Above is a flow chart that illustrates trampling effects. The flow chart starts with "Trampling" which points towards "Abrasion of organic matter".

"Abrasion of organic matter" points towards "Reduction in plant vigor", "Reduction in plant reproduction", "Reduction in litter cover" and "Reduction in air and water permeability".

"Abrasion of vegetation" points towards "Reduction in plant vigor" and "Reduction in plant reproduction".

"Compaction of soil" points towards "Reduction in air and water permeability" and "Reduction in plant vigor" and "Reduction in plant reproduction".

"Reduction in air and water permeability" points towards "Increase in runoff and erosion", "Reduction in litter cover", "Change in soil biota", "Reduction in plant vigor", and "Reduction in plant reproduction".

"Reduction in litter cover" points towards "Change in soil biota", "Increase in runoff and erosion", "Reduction in air and water permeability", "Reduction in plant vigor", and "Reduction in plant reproduction".

"Change in soil biota" points towards "Reduction in plant vigor" and "Reduction in plant reproduction".

"Reduction in plant vigor" and "Reduction in plant reproduction" both point towards "Change in species composition" and "Reduction in vegetative cover".

"Reduction in vegetative cover" points towards "Change in soil biota", "Increase in runoff and erosion", "Reduction in litter cover", and "Reduction in air and water permeability".