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  1. Litter decay rates are determined by lignin chemistry

    Litter decay rates are often correlated with the initial lignin:N or lignin:cellulose content of litter, suggesting that interactions between lignin and more labile compounds are important controls over litter decomposition. The chemical composition of lignin may influence these interactions, if lignin physically or chemically protects labile components from microbial...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Jennifer M. Talbot; Daniel J. Yelle; James Nowick; Kathleen K. Treseder
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    Lignin, decomposition, leaves, biodegradation, plant litter, forest litter, chemical composition, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignocellulose, nitrogen, Arabidopsis thaliana, aldehydes, crosslinking, polysaccharides, nuclear magnetic resonance, syringyl, guaiacyl, hydroxyphenyl
    Source:
    Biogeochemistry. (2011): [17] p.

  2. Alkali-treated kraft lignin as a component in flakeboard eesins

    Southern pine kraft lignin was reacted with NaOH (15 and 20% based on dry lignin) at 170, 200, and 250°C for 30 and 60 min. Sweetgum flake boards bonded with phenolic resins containing 50% hydroxymethylated lignin prepared from some of the alkali treated lignins were compared with boards bonded with a neat PF resin. Results indicate that boards bonded with lignin-...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Mon-Lin Kuo; Chung-Yun Hse; Dee-Hua Huang
    Year:
    1991
    Keywords:
    Alkaline hydrolysis, kraft lignin, NMR spectroscopy, hydroxymethylation, phenolic resin, flakeboard, sweetgum
    Source:
    Holzforschung 45(1):47-54

  3. Techniques for characterizing lignin

    Many techniques are available to characterize lignin. The techniques presented in this chapter are considered nondegradative, which are commonly applied to lignin. A brief discussion of lignin structure is included with this chapter to aid the reader in understanding why the discussed characterization techniques are appropriate for the study of lignin. Because the...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Nicole M. Stark; Daniel J. Yelle; Umesh P. Agarwal
    Year:
    2016
    Keywords:
    Lignin, chemical characterization, thermal properties, spectroscopy, structure
    Source:
    Lignin in Polymer Composites

  4. Stimulation and inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis by organosolv lignins as determined by zeta potential and hydrophobicity

    Background: Lignin typically inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass, but certain organosolv lignins or lignosulfonates enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between lignin and cellulases play critical roles in the enzymatic hydrolysis process. However, how to incorporate these two...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Yang Huang; Shaolong Sun; Chen Huang; Qiang Yong; Thomas Elder; Maobing Tu
    Year:
    2017
    Keywords:
    Ethanol organosolv lignin, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Hydrophobicity, Zeta potential, NMR
    Source:
    Biotechnology for Biofuels

  5. Lignin decomposition is sustained under fluctuating redox conditions in humid tropical forest soils

    Lignin mineralization represents a critical flux in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, yet little is known about mechanisms and environmental factors controlling lignin breakdown in mineral soils. Hypoxia is thought to suppress lignin decomposition, yet potential effects of oxygen (O2) variability in surface soils have not been explored. Here, we...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Steven J. Hall; Whendee L. Silver; Vitaliy I. Timokhin; Kenneth E. Hammel
    Year:
    2015
    Keywords:
    humid tropical forest, iron oxidation, iron reduction, lignin, oxygen, redox, soil moisture, soil organic matter, terrestrial carbon cycle
    Source:
    Global Change Biology

  6. Physicochemical characterization of lignin recovered from microwave-assisted delignified lignocellulosic biomass for use in biobased materials

    Lignocellulosic biomass (Moso Bamboo, Chinese tallow tree wood, switchgrass, and pine wood) was subjected to a novel delignification process using microwave energy in a binary glycerol/methanol solvent. The physicochemical properties of the recovered lignin were analyzed prior to its application in the fabrication of polylactic acid (PLA)–lignin composites. The results...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Jiulong Xie; Chung-Yun Hse; Todd F. Shupe; Tingxing Hu
    Year:
    2015
    Keywords:
    lignocellulosic biomass, lignin, microwave delignification, poly lactic acid
    Source:
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science

  7. Growth under field conditions affects lignin content and productivity in transgenic Populus trichocarpa with altered lignin biosynthesis

    This study evaluated the potential of transgenic Populus trichocarpa with antisense 4CL for reduced total lignin and sense Cald5H for increased S/G ratio in a short rotation woody cropping (SRWC) system for bioethanol production in the Southeast USA. Trees produced from tissue-culture were planted in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain regions of North Carolina,...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Anna T. Stout; Aletta A. Davis; Jean-Christophe Domec; Chenmin Yang; Rui Shi; John S. King
    Year:
    2014
    Keywords:
    Populus, Lignin, Field trial, Transgenic, Bioenergy
    Source:
    Biomass and Bioenergy

