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  1. An experimental test of the causes of forest growth decline with stand age.

    The decline in aboveground wood production after canopy closure in even-aged forest stands is a common pattern in forests, but clear evidence for the mechanism causing the decline is lacking. The problem is fundamental to forest biology, commercial forestry (the decline sets the rotation age), and to carbon storage in forests. We tested three hypotheses...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Michael G. Ryan; Dan Binkley; James H. Fownes; Christian Giardina; Randy S. Senock
    Year:
    2004
    Keywords:
    aboveground productivity, age-related decline, belowground allocation, carbon allocation, Eucalyptus, foliar respiration, forest production, leaf area, modeling, nutrition, soil respiration, wood respiration.
    Source:
    Ecological Monograph, 74(3), 2004, pp. 393-414.

  2. Acid-base status of upper rooting zone soil in declining and non-declining sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) stands in Pennsylvania

    Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) is an important commercial tree species of the central hardwood region which is valued for its wood and maple sugar products. High elevation sugar maple stands in northcentral Pennsylvania have been in serious decline for about the last 15 years with more than 1,200 hectares of maple forest affected. The decline...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    William E. Sharpe; Troy L. Sunderland
    Year:
    1995
    Keywords:
    Source:
    In: Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Fosbroke, Sandra L. C., ed. Proceedings, 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference; 1995 March 5-8; Morgantown, WV.: Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-197. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 172-178

  3. Do improvement harvests mitigate oak decline in Missouri Ozark forests?

    Since the 1970s, oak decline has been a chronic problem throughout the oak-dominated forests of the Missouri Ozarks. Prior research indicates that environmental stress, particularly drought, leads to the onset of oak decline. Consequently, some scientists and managers have advocated thinning and intermediate harvesting to maintain or improve tree vigor and growth,...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    John P. Dwyer; John M. Kabrick; James Wetteroff
    Year:
    2007
    Keywords:
    oak decline, improvement harvest, Missouri Ozark forests
    Source:
    Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 24(2): 123-128.

  4. Modeling the effects of harvest alternatives on mitigating oak decline in a Central Hardwood Forest landscape

    Oak decline is a process induced by complex interactions of predisposing factors, inciting factors, and contributing factors operating at tree, stand, and landscape scales. It has greatly altered species composition and stand structure in affected areas. Thinning, clearcutting, and group selection are widely adopted harvest alternatives for reducing forest...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Wen J. Wang; Hong S. He; Martin A. Spetich; Stephen R. Shifley; Frank R. III Thompson; Jacob S. Fraser
    Year:
    2013
    Keywords:
    Source:
    PLoS ONE. 8(6): e66713.

  5. Hickory decline and mortality: Update on hickory decline research

    Research continued through the 2010 field season on the etiology of hickory decline that is characterized by thinning crowns with small, yellow leaves and hickory bark beetle attack on the upper main stem. This research is part of a larger project initiated in 2006 to assess the distribution and determine the cause(s) of Forest Health Monitoring reported decline and...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Jennifer Juzwik; Ji-Huyn Park; Linda Haugen
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    Source:
    In: Feeley, Tivon, comp. Iowa's forest health report 2010. Des Moines, IA: Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry: 53-58.

  6. History of sugar maple decline

    Only a few episodes of sugar maple dieback or decline were recorded during the first half of the 20th Century. In contrast, the last 50 years have provided numerous reports of both urban and forest dieback/decline. In the late 1950s, a defoliation-triggered decline, termed maple blight, that occurred in Wisconsin prompted the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    David R. Houston
    Year:
    1999
    Keywords:
    Source:
    In: Horsley, Stephen B.; Long, Robert P., eds. Sugar maple ecology and health: proceedings of an international symposium; 1998 June 2-4; Warren, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-261. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 19-26.

  7. Nutritional factors associated with decline in Canada

    Forest decline in eastern Canada was particuiarly severe in the early 1980's and is still prevalent in some areas (Bowers and Hopkin 1997). Early public and scientific opinions on the causes of forest decline were often not based on sound scientific knowledge. Factors such as acidic precipitation and ozone were rnost often mentioned as direct causes of forest...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Benoit Cote
    Year:
    1999
    Keywords:
    Source:
    In: Horsley, Stephen B.; Long, Robert P., eds. Sugar maple ecology and health: proceedings of an international symposium; 1998 June 2-4; Warren, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-261. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 67.

