Appendix C—Helpful Resources

The resources cited in the text are compiled alphabetically here, by topic. For information on funding resources, see Appendix B—Trail Libraries, Trail Organizations, and Funding Resources.

Accessibility

• Accessible Exterior Surfaces Technical Article (Axelson and others 1999): http://www.access-board.gov/research/Exterior%20Surfaces/exteriorsarticle.htm or http://www.beneficialdesigns.com/surfaces/surface.html
  
  
• Accessibility Guidebook for Outdoor Recreation and Trails (Zeller and others 2006): http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/accessibility/htmlpubs/htm06232801 or http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm06232801. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• Accessible Gate Latch (Groenier 2006): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm06232331. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• Accessible Gates for Trails and Roads (Groenier 2006): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm06232340. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• ADA and ABA Accessibility Guidelines: http://www.access-board.gov/ada-aba
  
  
• Adaptive Riding Institute: http://www.adaptiveridinginstitute.org
  
  
• AgrAbility Project: http://www.agrabilityproject.org/assistivetech
  
  
• Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG): Checklist for Buildings and Facilities: http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/checklist/a16.html
  
  
• National Center on Accessibility: http://ncaonline.org
  
  
• National Trails Surface Study (National Center on Accessibility): http://www.ncaonline.org/index.php?q=node/75
  
  
• New Accessible Handpump for Campgrounds (Kuhn and Beckley 2005): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm05712311. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• North American Riding for the Handicapped Association, Inc.: http://www.narha.org
  
  
• Soil Stabilizers On Universally Accessible Trails (Bergmann 2000): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/00231202 or http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdf/00231202.pdf. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• Universal Trail Assessment Process (Beneficial Designs, Inc. 1994–2001): http://www.beneficialdesigns.com/trails/utap.html
  
  
• USDA Forest Service Recreation, Heritage and Wilderness Programs: http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/accessibility
  
  
• Wilderness Access Decision Tool (Lais and others [n.d.]): http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=toolboxes&sec=accessibility

Animal Confinement

• Preservative-Treated Wood and Alternative Products in the Forest Service (Groenier and Lebow 2006): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm06772809. This site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d).
  
  
• Techniques and Equipment for Wilderness Travel with Stock (Stoner and others 1993): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm93232839. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• The Equine Arena Handbook: Developing a User-Friendly Facility (Malmgren 1999): Available at book outlets.
  
  
• Underfoot (United States Dressage Federation 2007): https://www.usdf.org/cgi-bin/commerce.exe?preadd=action&key=UNDERFOOT

Case Studies

• Blue Mountain Recreation Area: http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/lolo/recreationbrochures/blue-mtn-rec-area.pdf
  
  
• City of Scottsdale Trails System Master Plan (Todd & Associates, Inc. and others 2003): http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/trails/plan.asp
  
  
• Frazier Recreation Site: http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/tonto/recreation/rogs/camping/Tonto%20Basin/Frazier.pdf
  
  
• Horseshoe Park and Equestrian Centre: http://www.queencreek.org/Index.aspx?page=196
  
  
• Horse Creek Campground: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/siuslaw/recreation/tripplanning/newpflor/camp/horsecreek.shtml
  
  
• Houston Mesa Horse Camp: http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/tonto/recreation/rogs/camping/Payson/HoustonMesaHorseCamp.pdf
  
  
• Stonegate Equestrian Park: http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/parks/neighborhood/stonegate.asp
  
  
• Town of Queen Creek Parks, Trails, and Open Space Master Plan (HDR and others 2005): http://www.queencreek.org/Index.aspx?page=198
  
  
• Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve: http://www.dupageforest.com/preserve.aspx?id=4224
  
  
• WestWorld: http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/westworld
  
  
• West Valley Multi-modal Transportation Corridor Master Plan (Maricopa Association of Governments 2001): http://www.mag.maricopa.gov/archive/wvtrails/publications/master%20plan.pdf

Engineering Standards and Building Codes

• ASTM International (originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials): http://www.astm.org
  
  
• International Code Council (ICC): http://www.iccsafe.org/cs

Fords, Bridges, and Overpasses

• A Guide to Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Trail Bridges (Groenier and others 2006): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm06232824. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Areas (Monlux and Vachowski 2000): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/00232838 or http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm00232838. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
• Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO 1999): http://www.communitymobility.org/pdf/aashto.pdf
  
  
• Guide Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges, 1st Edition (AASHTO 1997): https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=37
  
  
• Guidelines for Geometric Design of Very Low-Volume Local Roads (ADT ≤ 400) (AASHTO 2001b): https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=157
  
  
• Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (AASHTO 1996): https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=51
  