  8. Iron addition to soil specifically stabilized lignin

    The importance of lignin as a recalcitrant constituent of soil organic matter (SOM) remains contested. Associations with iron (Fe) oxides have been proposed to specifically protect lignin from decomposition, but impacts of Fe-lignin interactions on mineralization rates remain unclear. Oxygen (O2) fluctuations characteristic of humid tropical...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Steven J. Hall; Whendee L. Silver; Vitaliy I. Timokhin; Kenneth E. Hammel
    Year:
    2016
    Keywords:
    Carbon stabilization, Iron, Lignin, Recalcitrance, Redox, Soil organic matter
    Source:
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry

  9. Characterization of biobased polyurethane foams employing lignin fractionated from microwave liquefied switchgrass

    Lignin samples fractionated from microwave liquefied switchgrass were applied in the preparation of semirigid polyurethane (PU) foams without purification.The objective of this study was to elucidate the influence of lignin in the PU matrix on themorphological, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of thePU foams.The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Xingyan Huang; Cornelis F. De Hoop; Jiulong Xie; Chung-Yun Hse; Jinqiu Qi; Tingxing Hu
    Year:
    2017
    Keywords:
    Source:
    International Journal of Polymer Science

  10. Structural changes of residual lignin of softwood and hardwood kraft pulp upon oxidative treatment with polyoxometalates

    Structural transformation of lignin in pulps bleached with polyoxometalates (POMs) should be explored in order to gain insight into the lignin reactions leading to its solubilization during POM treatment of kraft pulp. Our studies include characterization of residual lignin isolated from softwood commercial and birch laboratory kraft pulps delignified with POMs....

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Biljana Bujanovic; Richard S. Reiner; Sally A. Ralph; Umesh P. Agarwal; Rajai H. Atalla
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Raman spectroscopy, spectrum analysis, carbonyl compounds, polyoxometalates, sulphate pulping process, pulping, oxidation, bleaching, hydroxyl group, birch, pulping, delignification, softwoods
    Source:
    Proceedings of the 2005 TAPPI Engineering, Pulping & Environmental Conference, 2005 August 28-31, Philadelphia, PA. Norcross, GA : TAPPI Press, 2005: 13 pages.

  11. Lignin fate and characterization during ionic liquid biomass pretreatment for renewable chemicals and fuels production

    The fate of lignin from wheat straw, Miscanthus, and Loblolly pine after pretreatment by a non-toxic and recyclable ionic liquid (IL), [C2mim][OAc], followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. The lignin partitioned into six process streams, each of which was quantified and analyzed by a combination of a novel solution-state two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh; Kevin M. Holtman; Daniel J. Yelle; Trevor Morgan; Vitalie Stavila; Jeffrey Pelton; Harvey Blanch; Blake A. Simmons; Anthe George
    Year:
    2014
    Keywords:
    Lignin, ionic liquid, pretreatment, 2D NMR, SEC, depolymerization
    Source:
    Green Chem., Volume 16, 2014; pp. 1236–1247

  12. Lignin modification in the initial phase of softwood kraft pulp delignification with polyoxometalates (POMs)

    Commercial softwood kraft pulp with kappa number 30.5 (KP30.5) was delignified with polyoxometalates (POM, Na5(+2)[SiV1(-0.1)MoW10(+0.1)O40]), and POM-treated kraft pulp of kappa number 23.6 was obtained (KPPOM,23.6). Residual lignin from pulps was isolated by mild acid hydrolysis and characterized by analytical and spectral methods to gain insight into lignin...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Biljana Bujanovic; Sally A. Ralph; Richard S. Reiner; Rajai H. Atalla
    Year:
    2007
    Keywords:
    Hydrolysis, chemical reactions, bleaching, pulping, sulphate pulping process, polyoxometalates, spectrum analysis, carbonyl compounds, lignin, pulp, pulp and paper processes, delignification, softwoods
    Source:
    Holzforschung. Vol. 61 (2007): Pages 492-498.

  13. Interfacial Properties of Lignin-Based Electrospun Nanofibers and Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals

    Sub-100 nm resolution local thermal analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements were used to relate surface polymer distribution with the composition of electrospun fiber mats and spin coated films obtained from aqueous dispersions of lignin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). Defect-free lignin/...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Mariko Ago; Joseph E. Jakes; Leena-Sisko Johansson; Sunkyu Park; Orlando J. Rojas
    Year:
    2012
    Keywords:
    lignin, films, fibers, electrospinning, cellulose nanocrystals, contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, space-resolved AFM-thermal transitions
    Source:
    ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, pp. 6849-6856; 2012.

  14. Near-Ir surface-enhanced Raman spectrum of lignin

    Compacted powders of commercially available nano- and microparticles of silver were used to successfully induce the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect in spruce milled-wood lignin (MWL). For the two silver particle sizes used in this investigation, the spectra were mostly similar. Some general characteristics of the lignin SERS spectrum are described. The...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Umesh P. Agarwal; Richard S. Reiner
    Year:
    2009
    Keywords:
    Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), lignin, cellulose, wood, silver, nano, micro, benzoic acid, muconic acid, Raman spectroscopy, lignin analysis, spectrum analysis, wood chemistry, nanotechnology, black spruce, carbohydrates, nanoparticles, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, particle sizes
    Source:
    Journal of Raman spectroscopy. Vol. 40, no. 11 (Nov. 2009): pages 1527-1534.

