Tables
Table 1 -- Waters used for recovery of greenback cutthroat trout from 1957 to 1999. We identified the major river basin, name, drainage, and Colorado Division of Wildlife (CDOW) water code of each recovery water. Additional information on each water can be obtained by searching for this water code in the ADAMAS database (CDOW 2000). Elevations (m) were obtained from U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000 topographic maps or the ADAMAS database. For streams, elevations are the downstream limits of allopatric populations of greenback cutthroat trout. If populations were largely sympatric with nonnative species or consisted of hybridized fish, the downstream-most location where regularly reported is given. Lake sizes (ha) were obtained from the ADAMAS database. Short reaches of lake inlets or outlets that also contained greenback cutthroat trout were not included. The lengths (km) of occupied portions of streams were obtained from reports. Single values for streams indicate a field measurement of fish distribution or consensus on a single value, whereas ranges reflect different estimates given in the absence of field measurements. The year that fish were discovered or introduced into recovery waters is also noted. If establishment of greenback cutthroat trout was attempted more than once in a water (e.g., following a chemical treatment to remove all fish), additional dates are included. An asterisk (*) indicates that recovery efforts have been abandoned or greenback cutthroat trout have been extirpated in a water because of invasion by nonnative salmonids, unsuitable habitat, or a lack of reproduction by greenback cutthroat trout. Missing data are denoted by a dashed line.
Table 2 -- Abundance estimates for greenback cutthroat trout in recovery waters from 1955 to 1999. Only surveys detecting greenback cutthroat trout are included. We defined qualitative surveys as visual, angling, or one-pass electrofishing counts used to estimate relative abundance, or as samples taken for other purposes (e.g., genetic analyses, but not including creel surveys). Quantitative surveys comprised two- or three-pass depletion or mark-recapture counts in streams and catches per gill-net-hour in lakes. Numbers in parentheses denote the number of quantitative estimates that were reported to exist in additional reaches or years but were unavailable. Sampling intensity is the length (m) of stream sampled or number of nets used in a lake per year. Mean abundance is the estimated number of greenback cutthroat trout per 100 m in streams or per gill-net-hour in lakes for fish greater than 100 mm total length. The few mark-recapture estimates for lakes (Bergersen 1988a,b; Shively 1989b) are not included. Means were obtained by taking an average for all reaches or nets for each year, then calculating a mean for all years. (Standard deviations, SD, are given.) Missing data are denoted by a dashed line.
Table 3 -- Genetic assessments of greenback cutthroat trout. Under results, h denotes that the sample was believed to contain hybridized fish and p denotes the sample was deemed genetically pure. Method refers to the technique used to ascertain genetic status: m, meristic-morphometric assessment; e, electrophoretic analysis of allozymes; and d, examination of mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. For each analysis, the year or years from which samples were drawn and the sample size (N) are noted. Within a particular water, identical samples evaluated on more than one occasion are marked with an asterisk (*). Missing data are denoted by a dashed line.
Table 4 -- Salmonid fauna of recovery waters for greenback cutthroat trout. For species present at the time recovery efforts began in a particular water, abbreviations are: b, historically barren; gbct, greenback cutthroat trout; bk, brook trout; bn, brown trout; ct, hybridized or nonnative cutthroat trout; lk, lake trout; and rb, rainbow trout. We also note when a water was chemically treated to remove nonnative species, and if nonnative species reappeared, the year they were detected. Systems that were chemically treated more than once have multiple entries. For the form of barrier inhibiting upstream migration by nonnative fish, abbreviations are: a, artificial; g, geomorphic; and n, none. Artificial barriers consist of dams, water diversions, weirs, constructed ponds, or toxic mine outflows, whereas geomorphic barriers include waterfalls, cascades, dry stream channels, or naturally landlocked waters.
Table 5 -- Destination, date, source, number, and mean length (mm) of greenback cutthroat trout stocked for purposes of recovery. Only waters receiving fish from elsewhere are included. Dates are given to the nearest day, when known. Under source, year taken from a contributing water (and whether it was held or reared at another location) or year classes from each hatchery are noted (see tables 7 and 8 for more information on hatchery year classes). Stocking in lake inlets or outlets is included with lake totals. Abbreviations are: BFRH, Bellvue Fish Research Hatchery; BFTC, Bozeman Fish Technology Center; CNRL, Columbia National Research Lab; PSFH, Pueblo State Fish Hatchery; and SNFH, Saratoga National Fish Hatchery. Also noted are cases where nonnative or unknown sources of cutthroat trout were stocked. In some instances, fish lengths were not specified in the literature, but were given as fry, juveniles, adults, or mixtures. Missing data are denoted by a dashed line.
Table 6 -- Characteristics of greenback cutthroat trout delivered to hatcheries, including hatchery used, year spawned, and source and number of eggs or milt sent to hatcheries for recovery efforts. If eggs were used, the number of females and males is given in parentheses. A number followed by a plus sign (+) indicates the minimum number of a sex that was used. If milt was used, the number of males providing milt is noted, and the number of containers used to ship the milt is given in parentheses. Hatchery abbreviations are: BFRH, Bellvue Fish Research Hatchery; BFTC, Bozeman Fish Technology Center; and SNFH, Saratoga National Fish Hatchery. Missing data are denoted by a dashed line.
Table 7 -- Characteristics of greenback cutthroat trout spawned in hatcheries as part of recovery efforts, including hatchery used, year spawned, source, year class name, number, and sex of fish used, and eggs and fry produced. Source denotes the origin of fish being spawned. If the hatchery received fish or eggs from a wild population to support a broodstock, the year of arrival in the hatchery and the water providing the fish are noted. If fish were derived from spawning in a hatchery, the year of spawning and hatchery are noted. To the extent possible, only numbers of fish successfully producing viable offspring are included. If the sexes of fish of different sources were known, it is indicated in parentheses (F, female; M, male) or overall in the following column. Abbreviations are: BFRH, Bellvue Fish Research Hatchery; BFTC, Bozeman Fish Technology Center; and SNFH, Saratoga National Fish Hatchery. Missing data are denoted by a dashed line.
Table 8 -- Characteristics of greenback cutthroat trout distributed by hatcheries as part of recovery efforts, including hatchery used, year shipped, year class name, number, and mean length (mm) of fish shipped. Shipments for disease testing, for genetic analyses, for fish collections, or to support sport fisheries were excluded when possible. See tables 6 and 7 for origins of year classes. Multiple shipments of single sources in one year were distributed on different dates. Hatchery abbreviations are: BFRH, Bellvue Fish Research Hatchery; BFTC, Bozeman Fish Technology Center; and SNFH, Saratoga National Fish Hatchery. Missing data are denoted by a dashed line.
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Tables
Electronic Publish Date: January 2002
Last Update: January
20, 2010