. ECO-Report - Collaboration at the heart of the job
• Keane, Robert E.; Menakis, James P.; Hann, Wendel J. 1996. Coarse-scale restoration planning and design in Interior Columbia River Basin ecosystems: An example for restoring declining whitebark pine forests
• Keane, Robert E.; Arno, Stephen F. 1996. Whitebark pine ecosystem restoration in western Montana
• Hall, Frederick C.; Bryant, Larry; Clausnitzer, Rod; Geier-Hayes, Kathy; Keane, Robert; Kertis, Jane; Shlisky, Ayn; Steel, Robert. 1995. Definitions and codes for seral status and structure of vegetation.
• Arno, Stephen F.; Simmerman, Dennis G.; Keane, Robert E. 1985. Forest succession on four habitat types in western Montana