  
• Trail Bridge Catalog (Eriksson 2000): http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/bridges
  
  
• Transportation Structures Handbook FSH 7709.56b (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 2005): http://www.fs.fed.us/cgi-bin/Directives/get_dirs/fsh?7709.56b
  
  
• Wetland Trail Design and Construction (Steinholtz and Vachowski 2007): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm07232804. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)

Laws, Liability, and Safety

• Animal Legal & Historical Center: http://www.animallaw.info
  
  
• Clemson Extension Large Animal Emergency Rescue: http://www.clemson.edu/ep/LART
  
  
• ELCR Library of Resources (Equestrian Land Conservation Resource 2000–2007): http://elcr.org/index_resources.php
  
  
• Equine Law and Horsemanship Safety: http://asci.uvm.edu/equine/law
  
  
• Information by State (Equestrian Land Conservation Resource 2000–2007): http://elcr.org/index_info.php
  
  
• Liability and Lawsuits (International Mountain Bicycling Association 2006): http://www.imba.com/
  
  
• Recreational Use Statutes and the Private Landowner (Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program 2007): http://www.nps.gov/ncrc/programs/rtca/helpfultools/recusebrochures
  
  
• Safe Trails Forum (National Trails Training Partnership 2007): http://www.americantrails.org/resources/safety
  
  
• Table of State Liability Laws (International Mountain Bicycling Association [n.d.]): http://imba.com/resources/trail_issues/liability_chart.html
  
  
• The Equine Activity Liability Act: How It Affects Associations & Sponsors (Farris 2005): http://www.farrislawfirm.com/Default.aspx?PageID=31
  
  
• UC Davis Veterinary Emergency Response Team: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/clubs/VERT

Low Impacts

• International Dark-Sky Association: http://www.darksky.org
  
  
• Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: http://www.lnt.org
  
  
• Leave No Trace Stock Master course: http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/lolo/resourcescultural/nwtc/descriptions.pdf

Parking, Roads, and Intersections

• A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (AASHTO 2001a): https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=110
  
  
• Cross Alert Systems: http://www.crossalert.com
  
  
• Designating Parking Areas on Unpaved Surfaces (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center 2002): http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/html/02231314/02231314
  
  
• Equestrian Crossings (The Highways Agency 2003): http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/tal/signsandsignals/equestriancrossings.pdf
  
  
• Road Preconstruction Handbook FSH 7709.56 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 1987): http://www.fs.fed.us/cgi-bin/Directives/get_dirs/fsh?7709.56
  
  
• Roadside Design Guide (AASHTO 2002): https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=148
  
  
• Supplemental Specifications and Recurring Special Provisions (Illinois Department of Transportation 2007): http://www.dot.il.gov/desenv/07supp.pdf

Planning and Design

• A Citizen's Guide to Transportation Decisionmaking (U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 2001): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/citizen
  
  
• Designing Shared-Use Trails to Include Equestrians (O'Dell 2004): http://www.americantrails.org/resources/trans/transhorse.html
  
  
• Google Earth: http://earth.google.com
  
  
• Lightly on the Land: The SCA Trail Building and Maintenance Manual (Birkby 2006): Available at book outlets.
  
  
• Modifications of Highway Air Pollution Models for Complex Site Geometries in: FHWA TechBrief [n.d.]: http://www.tfhrc.gov/structur/pubs/02036/02036.htm
  
  
• National Aerial Photography Program: http://eros.usgs.gov/
  
  
• National Bicycling and Walking Study Ten Year Status Report (U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 2004): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/study
  
  
• Natural Surface Trails by Design: Physical and Human Essentials of Sustainable, Enjoyable Trails (Parker 2004): http://www.natureshape.com
  
  
• Recreation Opportunity System (ROS) (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service 1982): http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/ashley/projects/forest_plan_revision/ros.shtml
  
  
• The Built Environment Image Guide (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 2001): http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/beig
  
  
• Trail Design for Small Properties (Baughman and Serres 2006): http://shop.extension.umn.edu
  
  
• Trails Design and Management Handbook (Parker 1994): http://www.natureshape.com
  
  
• Trails for the Twenty-first Century: Planning, Design, and Management Manual for Multi-Use Trails, 2d Edition (Flink and others 2001): Available at book outlets.
  