  8. Are Forest Songbirds Declining? Status Assessment from the Southern Appalachians and Northeastern Forests

    Reported declines in populations of migratory songbirds in the eastern United States (Robbins et al. 1989, Askins et al. 1990, Hagan and Johnston 1992) have created a great deal of concern among researchers, land managers and conservationists, resulting in the formation of the large bird-conservation consortium, Partners In Flight. Among the causes implicated in these...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Kathleen E. Franzreb; Kenneth V. Rosenberg
    Year:
    1997
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Trans. 62nd No. Am. Wildl. and Natur. Resour: Conf.

  9. Decline of Ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) in Hawaii: a review

    Portions of the ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) forests on the windward slopes of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii began dying in 1952. Little mortality has occurred since 1972. About 50,000 ha are affected by the decline. Individual trees exhibit several symptoms, from slow progressive dieback to rapid death. Seven types of decline...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Charles S. Hodges; Ken T. Adee; John D. Stein; Hulton B. Wood; Robert D. Doty
    Year:
    1986
    Keywords:
    Armillaria mellea, Metrosideros polymorpha, Plagithmysus bilineatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, decline, rainforest, Hawaii
    Source:
    Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-86. Berkeley, Calif.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn. 22 p

  10. Spatio-temporal patterns of the decline of fresh water mussels in the Little South Fork Cumberland River,USA

    The Little South Fork Cumberland River, Kentucky and Tennessee, USA, was a globally important conservation refugium for freshwater mussels (Mollusca:Unionidae) because it supported an intact example (26 species) of the unique Cumberland River mussel fauna including imperiled species. We used previous surveys and our 1997–1998 survey to reconstruct the historical fauna...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Melvin L. Warren; Wendell R. Haag
    Year:
    2005
    Keywords:
    Cumberland River, endangered species, freshwater mussel, persistence, population decline, Unionidae
    Source:
    Biodiversity and Conservation 14:1383–1400

  11. Discovering the Factors Contributing to the Decline and Mortality of Willow Oaks in the D'Arbonne National Wildlife Refuge, LA.

    Since the early 1990's, mature willow oaks (Quercus phellos L.) on certain sites in the D'Arbonne National Wildlife Refuge(DNWR), in northeast Louisiana, have shown crown dieback. The die back is progressive with some trees continuing to decline, eventually leading to death, within one to three years. This condition has caused the Refuge forester to...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Theodor D. Leininger
    Year:
    1998
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Whiffen, H. J-H, W.C. Hubbard, eds. Proceedings of the 2nd Southern Forestry GIS Conference.

  12. Oak decline across the Ozark Highlands- from stand to landscape and regional scale processes

    Oak decline has been a problem in forests of the Ozark Highlands (OzH) for decades. It has impacted upland oak-hickory forests, particularly species in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae) across the Ozark Highlands of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. The oak decline complex is often described in terms of predisposing...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Marty Spetich; Zhaofei Fan; Hong S. He; Wen J. Wang; Michael K. Crosby; Stephen R. Shifley
    Year:
    2016
    Keywords:
    Source:
    In: Proceedings of the 18th biennial southern silvicultural research conference. e–Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–212. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.

  13. Oak Decline

    Occurrence of decline and mortality in this nation's hardwood forests has been documented in reports for the past 130 years. From 1856 through 1981, more than 26 decline events were reported from eight eastern states affecting almost all species of oaks. Fourteen factors have been implicated as either primary or secondary agents responsible for decline and...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Vernon Ammon; T. Evan Nebeker; Ted H. Filer; Francis I. McCracken; J. D. Solomon; H. E. Kennedy
    Year:
    1989
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Technical Bulletin 161. Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. 19 p.

