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  1. Development of flexural vibration inspection techniques to rapidly assess the structural health of timber bridge systems

    This paper describes an effort to develop a global dynamic testing technique for evaluating the overall stiffness of timber bridge superstructures. A forced vibration method was used to measure the natural frequency of single-span timber bridges in the laboratory and field. An analytical model based on simple beam theory was proposed to represent the relationship...

    Author(s):
    Xiping Wang; James P. Wacker; Robert J. Ross; Brian K. Brashaw; Robert Vatalaro
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Wood deterioration, deterioration, dynamic testing, bridges, testing, inspection, nondestructive testing, wooden bridges, bending strength, vibration tests, flexibility, timber bridges, stiffness
    Source:
    Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood : May 2-4, 2005, University of Applied Sciences, Eberswalde, Germany. Aachen, Germany : Shaker Verlag, 2005: ISBN: 3832239499: pages 113-121.

  2. Nondestructive assessment of timber bridges using a vibration-based method

    This paper describes an effort to develop a global dynamic testing technique for evaluating the overall stiffness of timber bridge superstructures. A forced vibration method was used to measure the natural frequency of single-span timber bridges in the laboratory and field. An analytical model based on simple beam theory was proposed to represent the relationship...

    Author(s):
    Xiping Wang; James P. Wacker; Robert J. Ross; Brian K. Brashaw
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Nondestructive testing, timber bridges, vibration methods, stiffness, bending
    Source:
    Proceedings of the 2005 structures congress, 2005 April 20-24, New York, NY. New York, NY : The Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005: [12] pages.

  3. Nondestructive assessment of single-span timber bridges using a vibration- based method

    This paper describes an effort to develop a global dynamic testing technique for evaluating the overall stiffness of timber bridge superstructures. A forced vibration method was used to measure the natural frequency of single-span timber bridges in the laboratory and field. An analytical model based on simple beam theory was proposed to represent the relationship...

    Author(s):
    Xiping Wang; James P. Wacker; Angus M. Morison; John W. Forsman; John R. Erickson; Robert J. Ross
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Timber bridges, NDE, vibration
    Source:
    Res. Pap. FPL-RP-627. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 15 p.

  4. Monitoring the performance of timber bridges over the long term

    Timber bridges are often viewed by engineers as less durable than steel or concrete structures. However, they remain a durable and economical option along secondary roads in many rural areas of the country. With well over 75,000 bridges listed by the Federal Highway Administration’s National Bridge Inventory as having timber superstructures as of 2002, they represent...

    Author(s):
    James P. Wacker; Marc R. Joyal; Joseph F. Murphy; Xiping Wang
    Year:
    2007
    Keywords:
    Wooden bridges, inspection, bridges, maintenance, repair, bridge construction, moisture, bridge design, testing, service life, vibration, vibration tests, performance testing, timber bridges
    Source:
    Proceedings of the 2007 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symposium, 2007 August 16-17, Ames, Iowa. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University, 2007: 10 p.

  5. Estimating bridge stiffness using a forced-vibration technique for timber bridge health monitoring

    This paper describes an effort to refine a global dynamic testing technique for evaluating the overall stiffness of timber bridge superstructures. A forced vibration method was used to measure the frequency response of several simple-span, sawn timber beam (with plank deck) bridges located in St. Louis County, Minnesota. Static load deflections were also measured to...

    Author(s):
    James P. Wacker; Xiping Wang; Brian Brashaw; Robert J. Ross
    Year:
    2006
    Keywords:
    Dynamic testing, service life, wood deterioration, deterioration, nondestructive testing, vibration, wooden bridges, inspection, bridges, frequency response, bending strength, simple beam theory, bending mode frequency, stiffness, timber bridges
    Source:
    Proceedings : NDE Conference on Civil Engineering : a joint conference of the 7th Structural Materials Technology: NDE/NDT for Highways and Bridges and the 6th International Symposium on NDT in Civil Engineering, 2006 August 14-18, St. Louis, MO. Columbus, OH : American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 2006: ISBN: 1571171487: pages 63-70.

  6. Guide for In-Place Treatment of Covered and Timber Bridges

    Historic covered bridges and current timber bridges can be vulnerable to damage from biodeterioration or fire. This guide describes procedures for selecting and applying in-place treatments to prevent or arrest these forms of degradation. Vulnerable areas for biodeterioration in covered bridges include members contacting abutments, members near the ends of bridges...

    Author(s):
    Stan Lebow; Grant Kirker; Robert White; Terry Amburgey; H. Michael Barnes; Michael Sanders; Jeff Morrell
    Year:
    2012
    Keywords:
    guide, covered bridge, timber bridge, deterioration, fire, wood preservatives, in-place treatment
    Source:
    Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report

  7. Development of flexural vibration inspection techniques to rapidly assess the structural health of rural bridge systems

    Approximately 4,000 vehicle bridges in the State of Minnesota contain structural timber members. Recent research at the University of Minnesota Duluth Natural Resources Research Institute (UMD NRRI) has been conducted on vibration testing of timber bridges as a means of developing rapid in-place testing techniques for assessing the structural health of bridges. The...

    Author(s):
    Brian K. Brashaw; Robert Vatalaro; Xiping Wang; Kevin Sarvela; James P. Wacker
    Year:
    2008
    Keywords:
    Elasticity, bridges, inspection, nondestructive testing, deterioration, service life, design, construction, testing, loads, dynamic testing, performance testing, flexibility, stiffness, bending strength, timber bridges, structural timbers, vibration tests, wooden bridges, maintenance, repair, Minnesota, wood decay
    Source:
    Minneapolis, Minn. : Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2008: 66 pages.

