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  1. Formaldehyde Emissions from Urea-Formaldehyde- and no-added-formaldehyde-Bonded particleboard as Influenced by Temperature and Relative Humidity

    It is well documented that temperature and humidity can influence formaldehyde emissions from composite panels that are produced using urea-formaldehyde (UF)–type adhesives. This work investigates the effect of temperature and humidity on newer commercial California Air Resources Board (CARB) phase II–compliant particleboard produced with UF-type adhesives. These...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Charles R. Frihart; James M. Wescott; Timothy L. Chaffee; Kyle M. Gonner
    Year:
    2012
    Keywords:
    Formaldehyde, particleboard, emissions, soy, urea-formaldehyde
    Source:
    Forest Prod. J. Volume 62, Number 7/8, 2012; pp. 551–558.

  2. Formaldehyde emissions from ULEF- and NAF-bonded commercial hardwood plywood as influenced by temperature and relative humidity

    It is well documented in the literature that temperature and humidity can influence formaldehyde emissions from composite panels that are produced using urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives. This work investigates the effect of temperature and humidity on newer, ultra-low emitting formaldehyde urea formaldehyde (ULEF-UF) and no-added formaldehyde (NAF) adhesives. A...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Charles R. Frihart; James M. Wescott; Michael J. Birkeland; Kyle M. Gonner
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    Formaldehyde, plywood, adhesives, glue, temperature, humidity, composite materials, environmental monitoring, air pollution, measurement, hardwoods, soybean glue, heat, emissions, gluing, exposure tests, ASTM E 1333, thermal degradation
    Source:
    Proceedings of the International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe--Timber Committee, October 11-14, 2010, Geneva, Switzerland. [S.l. : s.n.], 2010: 13 p. [Paper WS-23]

  3. Formaldehyde emission and high-temperature stability of cured urea-formaldehyde resins

    A test method for measuring formaldehyde from urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins at high temperature was developed and used to assess the influence of the reaction pH on the formaldehyde emission and heat stability of the cured resins. Additionally, solid-state 13C CP/MAS nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to investigate the...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Shin-ichiro Tohmura; Chung-Yun Hse; Mitsuo Higuchi
    Year:
    2000
    Keywords:
    urea-formaldehyde resin, Formaldehyde-emission, Solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR, Heat stability
    Source:
    J Wood Sci. 46:303-309

  4. Melamine-bridged alkyl resorcinol modified urea - formaldehyde resin for bonding hardwood plywood

    A powdery product was obtained by the reaction of methylolated melamine with alkyl resorcinols to form melamine-bridged alkyl resorcinols (MARs). The effects of the addition of this powder on the bonding strength and formaldehyde emission of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins were investigated. Three types of UF resins with a formaldehyde/urea molar ratio of 1.3 synthesized...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Chung-Yun Hse; Mitsuo Higuchi
    Year:
    2010
    Keywords:
    adhesives, ageing, catalysts, mixing, NMR
    Source:
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 116:2840-2845

  5. Development of melamine modified urea formaldehyde resins based o nstrong acidic pH catalyzed urea formaldehyde polymer

    To upgrade the performance of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin bonded particleboards, melamine modified urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins based on strong acidic pH catalyzed UF polymers were investigated. The study was conducted in a series of two experiments: 1) formulation of MUF resins based on a UF polymer catalyzed with strong acidic pH and 2) determination of the...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Chung-Yun Hse
    Year:
    2009
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Forest Products Journal, Vol. 59(4): 19-25

  6. The formaldehyde problem in wood-based products : an annotated bibliography

    Urea-formaldehyde-type adhesives have the inherent characteristic of giving off free formaldehyde under some conditions of use. The vapor can build up to concentrations which can be a nuisance, uncomfortable, or an actual health hazard. The "formaldehyde problem" is reviewed, from literature sources, in five respects : oriqins, analytical, control and removal...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    F. H. Max Nestler
    Year:
    1977
    Keywords:
    Adhesives, bibliographies, emission, formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, particleboards, plywood, health hazards, analytical methods, control, toxicology, odor abatement, formaldehyde, adhesives (wood)
    Source:
    Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-08. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 63 p.

