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  1. Fastener Corrosion: A Result of Moisture Problems in the Building Envelope

    This paper reviews recent literature on the corrosion of metals embedded in wood and highlights the link be-tween moisture accumulation in wood and fastener cor-rosion. Mechanisms of fastener corrosion are described including dependence upon wood moisture content. These fundamental concepts are applied to practical examples by explaining how hygrothermal models can be...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka
    Year:
    2013
    Keywords:
    fastener corrosion, preservative treated wood, hygrothermal modeling, yield theory, moisture management
    Source:
    Wood design Focus, Volume 23, Number 3, Fall issue 2013; pp. 26-31.

  2. Measuring the surface area of fasteners

    New product provides a easy way for companies to identify the surface area of threaded and nonthreaded fasteners, especially as changes in wood preservative treatments act to accelerate metal fastener corrosion in wood.

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Douglas R. Rammer; Samuel L. Zelinka
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    Metals, testing, corrosion, anti-corrosives, fasteners, copper, wood preservatives, joints, screws, optical measurements, surfaces, joints, failure, connectors, treated wood, preservative treated wood, preservatives, chromated copper arsenate, CCA, durability, alkaline copper quat, ACQ, surface area, failure, CuAz, copper azole
    Source:
    Fastener technology international. Vol. 34, no. 1 (Feb. 2011): p. 40-41.

  3. Current and Future Applications of Mechanical Fasteners for Light-Frame Wood Structures: Proceedings of Mechanical Fasteners Plenary Session at the Forest Products Research Society Annual Meeting

    The title of this publication-"Current and Future Applications of Mechanical Fasteners for Light-Frame Wood Structures" is the theme of this plenary session from the 1991 annual meeting of the Forest Products Research Society (FPRS). This theme was chosen to address current issues in the forest products industry: changing design codes, fastener performance,...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Leslie H. Groom; [Compiler]
    Year:
    1993
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-92. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 18 p.

  4. Wood : mechanical fasteners

    The strength and stability of any structure depends heavily on the fasteners that hold its parts together. One prime advantage of wood as a structural material is the ease with which wood structural parts can be joined together using a wide variety of fasteners: nails, staples, screws, lag screws, bolts, and various types of metal connectors. For the utmost rigidity,...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Douglas R. Rammer
    Year:
    2001
    Keywords:
    Fasteners, testing, joints (engineering), fasteners, bolts, nuts, connectors, nails, spikes, screws
    Source:
    Encyclopedia of materials : science and technology. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 2001: 3 pages

  5. Electrochemical corrosion testing of fasteners in extracts of treated wood

    A recent change in wood preservatives has highlighted the need for a rapid, quantitative test to measure the corrosion rates of metals in contact with treated wood that could be used to evaluate new fasteners or new wood preservatives. A new method was developed where polarisation resistance tests were conducted on fasteners exposed to a water extract of wood treated...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Douglas R. Rammer; Donald S. Stone
    Year:
    2008
    Keywords:
    Carbon steel, galvanized coatings, wood extractives, alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), polarisation resistance
    Source:
    Corrosion science. Vol. 50 (2008): Pages 1251-1257.

  6. Optical method for measuring the surface area of a threaded fastener

    This article highlights major aspects of a new optical technique to determine the surface area of a threaded fastener; the theoretical framework has been reported elsewhere. Specifically, this article describes general surface area expressions used in the analysis, details of image acquisition system, and major image processing steps contained within the measurement...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Douglas Rammer; Samuel Zelinka
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    Wood preservatives, corrosion, anti-corrosives, fasteners, metals, joints, screws, testing, mathematical models, equations, optical measurements, surfaces, measurement, connectors, treated wood, preservative treated wood, surface area
    Source:
    Experimental techniques. Vol. 34, no. 4 (July/Aug. 2010): p. 36-39.

  7. Comparison of the corrosion of fasteners embedded in wood measured in outdoor exposure with the predictions from a combined hygrothermal-corrosion model

    This paper examines the accuracy of a recently developed hygrothermal-corrosion model which predictsthe corrosion of fasteners embedded in wood by comparing the results of the model to a one year fieldtest. Steel and galvanized steel fasteners were embedded into untreated and preservative treated woodand exposed outdoors while weather data were collected. Qualitatively...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Samuel V. Glass; Charles R. Boardman; Dominique Derome
    Year:
    2016
    Keywords:
    Carbon steel, Zinc, Modelling studies, Weight loss, Carbon steel
    Source:
    Corrosion Science

  8. Combining hygrothermal and corrosion models to predict corrosion of metal fasteners embedded in wood

    A combined heat, moisture, and corrosion model is presented and used to simulate the corrosion of metal fasteners embedded in solid wood exposed to the exterior environment. First, the moisture content and temperature at the wood/fastener interface is determined at each time step. Then, the amount of corrosion is determined spatially using an empirical corrosion rate...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Dominique Derome; Samuel V. Glass
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    Metals, testing, corrosion, anti-corrosives, fasteners, joints, wood preservatives, chemical reactions, moisture, wood moisture, service life, accelerated life testing, temperature, decks, rain, precipitation, climatic zones, computer simulation, connectors, tests, treated wood, preservative treated wood, exposure tests, moisture content, accelerated testing, durability, hygrothermal modeling
    Source:
    Building and environment. Vol. 46, no. 10 (Oct. 2011): p. 2060-2068.

