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  1. Ultraviolet weathering of photostabilized wood-flour-filled high-density polyethylene composites

    Wood–plastic composites are being increasingly examined for nonstructural or semistructural building applications. As outdoor applications become more widespread, durability becomes an issue. Ultraviolet exposure can lead to photodegradation, which results in a change in appearance and/or mechanical properties. Photodegradation can be slowed through the addition of...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Nicole M. Stark; Laurent M. Matuana
    Year:
    2003
    Keywords:
    Polyethylene (PE), mechanical properties, degradation, composites
    Source:
    Journal of applied polymer science. Vol. 90 (2003): Pages 2609-2617

  2. Effect of configuration and some processing variables on the properties of wood fiber-polyethylene composites

    Chemical compositions and fiber measurement of virgin and recycled fibers from three sources were determined. Results revealed that virgin southern pine fiber had highest alcohol-benzene extractive and lignin contents and lowest holo- and alpha-cellulose content among the three fiber types. Fiber length distribution of virgin fiber was less sensitive to disintegration...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Chin-Yin Hwang; Chung-Yun Hse; Elvin T. Choong
    Year:
    1999
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Proceedings, international conference on effective utilization of plantation timber; 1999 May 21-23; Chi-Tou, Taiwan, R.O.C. Chi-Tou, Taiwan, R.O.C.: Forest Products Association of R.O.C., Bulletin No. 16: 123-130.

  3. Effectiveness of polyethylene sheeting in controlling spruce beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in infested stacks of spruce firewood in Alaska.

    Covering stacks of spruce firewood with either clear or black polyethylene sheeting does not raise log temperatures high enough to kill spruce beetle brood in the logs. Based on the results of this study, we do not recommend the use of polyethylene sheeting as a remedial measure for the reduction of spruce beetle brood in infested firewood or log decks in south-central...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Edward H. Holsten; Richard A. Werner
    Year:
    1993
    Keywords:
    Insects, spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, Picea spp., firewood polyethylene sheeting, lethal temperatures, Alaska (south-central)
    Source:
    Res. Pap. PNW-RP-466. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p

  4. Morphology and properties of wood-fiber reinforced blends of recycled polystyrene and polyethylene

    Material properties of composites produced from recycled plastics and recycled wood fiber were compared. A blend of high-density polyethylene and polystyrene was used as a simulated mixed plastic. Stiffness was generally improved by the addition of fiber, as expected, but brittleness also increased. Pre-treatment of the wood filler with phenol-formaldehyde resins did...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    John Simonsen; Timothy G. Rials
    Year:
    1996
    Keywords:
    Wood/polymer composite, polystyrene, polyethylene, recycled, plastics
    Source:
    Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 9:292-302

  5. Evaluation of various fire retardants for use in wood flour--polyethylene composites

    Wood-plastic composites represent a growing class of materials used by the residential construction industry and the furniture industry. For some applications in these industries, the fire performance of the material must be known, and in some cases improved. However, the fire performance of wood-plastic composites is not well understood, and there is little...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Nicole M. Stark; Robert H. White; Scott A. Mueller; Tim A. Osswald
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    Wood-plastic composites, fire retardants, mechanical properties, heat release rate, oxygen index, polyethylene, wood flour, extrusion process, injection molding of plastics, composite materials, fire testing, fireproofing agents, oxygen index of materials, bromine, wood-plastic materials, fire hazard, flammability, fire resistance, thermal degradation, cone calorimetry, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, zinc borate
    Source:
    Polymer degradation and stability. Vol. 95 (2010): p. 1903-1910.

  6. Laboratory tests on fungal resistance of wood filled polyethylene composites

    A standard method for determining the durability of structural wood was modified for testing the fungal resistance of composites made from high density polyethylene filled with 50% wood flour. Moisture content, mechanical properties, and weight loss were measured over 12 weeks exposure to brown-and white-rot fungi. Mechanical properties were decreased, but irreversible...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Craig M. Clemons; Rebecca E. Ibach
    Year:
    2002
    Keywords:
    Wood-destroying fungi, wood filled polyethylene composites, composite products, polyethylene, laboratory tests
    Source:
    ANTEC 2002 Annual Tecnical Conference : May 5-9, 2002, San Francisco, CA. : conference proceedings. Volume II, Materials. S.l. : Society of Plastics Engineers, 2002: p. 2219-2222

  7. The effects of different silane crosslinking approaches on composites of polyethylene blends and wood flour

    Though silane chemistry has been used to crosslink unfilled polyethylene for many years, such crosslinking has only been recently applied to wood plastic composites to improve properties such as creep resistance. However, the presence of wood significantly changes the silane chemistry and a greater understanding is necessary for optimal processing and performance. We...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Craig M. Clemons; Ronald C. Sabo; Kolby C. Hirth
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    Composite materials, mechanical properties, injection molding of plastics, thermoplastic composites, plastics, extrusion, wood-plastic composites, silane, testing, extrusion process, crosslinking, polyethylene, wood flour, materials, creep, peroxides, dicumyl peroxide, impact testing, viscosity, recycled products, wood-plastic materials, biocomposites, HDPE, high density polyethylene, vinyltrimethoxysilane, strength, tensile strength, Izod test, reactive extrusion
    Source:
    Journal of applied polymer science. Vol. 120, no. 4 (May 15, 2011): p. 2292–2303.

