Introduction

The Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC) was asked to find a good way to maintain a 40–mile (64–k) motorcycle and all–terrain–vehicle (ATV) trail on the Francis Marion National Forest in coastal South Carolina. Heavy use leaves a washboard surface that progresses to mounds and gullies several feet across. These are called "whoop–de–doos," and trail users find them both unpleasant and unsafe (Figure 1).

Figure 1—Evaluating equipment that effectively cuts
the mounds and fills the depressions on washboard
trails is what this report is about. This trail has been
partly graded to remove the whoop–de–doos.

The problem of whoop–de–doos is not unique to this trail in the sandy coastal plain of South Carolina. We began the project by asking off–highway vehicle (OHV) trail managers throughout the Forest Service how they were maintaining their OHV trails. Several National Forests had developed prototype lightweight graders that could be towed behind ATV's, effectively removing whoop–de–doos with routine maintenance. MTDC worked with two of these Forests to further improve and evaluate these prototypes, tested them in South Carolina, and looked to the open market for similar equipment.

This report focuses on three pieces of equipment tested in South Carolina: a modified trail rock rake suggested by Cam Lockwood on the Angeles National Forest, CA; a trail drag designed by Dick Dufourd and Kim Larsen for use on the Deschutes National Forest, OR; and an Ultra Light Terrain Grader manufactured by The Shop Industrial, Lively, Ontario, Canada.

We found all three pieces of equipment suitable for OHV trails in sandy or pumice soils. They can all be pulled with ATV's. OHV trails are wider, typically at least 4 feet (1.2 m), than hiking or equestrian trails, and have fewer curves. All of the equipment would have functioned better on trails had the equipment been narrower.

The trail rock rake and the Ultra Light Terrain Grader worked exceptionally well on narrow roads like those found in camp–grounds, and for grading parking lots. They are a realistic and affordable alternative to full–sized graders for such applications.

In less detail, this report includes other ways that OHV trail managers are maintaining their trails. These include the TrailPlane developed by Mil Lill and used by the Cycle Conservation Club of Michigan; various drags, harrows, cultipackers, and rollers; and other techniques field personnel told us about.

In heavier or rocky soils, on steep trails, and where rutting and erosion is severe, heavier equipment is needed. In these situations, small crawler dozers such as the SWECO 480, small tracked excavators, or small utility tractors do the trick. We give this equipment only cursory coverage in this report. To learn more about this heavier equipment, refer to a 1996 report from the San Dimas Technology and Development Center, 9623–1207–SDTDC. See Sources and Contacts to find out how to order a copy. The San Dimas Center is also producing a video about using mechanized trail equipment. It should be completed in 1999.