  9. DETERMINAZIONE DELL'AREA SUPERFICIALE DEI SI-STEMI DI FlSSAGGlO / MEASURING THE SURFACE AREA OF FASTENERS

    How do you measure the surface area of a threaded fastener? How much coating would you put on it? How thick of a coating? what about non-threaded fasteners?

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Douglas Rammer; Samuel Zelinka
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    fasteners, corrosion, wood
    Source:
    AlFM - Galvanotecnica Volume 5, 2011; pp. 268-271.

  10. Copper distribution and oxidation states near corroded fasteners in treated wood

    Metal fasteners are used to hold wood structures together. In outdoor applications, these fasteners are subject to corrosion when the wood is treated with certain preservative treatments. Typically, these treatments contain copper. Prior work has hypothesized that the mechanism of corrosion in treated wood involves reduction of copper ions from the wood treatments....

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Joseph E. Jakes; Grant T. Kirker; Leandro Passarini; Christopher G. Hunt; Barry Lai; Olga Antipova; Luxi Li; Stefan Vogt
    Year:
    2019
    Keywords:
    X-ray fluorescence Microscopy (XFM), X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), preservative treated wood, corrosion, copper
    Source:
    SN Applied Sciences. 1(3): 1-10.

  11. Corrosion rates of fasteners in treated wood exposed to 100% relative humidity

    In the past, gravimetric corrosion data for fasteners exposed to treated wood has been reported as a percent weight loss. Although percent weight loss is a valid measure of corrosion for comparing identical fasteners, it can distort the corrosion performance of fasteners with different geometries and densities. This report reevaluates a key report on the corrosiveness...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Douglas R. Rammer
    Year:
    2009
    Keywords:
    Corrosion, wood, wood preservatives, fastening, metals, testing, anti-corrosives, fasteners, joints, wood preservatives, fasteners, humidity, steel, connectors, ACQ, treated wood, preservatives, alkaline copper quat, preservative treated wood, failure, chromated copper arsenate, CCA, exposure tests, preservatives, ammonical copper arsenate, ACA
    Source:
    Journal of materials in civil engineering. (Dec. 2009): p. 758-763.

  12. The effect of moisture content on the corrosion of fasteners embedded in wood subjected to alkaline copper quaternary treatment

    This paper characterizes the corrosion rate of embedded fasteners as a function of wood moisture content using gravimetric and electrochemical measurements. The results indicated that the corrosion rate increased with moisture content before reaching a plateau. The phases present in the corrosion products, as analyzed using X-ray diffraction, are generally consistent...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Samuel V. Glass; Dominique Derome
    Year:
    2014
    Keywords:
    A. Steel, A. Zinc, B. Polarization, B. Weight loss, B. X-ray diffraction
    Source:
    Corrosion Science, Volume 83, 2014; pp. 67-74.

  13. Analytical determination of the surface area of a threaded fastener

    Accurate determination of corrosion rates for threaded fasteners hinges on the ability to determine the...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Douglas R. Rammer; Samuel L. Zelinka
    Year:
    2008
    Keywords:
    Metals, testing, fasteners, corrosion, joints, failure, screws, mathematical models, equations, wood preservatives, connectors, surface area, preservatives, chromated copper arsenate, CCA, preservative treated wood, treated wood
    Source:
    Journal of testing and evaluation. Vol. 36, no. 1 (Jan. 2008): Pages 1-9.

  14. Fastenings

    The strength and stability of any structure depend heavily on the fastenings that hold its parts together. One prime advantage of wood as a structural material is the ease with which wood structural parts can be joined together with a wide variety of fastenings—nails, spikes, screws, bolts, lag screws, drift pins, staples, and metal connectors of various types. For...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Douglas R. Rammer
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    Joints, mechanical properties, fasteners, testing, metals, nails, spikes, wood moisture, moisture, screws, bolts, nuts, strains, stresses, timber joints, staples, connectors, strength, resistance, wood strength, moisture content, joists, dimensional stability, timber connectors, nail holding properties, screw holding properties
    Source:
    Wood handbook : wood as an engineering material: chapter 8. Centennial ed. General technical report FPL ; GTR-190. Madison, WI : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010: p. 8.1-8.28.