  8. Accelerated weathering of natural fiber-filled polyethylene composites

    The resistance of natural fiber-filled high-density polyethylene composite specimens to ultraviolet- (UV) and moisture-induced degradation was evaluated by measuring changes to flexural properties. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) served as the polymer matrix for four formulations: two formulations without fiber filler and two formulations one containing wood flour and...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Thomas Lundin; Steven M. Cramer; Robert H. Falk; Colin Felton
    Year:
    2004
    Keywords:
    Weathering, polyethylene, fiber reinforced plastics, composite materials, wood products, durability
    Source:
    Journal of materials in civil engineering. (Nov./Dec. 2004): pages 547-555.

  9. Surface chemistry and mechanical property changes of wood-flour/high-density-polyethylene composites after accelerated weathering

    Although wood–plastic composites have become more accepted and used in recent years and are promoted as low-maintenance, high-durability building products, they do experience a color change and a loss in mechanical properties with accelerated weathering. In this study, we attempted to characterize the modulus-of-elasticity (MOE) loss of photostabilized high- density...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Nicole M. Stark; Laurent M. Matuana
    Year:
    2004
    Keywords:
    Composites, FT-IR, polyethylene
    Source:
    Journal of applied polymer science. Vol. 94 (2004): pages 2263-2273.

  10. Dynamic mechanical analysis of compatibilizer effect on the mechanical properties of wood flour/high-density polyethylene composites

    In this study, effect of MAPE (maleic anhydride polyethylene) as the compatibilizer on the mechanical properties of wood-flour polyethylene composites has been investigated by using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Composites were made at 25% and 50% by weight fiber contents and 1% and 2% compatibilizer respectively. Controls were also made at the same fiber contents...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Mehdi Behzad; Medhi Tajvidi; Ghanbar Ehrahimi; Robert H. Falk
    Year:
    2004
    Keywords:
    Composites, wood flour, high-density polypropylene, compatibilizer, dynamic mechanical analysis
    Source:
    IJE Transactions. B, Applications. Vol. 17, no. 1 (Apr. 2004): Pages 95-104

  11. Influence of natural fibers on the phase transitions in high-density polyethylene composites using dynamic mechanical analysis

    Dynamic mechanical analysis was employed to evaluate the performance of various natural fibers in high-density polyethylene composites. Kenaf, newsprint, rice hulls, and wood flour were sources of fiber. Composites were made at 25 percent and 50 percent by weight fiber contents. Maleic anhydride modified polyethylene was also added at 1:25 ratio to the fiber....

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Mehdi Tajvidi; Robert H. Falk; John C. Hermanson; Colin Felton
    Year:
    2003
    Keywords:
    High-density polyethylene composites, dynamic mechanical analysis, phase transitions, natural fibers
    Source:
    Seventh International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites (and other natural fibers), May 19-20, 2003 ... Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Madison, WI : Forest Products Society, 2003: Pages 187-195

  12. Plasma modification of sisal and high-density polyethylene composites : effect on mechanical properties

    Sisal fibers and finely powdered high-density polyethylene were surface functionalized using dichlorosilane (DS) under R-F plasma conditions to improve interfacial adhesion between the two dissimilar substrates. The functionalized polyethylene (70%) and sisal (30%) were compounded on four different ways using thermokinetic mixer and injected molded into composites...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    A.R. Martin; S. Manolache; L.H.C. Mattoso; R.M. Rowell; F. Denes
    Year:
    2000
    Keywords:
    Sisal, polyethylene, surface functionalization, cold plasma, composite
    Source:
    Proceedings from the Third International Symposium on Natural Polymers and Composites--ISNaPol/2000 and the Workshop on Progress in Production and Processing of Cellulosic Fibres and Natural Polymers : May 14-17, 2000 ... Sao Pedro, SP, Brazil. Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil : Embrapa--Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Embrapa Instrumentacao Agropecuaria, 2000: Pages 431-436

  13. Phase structure and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyethylene based on recycled materials

    Blends based on recycled high density polyethylene (R-HDPE) and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) were made through reactive extrusion. The effects of maleated polyethylene (PE-g-MA), triblock copolymer of styrene and ethylene/butylene (SEBS), and 4,40-methylenedi(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) on blend properties were studied. The 2% PE-g-MA improved the...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Yong Lei; Qinglin Wu; Craig M. Clemons; Weihong Guo
    Year:
    2009
    Keywords:
    Polyethylene, recycling, blends, polyethylene terephthalate, recycled products, extrusion process, injection molding of plastics, butene, termperature, composite materials, mechanical properties, crystallization, HDPE, ethylenes, SEBS, strength, styrenes, thermal degradation
    Source:
    Journal of applied polymer science. Vol. 113, no. 3 (Aug. 5, 2009): pages 1710-1719.