  8. Exploring Value-Added Options

    This paper looks at various opportunities for sawmills to add value to rough sawn lumber. The paper discusses edge-glued panels and blanks, mouldings and millwork, niche market opportunities, and timber bridge members.

    Author(s):
    Bob Smith; Philip A. Araman
    Year:
    1997
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Virginia Forest Products Association Newsletter. August: 9-19.

  9. Field evaluation of timber preservation treatments for highway applications

    Timber material repair and replacement cost for timber bridges is a considerable expense to highway agencies in Iowa, especially to county road departments. To address these needs, the objectives of this investigation was to study the field effectiveness of various treatment alternatives used on Iowa roadway projects and to determine if the current specifications and...

    Author(s):
    Jake J. Bigelow; Carol A. Clausen; Stan T. Lebow; Lowell Greimann
    Year:
    2007
    Keywords:
    Bridges, specifications, testing, wooded bridges, Iowa, coatings, deterioration, copper naphthenate, service life, wood preservatives, design, construction, timber bridges, preservatives, review article
    Source:
    Ames, Iowa : Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University, 2007: 1 volume (various pagings)

  10. Preservation treatment for wood bridge application

    Timber can often be a cost-effective construction material for new bridges. The durability of the bridge greatly depends on proper attention to construction details and fabrication, as well as proper preservative treatment before, during, and after construction. Material repair and replacement costs for bridges are a considerable expense for highway agencies. To...

    Author(s):
    Jake Bigelow; Stan Lebow; Carol A. Clausen; Lowell Greimann; Terry J. Wipf
    Year:
    2009
    Keywords:
    Bridges, testing, wooden bridges, specifications, Iowa, coatings, deterioration, copper naphthenate, service life, wood preservatives, design, construction, maintenance, repair, inspection, wood preservation, timber bridges, copper naphthenate, review article, durability, performance testing, preservation
    Source:
    Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 2108 (2009): p. 77-85.

  11. Ground-Penetrating Radar Investigation of Salvaged Timber Girders from Bridges Along Route 66 in California

    This study describes assessment of the internal conditions of timber bridge structural members along Route 66 in California. These timber bridges were exposed to desert climate conditions for several decades, which can lead to a variety of deterioration. Overtime, the deterioration may cause loss of structural integrity within the bridges and lead to potentially...

    Author(s):
    Xi Wu; Christopher Adam Senalik; James P. Wacker; Xiping Wang; Guanghui Li
    Year:
    2020
    Keywords:
    Ground-penetrating radar, timber bridge, steel nail, hole, decay, split
    Source:
    Wood and Fiber Science

  12. Effectiveness of Several NDE Technologies in Detecting Moisture Pockets and: Artificial Defects in Sawn Timber and Glulam

    Several nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies were studied to determine their efficacy as scanning devices to detect internal moisture and artificial decay pockets. Large bridge-sized test specimens, including sawn timber and glued-laminated timber members, were fabricated with various internal defects. NDE Technologies evaluated in this research were ground...

    Author(s):
    James P. Wacker; Christopher Adam Senalik; Xiping Wang; Frank Jalinoos
    Year:
    2016
    Keywords:
    inspection, timber bridge, nondestructive, internal decay, moisture pockets
    Source:

  13. Using ground penetrating radar to classify features within structural timbers

    Recent developments in image processing play a significant role in identifying and classifying features on ground penetrating radar (GPR) radargrams. Two groups of timber specimens were examined in this study. The first group comprised laboratory prepared Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) timber sections with inserts of known internal characteristics. The second...

    Author(s):
    Xi Wu; Christopher Adam Senalik; James Wacker; Xiping Wang; Guanghui Li
    Year:
    2019
    Keywords:
    Ground penetrating radar, timber, metal, moisture content, image processing, feature classification
    Source:
    In: Wang, X.; Sauter, U.H.; Ross, R.J., eds. 2019. Proceedings: 21st International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-272. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. pp 502-510.

  14. Object detection of ground-penetrating radar signals using empirical mode decomposition and dynamic time warping

    An object detection method of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and dynamic time warping (DTW) is proposed in this study. Two groups of timber specimens were examined. The first group comprised of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) timber sections prepared in the laboratory with inserts of known...

    Author(s):
    Xi Wu; Christopher Adam Senalik; James Wacker; Xiping Wang; Guanghui Li
    Year:
    2020
    Keywords:
    Ground-penetrating radar, timber, metal, moisture content, signal processing
    Source:
    Forests. 11(2): 230

  15. Evaluation of a timber column bent substructure after more than 60 years in-service

    This paper describes both the field evaluation and laboratory testing of two timber-column-bent bridge substructures. These substructures served as intermediate pier supports for the East Deer Park Drive Bridge located in Gaithersburg, Maryland. A field evaluation of the bridge substructure was conducted in September 2008. Nondestructive testing was performed with a...

    Author(s):
    James P. Wacker; Xiping Wang; Douglas R. Rammer; William J. Nelson
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    Bridges, inspection, wood deterioration, service life, design, construction, loads, moisture, maintenance, repair, weathering, nondestructive testing, micro-drilling, laminated wood, composite materials, East Deer Park Drive Bridge, laminated bridges, glulam timbers, stress-laminated bridges, timber bridges, performance testing, wooden bridges, durability, structural timbers, wood decay, moisture content
    Source:
    Proceedings of the CIMAD11 - 1º Congresso Ibero-LatinoAmericano da Madeira na Construção [Spanish & Latin American Conference on Timber Construction], Coimbra, Portugal, June 7-9, 2011 [electronic resource]. [S.l. : s.n.], 2011: [1 flash drive]: 7 p.
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