  
• Visual Resource Management (VRM) (U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management 2003): http://www.blm.gov/nstc/VRM
  
  
• VRM Design Techniques (U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management 2003): http://www.blm.gov/nstc/VRM/destech.html

Rails-to-Trails

• National Trails Training Partnership: http://www.americantrails.org/resources/railtrails
  
  
• Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center: http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/rt
  
  
• Rails-to-Trails Conservancy: http://www.railtrails.org

Railways

• Federal Railroad Administration: http://www.fra.dot.gov
  
  
• Operation Lifesaver Rail Safety Education: http://www.oli.org
  
  
• Rails-with-Trails: Lessons Learned (Alta Planning and Design 2002): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/rwt
  
  
• Rails-with-Trails: Lessons Learned Appendix B: State-by-State Matrix of Applicable Laws and Statutes (Alta Planning and Design 2002): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/rwt/appendixb.htm

Signs

• Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) (U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration 2004a): http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov
  
  
• MUTCD Chapter 2H Recreational and Cultural Interest Area Signs (U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 2004): http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/HTM/2003r1/part2/part2h.htm
  
  
• MUTCD Standard Highway Signs (U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 2004b): http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ser-shs_millennium.htm
  
  
• Sign and Poster Guidelines for the Forest Service, EM–7100–15 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 2005): Forest Service employees can request electronic copies from Forest Service regional sign coordinators.
  
  
• Signs and Posters Toolbox (Wilderness.net 2005): http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=toolboxes&sec=signsPosters
  
  
• Signs, Trails, and Wayside Exhibits: Connecting People and Places, Third Edition (Trapp and others 1996): http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/schmeeckle/Handbooks/Signs

Toilet and Shower Buildings

• Technical articles on toilets (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology and Development Program): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs. This Web site requires a username and password. Search the Web site using the keywords toilet and shower. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• Campground Comfort Station construction plans (Louisiana State University Agricultural Center 1969): http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/our_offices/departments/Biological_Ag_Engineering/Features/Extension/
  Building_Plans/recreation/equipment/Campground+Comfort+Station.htm

Trail Construction

• Stock-Drawn Equipment for Trail Work (Didier and Herzberg 1996): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm96232802. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook: 2007 Edition (Hesselbarth, Vachowski, and Davies 2007): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm07232806. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)

Trail Management

• Trails Management Handbook FSH 2309.18, Chapter 4—Trail Operation and Maintenance (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 1991): http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/fsh/2309.18/2309.18,4.rtf
  
  
• Conflicts on Multiple-Use Trails: Synthesis of Literature and State of the Practice (Moore 1994): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/conflicts
  
  
• Interagency Trail Data Standards (U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service 2004): http://www.nps.gov/gis/trails
  
  
• Rail-Trail Maintenance and Operation: Ensuring the Future of Your Trail—A Survey of 100 Rail-Trails (Poole 2005): http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/railtrailmaint.pdf
  
  
• Recreation & Heritage Resources Integrated Business Systems (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service): http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/measures
  
  
• Trail Maintenance and Management (National Trails Training Partnership): http://www.americantrails.org/resources/ManageMaintain
  
  
• Trail Assessment and Condition Surveys (TRACS) (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service): http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/measures

Trail Terms

• Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access—Glossary (U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration 2001): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks2ag.htm
  
  
• Glossary of Terms (National Trails Training Partnership 2003): http://www.americantrails.org/glossary.html
  
  
• Helpful and Interesting Acronyms (Rails-to-Trails Conservancy 2007): http://www.railtrails.org/whatwedo/railtrailinfo/resources/acronyms.html
  
  
• Horse Glossary (Gaited Horses 1998–2003): http://www.gaitedhorses.net/Articles/HorseGlossary.html

Weeds and Vegetation

• Backcountry Road Maintenance and Weed Management (Ferguson and others 2003): http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm03712811. This Web site requires a username and password. (Username: t-d, Password: t-d)
  
  
• Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW): http://www.fws.gov/ficmnew
  
  
• Invasive Species Management (National Park Service): http://www.nature.nps.gov/biology/invasivespecies
  
  
• Cornell University Poisonous Plants Informational Database (Cornell University 2006): http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants
  
  
• Do Horses Spread Non-Native Plants on Trails? (Gower 2007): http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=8846 This site requires free registration.
  
  
• Horse Owner's Field Guide to Toxic Plants (Burger 1996): Available at book outlets.
  
  
• Roadside Use of Native Plants (Kartesz and others 2000): http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rdsduse
  
  
• Poisonous Range Plants of Temperate North America (Merck & Co., Inc. 2003): http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/ttox04.htm
  
  
• Ten Most Poisonous Plants for Horses (EQUUS June 2004): http://www.equisearch.com/horses_care/feeding/feed/poisonousplants_041105
  
  
• Weed Free Feed: Horsemen Protecting Public Lands from Invasive Weeds (Davis and Bay Area Equestrian Network 2000–2007): http://www.extendinc.com/weedfreefeed
  
  
• Weeds Website (U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management 2005): http://www.blm.gov/weeds