  14. Incorporation of animal manures as reinforcing fillers in high-density polyethylene and high-density polypropylene composites

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Roger M. Rowell; Eric O'Neill; Andrzej Krzysik; David Bossmasn; Dale F. Gallaway; Monte Hemenover
    Year:
    2007
    Keywords:
    Source:

  15. Effects of raw materials on the properties of wood fiber-polyethylene composites--part 3: effect of a compatibilizer and wood adhesive on the interfacial adhesion of wood/plastic composites

    The objective of this study was to examine the effect of maleated polypropylene compatabilizer on the interfacial properties of wood and polyolefins. Birch wood dowels containing an adhesive applied on the surface were embedded in molten plastic matrices using specially designed jigs. The three plastics investigated included low density polyethylene (LFPE), linear low...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Chin-yin Hwang; Chung-yun Hse; Todd F. Shupe
    Year:
    2008
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Forest Products Journal, Vol. 59(5): 66-72

  16. Effect of weathering variables on the lightness of high-density polyethylene woodflour composites

    Wood-plastic lumber is promoted as a low-maintenance, high-durability product. After weathering, however, wood-plastic composites (WPCs) often fade. In the first part of this study, 50 percent woodflour-filled high- density polyethylene (HDPE) composite samples were manufactured. Composites were exposed to two accelerated weathering cycles in a xenon- arc type...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Nicole M. Stark
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Weathering, lightness, polyethylene wood flour, wood flour, wood-plastic lumber, ultraviolet light
    Source:
    8th International Conference on Wood-fiber-Plastic Composites (and other natural fibers) : May 23-25, 2005 ... Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Madison, WI : Forest Products Society: pages 207-212.

  17. Time–temperature superposition principle applied to a kenaf-fiber/high-density polyethylene composite

    The time–temperature superposition principle was applied to the viscoelastic properties of a kenaf- fiber/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite, and its validity was tested. With a composite of 50% kenaf fibers, 48% HDPE, and 2% compatibilizer, frequency scans from a dynamic mechanical analyzer were performed in the range of 0.1–10 Hz at five different...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Mehdi Tajvidi; Robert H. Falk; John C. Hermanson
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Composites, fibers, polyethylene (PE), viscoelastic properties, composite materials, creep, mechanical properties, kenaf, thermoplastic composites, viscoelasticity, fiber-reinforced plastics, wood-plastic materials, time temperature superposition principle
    Source:
    Journal of applied polymer science. Vol. 97 (2005): p. [1995]-2004.

  18. Feasibility of using saltcedar as a filler in injection-molded polyethylene composites

    Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) was investigated for use as a filler in wood–plastic composites (WPCs). The mineral content, water-soluble extractive content, and thermal stability of saltcedar flour were compared with those of a commercial pine wood flour. The wood flours were compounded with plastic, and the viscosities of the composite melts containing the two...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Craig M. Clemons; Nicole M. Stark
    Year:
    2009
    Keywords:
    Saltcedar, tamarisk, polyethylene, wood–plastic composite, WPC, filler, wood flour, injection molding, elasticity, viscosity, pine, thermal analysis, composite materials, mechanical properties, injection molding of plastics, weathering, thermoplastic composites, modulus of elasticity, accelerated life testing, Tamarix ramosissima, accelerated testing, thermal degradation, mineral content, wood-plastic materials, wood extractives
    Source:
    Wood and fiber science. Vol. 41, no. 1 (Jan. 2009): pages 2-12.

  19. Biological resistance of polyethylene composites made with chemically modified fiber or flour

    The role of moisture in the biological decay of wood-plastic composites was investigated. Southern pine wood fiber and ponderosa pine wood flour were chemically modified using either acetic anhydride (AA), butylene oxide (BO), or propylene oxide (PO). A 50:50 mixture of high density polyethylene and either chemically modified fiber or flour, or untreated fiber or flour...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Rebecca E. Ibach; Craig M. Clemons
    Year:
    2002
    Keywords:
    Composites, polyethylene, chemical modification, acetic anhydride, butylene oxide, propylene oxide, equilibrium moisture content, decay, mechanical properties, biodegradation, wood plastic composites, wood-decaying fungi, moisture content, wood flour, wood fibers, ponderosa pine, southern pine, Gloeophyllum trabeum
    Source:
    Proceedings of the 6th Pacific Rim Bio-Based Composites Symposium & Workshop on the Chemical Modification of Cellulosics, Portland, Oregon, USA, 2002: pages 574-584.

  20. Effect of weathering cycle and manufacturing method on performance of wood flour and high-density polyethylene composites

    Wood–plastic lumber is promoted as a low-maintenance high-durability product. When exposed to accelerated weathering, however, wood–plastic composites may experience a color change and loss in mechanical properties. Differences in weathering cycle and composite surface characteristics can affect the rate and amount of change caused by weathering. In this study, 50%...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Polyethylene%22

    Author(s):
    Nicole M. Stark
    Year:
    2006
    Keywords:
    Polyethylene, wood flour, extrusion, injection molding, weathering
    Source:
    Journal of applied polymer science. Vol. 100 (2006): Pages 3131-3140

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