  7. Reaction of formaldehyde at the ortho- and para-positions of phenol: exploration of mechanisms using computational chemistry.

    Computational chemistry methods can be used to explore the theoretical chemistry behind reactive systems, to compare the relative chemical reactivity of different systems, and, by extension, to predict the reactivity of new systems. Ongoing research has focused on the reactivity of a wide variety of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde using semi-empirical and ab...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Anthony H. Conner; Melissa S. Reeves
    Year:
    2001
    Keywords:
    formaldehyde, phenol, transition states, reactivity
    Source:
    Wood Adhesives 2000. Madison, WI : Forest Products Society, c2001. Pages 483-487.

  8. Formaldehyde emission from particleboard and plywood paneling : measurement, mechanism, and product standards

    A number of commercial panel products, primarily particleboard and hardwood plywood, were tested for their formaldehyde emission behavior using desiccator, perforator, and dynamic chamber methods. The results were analyzed in terms of the source of formaldehyde observed in the tests (free vs. hydrolytically produced) and the potential utility of the testa as product...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    George E. Myers
    Year:
    1983
    Keywords:
    Particleboard, formaldehyde, emission, plywood, paneling, product standards, measurement
    Source:
    Forest products journal. Vol. 33, no. 5 (May 1983): Pages 27-37

  9. Heat stability of cured urea-formaldehyde resins by measuring formaldehyde emission

    A test method for measuring formaldehyde from urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins at high tempera­tures was developed and used to assess the influence of the reaction pH at synthesis on the formaldehyde emission during cure and heat stability of the cured resins without water. Additionally, 13C-CP/MAS solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Shin-ichiro Tohmura; Chung-Yun Hse; Mitsuo Higuchi
    Year:
    1999
    Keywords:
    Source:
    In:Christiansen, Alfred W.; Pilato, Louis A. International contributions to wood adhesion research; Proceedings no. 7267. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society:93-100.

  10. Melamine-modified urea formaldehyde resin for bonding particleboards

    For the development of a cost-effective melamine-modified urea formaldehyde resin (MUF), the study evaluated the effects of reaction pH and melamine content on resin properties and bond performance of the MUF resin adhesive systems. Eight resins, each with three replicates, were prepared in a factorial experiment that included two formulation variables: two reaction...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Chung-Yun Hse; Feng Fu; Hui Pan
    Year:
    2008
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Forest Products Journal Vol. 58, No. 4

  11. Characterization and Performance of Melamine Enhanced Urea Formaldehyde Resin for Bonding Southern Pine Particleboard

    Urea-formaldehyde resins modified by melamine were synthesized by four catalysts (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, and NaOH/NH4OH) with a F/U/M molar ratio of 1.38/1/0.074. Resin structure and thermal behavior were studied by 13C-NMR and DSC techniques. For H2SO4, HCl, and H3PO4 catalysts, resins were prepared by two stage pH adjustment: the first pH stage was set at 1.25 (H3PO4 pH...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Qi-Ning Sun; Chung-Yun Hse; Todd F. Shupe
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    13C-NMR, DSC, melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin, acid catalysts, southern pine particleboards, formaldehyde emission
    Source:
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 119:3538–3543

  12. Effects of reaction pH on properties and performance of urea-formaldehyde resins

    Urea formaldehyde resins were formulated with combination variables of three reaction pH (1.0, 4.8, and 8.0) and four molar ratios of formaldehyde to urea (2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0). The resins were prepared by placing all formaldehyde and water in reaction kettle and pH was adjusted with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, respectively. Urea was added in 15 equal parts...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Chung-Yun Hse; Zhi-Yuan Xia; Bunchiro Tomita
    Year:
    1994
    Keywords:
    Urea fomlaldehyde resin, reaction pH, molar ratio, molecular weight, 13C NMR spectra, bond strength, formaldehyde emission
    Source:
    Holzforschung 48(6):527

  13. Emission of formaldehyde by particleboard : effect of ventilation rate and loading on air-contamination levels

    Dynamic tests for determining the formaldehyde emission behavior of UF-bonded boards involve the measurement of formaldehyde concentration in the air within a vessel which contains a specified board loading L (m2 of board area per m3 of vessel free volume) and is being ventilated at a specified air exchange rate N (hr.-1). Such tests constitute a primary...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    George E. Myers; Muneo Nagaoka
    Year:
    1981
    Keywords:
    Particleboard, ventilation rate, loading, air-contamination, formaldehyde, emission
    Source:
    Forest products journal. Vol. 31, no. 7 (July 1981): Pages 39-[44]

  14. Predicting the reactivity of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde. II, continuation of an ab initio study.