  15. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a tool for measuring corrosion of polymer-coated fasteners used in treated wood

    Currently, many of the polymer-coated fasteners on the market are designed for improved corrosion performance in treated wood; yet, there is no way to evaluate their corrosion performance. In this study, a common technique for measuring the corrosion performance of polymer-coated metals, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), was used to evaluate commercial...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Lorraine Ortiz-Candelaria; Donald S. Stone; Douglas R. Rammer
    Year:
    2009
    Keywords:
    Plastic coating, coatings, deterioration, accelerated life testing, metals, testing, corrosion, anti-corrosives, fasteners, joints, wood preservatives, alkaline copper quat, electrical impedance spectroscopy, treated wood, connectors, accelerated testing, ACQ
    Source:
    Forest products journal. Vol. 59, nos. 1/2 (Jan./Feb. 2009): Pages 77-82.

  16. From laboratory corrosion tests to a corrosion lifetime for wood fasteners : progress and challenges

    Determining a “corrosion-lifetime” for fasteners embedded in wood treated with recently adopted preservative systems depends upon successfully relating results of laboratory tests to in-service conditions. In contrast to laboratory tests where metal is embedded in wood at constant temperature and moisture content, the in-service temperature and moisture content of wood...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Dominique Derome; Samuel V. Glass
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    Wood preservatives, corrosion, fasteners, testing, moisture, wood moisture, temperature, metal testing, engineering joints, fasteners, metal corrosion, mathematical models, equations, humidity, service life, finite element method, mass transfer, galvanized steel, steel corrosion, preservatives, copper azole, CuAz, connectors, treated wood, preservative treated wood, review article, reviews, moisture content, exposure tests, durability, chromated copper arsenate, CCA, alkaline copper quat, ACQ, hygrothermal modeling
    Source:
    Proceedings of the International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe--Timber Committee, October 11-14, 2010, Geneva, Switzerland. [S.l. : s.n.], 2010: 14 p. Paper WS-96.

  17. Fastenings

    The strength and stability of any structure depend heavily on the fastenings that hold its parts together. One prime advantage of wood as a structural material is the ease with which wood structural parts can be joined together with a wide variety of fastenings— nails, spikes, screws, bolts, lag screws, drift pins, staples, and metal connectors of various types. For...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Lawrence A. Soltis
    Year:
    1999
    Keywords:
    Joints (timber), timber connectors, strength, mechanical properties, fastenings
    Source:
    Wood handbook : wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI : USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1999. General technical report FPL ; GTR-113: Pages 7.1-7.28

  18. Exposure testing of fasteners in preservative treated wood : gravimetric corrosion rates and corrosion product analyses

    Research was conducted to determine the corrosion rates of metals in preservative treated wood and also understand the mechanism of metal corrosion in treated wood. Steel and hot-dip galvanized steel fasteners were embedded in wood treated with one of six preservative treatments and exposed to 27oC at 100% relative humidity for 1 year. The...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Samuel L. Zelinka; Rebecca J. Sichel; Donald S. Stone
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    Metals, testing, corrosion, fasteners, joints, wood preservatives, steel, humidity, galvanized steel, zinc, gravimetric analysis, X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, iron oxides, hydroxides, copper, sulfates, connectors, treated wood, preservative treated wood, exposure tests, X-ray diffraction, preservatives, chromated copper arsenate, CCA, alkaline copper quat, ACQ, micronized copper quat, MCQ, didecyl dimethyl ammonium carbonate, DDAC, copper azole, CuAz
    Source:
    Corrosion science. Vol. 52, no. 12 (Dec. 2010): p. 3943-3948.

  19. Fastener corrosion : testing, research, and design considerations

    In 2004, the voluntary removal of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) from residential wood construction raised concern about corrosion of metal fasteners in wood treated with replacement preservatives. Replacement preservatives contain more copper, which may increase corrosion, and do not contain chromates or arsenates, which are known corrosion inhibitors. This paper is...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Douglas R. Rammer; Samuel L. Zelinka; Philip Line
    Year:
    2006
    Keywords:
    Joints, testing, corrosion, anti-corrosives, wood preservation, fasteners, metals, preserved wood, review article, preservative treated wood, treated wood, preservatives, chromated coppe arsenate, connectors, CCA
    Source:
    WCTE 2006 : 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering, August 6-10, 2006, Portland, OR, USA : program and abstracts. Portland, Or. : World Conference on Timber Engineering, [2006]: [8] pages.

  20. Angle to grain strength of dowel-type fasteners

    Timber structures require adequate connections between components. Connection design is based on the performance criterion of a single fastener. This study is part of a research effort by the Forest Products Laboratory to establish a common basis design criteria for lateral strength of dowel-type fasteners that includes nails, screws, lag screws, and bolts. A general...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22fasteners%22

    Author(s):
    Lawrence A. Soltis; Suparman Karnasudirdja; James K. Little
    Year:
    1987
    Keywords:
    Nails, fasteners, timber, connections, strength, density, grain angle
    Source:
    Wood and fiber science. Vol. 19, no. 1 (1987): Pages 68-80

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