  15. Lignin-based Phenol-Formalehyde Resins from Purified CO2 Precipitated Kraft Lignin (PCO2KL)

    To investigate the potential for using purified CO2-precipitated Kraft lignin (PCO2KL) with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) for application as an adhesive in plywood production, two lignin replacement procedures were examined to assess lignin’s effect on bond quality. Methylolation and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Yao Chen; Charles R. Frihart; Zhiyong Cai; Linda F. Lorenz; Nicole M. Stark
    Year:
    2013
    Keywords:
    Kraft lignin, lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin, hydrogen peroxide, methylolation, physical properties, shear strength, wood failure
    Source:
    In: International Conference on Wood Adhesives, 2013; pp. 601-610.

  16. Lignin-based Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins from Purified CO2 Precipitated Kraft lignin (PCO2KL)

    To investigate the potential for using purified CO2-precipitated Kraft lignin (PCO2KL) with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) for application as an adhesive in plywood production, two lignin replacement procedures were examined to assess lignin’s effect on bond quality. Methylolation and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Yao Chen; Charles R. Frihart; Zhiyong Cai; Linda F. Lorenz; Nicole M. Stark
    Year:
    2013
    Keywords:
    Kraft lignin, lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin, hydrogen peroxide, methylolation, physical properties, shear strength, wood failure
    Source:
    In: International Conference on Wood Adhesives, October 9-11, 2013 Toronto, Ontario Canada from CD ISBN: 978-0-935018-37-0; 2013; pp. 601-610.

  17. Chemical groups and structural characterization of lignin via thiol-mediated demethylation

    A new approach to increase the reactivity of lignin by thiol-mediated demethylation was investigated in this study. Demethylated lignin was characterized by the changes in its hydroxyl and methoxyl groups, molecular weight, and other properties using titration and spectroscopy methods including FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV,and GPC. The total...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Lihong Hu; Hui Pan; Yonghong Zhou; Chung-Yun Hse; Chengguo Liu; Baofang Zhang; Bin Xu
    Year:
    2014
    Keywords:
    Biomaterials, demethylation, odorless thiol, nucleophilic substitution, lignin reactivity
    Source:
    Journal of Wood Chemistry Technology 34(2):122-134

  18. Integrated production of lignin containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNC) and nanofibrils (LCNF) using an easily recyclable di-carboxylic acid

    Here we demonstrate di-carboxylic acid hydrolysis for the integrated production of lignin containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNC) and nanofibrils (LCNF) using two unbleached hardwood chemical pulps of lignin contents of 3.9 and 17.2%. Acid hydrolysis experiments used maleic acid solution of 60 wt% concentration at 120°C for 120 min under ambient pressure. Yields of...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Huiyang Bian; Liheng Chen; Hongqi Dai; J.Y. Zhu
    Year:
    2017
    Keywords:
    Lignin containing cellulose nanomaterials, Lignocellulosic crystals (LCNC), Lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF), Di-carboxylic acid hydrolysis, Mechanical fibrillation, Thermal stability, Carboxylation, Hydrophobicity
    Source:
    Carbohydrate Polymers. 167: 167-176.

  19. Raman imaging of lignin and cellulose distribution in black spruce wood (Picea mariana) cell walls

    A detailed understanding of wood cell wall structure and organization is important from both fundamental and practical point of views. A state-of- the-art 633-nm laser based confocal Raman microscope was used in situ to investigate the cell wall organization of black spruce wood. Chemical information on lignin and cellulose from morphologically distinct cell wall...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Umesh P. Agarwal
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Picea mariana, black spruce, cell walls, lignin, cellulose, raman imagery
    Source:
    Proceedings of the 59th APPITA Annual Conference and Exhibition incorporating the 13th ISWFPC (International Symposium on Wood, Fibre, and Pulping Chemistry), held in Auckland, New Zealand (May 16-19, 2005). [Carlton, Victoria, Australia]: APPITA, c2005. Pages 377-384.

  20. Multidimensional NMR analysis reveals truncated lignin structures in wood decayed by the brown rot basidiomycete Postia placenta

    Lignocellulose biodegradation, an essential step in terrestrial carbon cycling, generally involves removal of the recalcitrant lignin barrier that otherwise prevents infiltration by microbial polysaccharide hydrolases. However, fungi that cause brown rot of wood, a major route for biomass recycling in coniferous forests, utilize wood polysaccharides efficiently while...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Lignin%22

    Author(s):
    Daniel J. Yelle; Dongsheng Wei; John Ralph; Kenneth E. Hammel
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    Wood-decaying fungi, brown rot, lignocellulose, biodegradation, Basidiomycetes, lignin, aspen, microbial metabolism, Postia placenta, polysaccharides, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Populus, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, hydrolases, wood deterioration, decay fungi, wood decay, phenylglycerol, ligninolysis, Fenton system, hydroxyl radicals, peroxidase
    Source:
    Environmental microbiology. Vol. 13, no. 4 (2010): p. 1091-1100.

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