  14. Visual interpretation and time series modeling of Landsat imagery highlight drought's role in forest canopy declines

    Remote sensing studies indicate that slow and subtle degradation of forest canopies, or forest canopy declines, has increased in extent during recent decades, possibly due to hotter and drier droughts. However, it is difficult to collect consistent, high-quality time series of forest canopy decline occurrence observations needed for examining multi-year drought...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    David M. Bell; Warren B. Cohen; Matthew Reilly; Zhiqiang Yang
    Year:
    2018
    Keywords:
    Drought, forest canopy decline, Landsat, Special Feature: Emerging Technologies in Ecology, stochastic antecedent modeling, TimeSync, western United States.
    Source:
    Ecosphere. 9(6): e02195-.

  15. Ohia forest decline: its spread and severity in Hawaii

    Ohia forest decline–its severity and rate of spread–was studied by aerial photographic techniques on a 197,000-acre (80,000-ha) portion of the island of Hawaii. In 1954, only 300 acres (121 ha) showed signs of severe decline; by 1972, the acreage of severely affected forest had increased to 85,200 acres (34,480 ha). Rate of decline and current severity were related to...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Edwin Q. P. Petteys; Robert E. Burgan; Robert E. Nelson
    Year:
    1975
    Keywords:
    ohia decline, forest diseases, epidemics, aerial photography, Hawaii
    Source:
    Res. Pap. PSW-105. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11 p

  16. POPULATION DECLINES OF THE PUERTO RICAN VIREO IN GUANICA FOREST.

    Abundance of the Puerto Rican Vireo (Vireo Zutimeri) in Guanica Forest, Puerto Rico, has declined gradually over the period 1973-1996 as determined by constant effort mist netting. Concurrent studies of breeding vireos show low nesting success, primarily due to parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis). This decline may reflect the rather recent entry of the...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    JOHN FAABORG; KATE M. DUGGER; WAYNE J. ARENDT; BETHANY L. WOODWORTH; MICHAEL E. BALTZ
    Year:
    1997
    Keywords:
    Guanica, Puerto Rico, dry forest, Molothrus boanriensis, vireos
    Source:
    Wilson Bull. 109(2): 195-202

  17. The timber industries of West Virginia

    The 1974 timber-industry survey in West Virginia showed that since 1965: Total roundwood output of industrial products has declined by 19 percent to 106.6 million cubic feet. Sawlog production has declined by 14 percent to 464 million board feet. Pulpwood production has declined by 33 percent to 214 thousand cords. Veneer-log production has declined by 38 percent to 3....

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    James T. Bones; Ralph P., Jr. Glover
    Year:
    1977
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Resour. Bull. NE-47. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 16p.

  18. A remote sensing-assisted risk rating study to predict oak decline and recovery in the Missouri Ozark Highlands, USA

    Forests in the Ozark Highlands underwent widespread oak decline affected by severe droughts in 1999-2000. In this study, the differential normalized difference water index was calculated to detect crown dieback. A multi-factor risk rating system was built to map risk levels of stands. As a quick response to drought, decline in 2000 mostly occurred in stands at low to...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Cuizhen Wang; Hong S. He; John M. Kabrick
    Year:
    2008
    Keywords:
    Source:
    GIScience and Remote Sensing. 45(4): 406-425.

  19. Non-native fish introductions and the reversibility of amphibian declines in the Sierra Nevada

    Amphibians are declining worldwide for a variety of reasons, including habitat alteration, introduction of non-native species, disease, climate change, and environmental contaminants. Amphibians often play important roles in structuring ecosystems, and, as a result, amphibian population declines or extinctions are likely to affect other trophic levels (Matthews and...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    Roland A. Knapp
    Year:
    2004
    Keywords:
    Source:
    In: Murphy, Dennis D. and Stine, Peter A., editors. Proceedings of the Sierra Nevada Science Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-193. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture: 127-132

  20. Evaluation of soil saturation, soil chemistry, and early spring soil and air temperatures as risk factors in yellow-cedar decline.

    Yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst.) is a valuable tree species that is experiencing a widespread decline and mortality in southeast Alaska. This study evaluated the relative importance of several potential risk factors associated with yellow-cedar decline: soil saturation, soil aluminum (Al) toxicity or calcium (Ca) deficiency...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22decline%22

    Author(s):
    D.V. D'Amore; P.E. Hennon
    Year:
    2006
    Keywords:
    aluminum, calcium, soil temperature, yellow-cedar decline
    Source:
    Global Change Biology. 12: 524-545

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