    Phenol–formaldehyde resins are important adhesives used by the forest products industry. The phenolic compounds in these resins are derived primarily from petrochemical sources. Alternate sources of phenolic compounds include tannins, lignins, biomass pyrolysis products, and coal gasification products. Because of variations in their chemical structures, the...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Tohru Mitsunaga; Anthony H. Conner; Charles G. Jr. Hill
    Year:
    2002
    Keywords:
    chemical computation, ab initio, phenolics, formaldehyde, adhesives
    Source:
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 86, 135-140 (2002)

  15. Analysis of cocondensation of melamine and urea through formaldehyde with carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

    The 13C-NMR (carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins, and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) cocondensed resins synthesized under various conditions were taken with a frequency of 75 MHz. The main purpose was to investigate whether or not the occurrences of cocondensation...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Bunichiro Tomita; Chung-Yun Hse
    Year:
    1995
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Japan Wood Research Society 41(3):349-354

  16. Synthesis of phenol-urea-formaldehyde cocondensed resins from UF-concentrate and phenol

    A new synthetic method to obtain phenol-urea-formaldehyde cocondensed resins was developed by reacting phenol with "UF-concentrate", which is a kind of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin prepared with a high molar ratio of formaldehyde to urea (F/U) such as above 2.5. The products were analyzed with 13C-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Bunchiro Tomita; Mashiko Ohyama; Chung-Yun Hse
    Year:
    1994
    Keywords:
    Phenol, urea, formaldehyde, cocondensed resins, resol, C-13 NMR, structure, GPC
    Source:
    Holzforschung 48(6):522-526

  17. Wettability of southern pine veneer by phenol formaldehyde wood adhesives

    Wettabillty of southern pine veneers was judged by measuring the contact angles made by 36 phenol formaldehyde resins. Formulation of the resins was by factorial design. the molar ratios of sodium hydroxide to phenol being 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0, the levels of resin solids content in the reaction mixture 37, 40, and 43 percent, and the molar ratios of formaldehyde to phenol...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    C. -Y. Hse
    Year:
    1972
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Forest Products Journal 22(1):51-56

  18. Wettability of southern pine veneer by phenol formaldehyde wood adhesives

    Wettability of southern pine veneers was judged by measuring the contact angles made by 36 phenol formaldehyde resins. Formulation of the resins was by factorial design, the molar ratios of sodium hydroxide to phenol being 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0, the levels of resin solids content in the reaction mixture 37, 40, and 43 percent, and the molar ratios of formaldehyde to phenol...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Chung-Yun Hse
    Year:
    1972
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Forest Products Journal, Vol. 22(1): 51-56

  19. 1H and 13C-NMR studies on phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers for tannin-based adhesives

    The number average structure and the molecular weight distribution of phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers for use in synthesis of tannin-based adhesive resins were determined with 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography of acetylated resins. These methods were used to determine differences in phenol-...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Gerald W. McGraw; Lawerence L. Lanucci; Seiji Ohara; Richard W. Hemingway
    Year:
    1989
    Keywords:
    Source:
    Journal of Wood Chemical & Technology 9(2):201-217

  20. Synthesis and cure kinetics of liquefied wood/phenol/formaldehyde resins

    Wood liquefaction was conducted at a 2/1 phenol/wood ratio in two different reactors: (1) an atmospheric three-necked flask reactor and (2) a sealed Parr reactor. The liquefied wood mixture (liquefied wood, unreacted phenol, and wood residue) was further condensed with formaldehyde under acidic conditions to synthesize two novolac-type liquefied wood/phenol/...

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22formaldehyde%22

    Author(s):
    Hui Pan; Todd F. Shupe; Chung-Yun Hse
    Year:
    2008
    Keywords:
    liquefied wood, phenol, novolac, DSC, kinetics (polym.)
    Source:
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 108:1837-1844.

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