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  1. A brief review of machine vision in the context of automated wood identification systems

    The need for accurate and rapid field identification of wood to combat illegal logging around the world is outpacing the ability to train personnel to perform this task. Despite increased interest in non-anatomical (DNA, spectroscopic, chemical) methods for wood identification, anatomical characteristics are the least labile data that can be extracted from solid wood...

    Author(s):
    John C. Hermanson; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    Machine vision, wood identification, illegal logging, endangered species, pattern recognition, wood anatomy, image analysis, endangered plants, computer vision, image processing, automatic machinery, wood inspection, logging, law enforcement, optical equipment, optical instruments
    Source:
    IAWA journal. Vol. 32, no. 2 (2011): p. 233-250.

  2. Chapter 01: Wood identification and pattern recognition

    Wood identification is a combination of art and science. Although the bulk of this manual focuses on the scientific characteristics used to make accurate field identifications of wood, the contribution of the artistic component to the identification process should be neither overlooked nor understated. Though the accumulation of scientific knowledge and experience is...

    Author(s):
    Alex Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    wood identification, hand lens, Central America, Central American woods, commercial timber, pattern recognition, wood identification process, biology of wood, wood anatomy, wood structure, scientific names, loupe, macroscopic, sample preparation, surfacing, cutting, characters, vessels, rays, parenchyma, identification key, species description, similar woods, species summaries, wood collection, wood identification references, Inside wood
    Source:
    In: Identification of Central American Woods. 2011. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Publication #7215-11, ISBN 978-1-892529-58-9. pp. 7-9.

  3. Chapter 08: Comments on, and additional information for, wood identification

    This manual has described the theory of identification (Chapter 1), the botanical basis of wood structure (Chapter 2), the use of a hand lens (Chapter 3), how to use cutting tools to prepare wood for observation with a lens (Chapter 4), and the characters used in hand lens wood identification (Chapter 5) before leading you through an identification key (Chapter 6) and...

    Author(s):
    Alex C. Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    wood identification, hand lens, Central America, Central American woods, commercial timber, pattern recognition, wood identification process, biology of wood, wood anatomy, wood structure, scientific names, loupe, macroscopic, sample preparation, surfacing, cutting, characters, vessels, rays, parenchyma, identification key, species description, similar woods, species summaries, wood collection, wood identification references, InsideWood
    Source:
    In: Identification of Central American Woods. 2011. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Publication #7215-11, ISBN 978-1-892529-58-9. pp. 159-163.

  4. Chapter 04: Bloodless wood specimen preparation for hand lens observation

    The single most difficult physical skill involved in wood identification is producing a smoothly prepared surface for observing anatomical features. This skill must be practiced patiently; it takes time to become proficient at this task. Producing a cleanly cut surface is also the only appreciably dangerous aspect of wood identification with a hand lens; the tools used...

    Author(s):
    Alex Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    wood identification, hand lens, Central America, Central American woods, commercial timber, pattern recognition, wood identification process, biology of wood, wood anatomy, wood structure, scientific names, loupe, macroscopic, sample preparation, surfacing, cutting, characters, vessels, rays, parenchyma, identification key, species description, similar woods, species summaries, wood collection, wood identification references, InsideWood
    Source:
    In: Identification of Central American Woods. 2011. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Publication #7215-11, ISBN 978-1-892529-58-9. pp. 23-30.

  5. REVIEW OF MACROSCOPIC FEATURES FOR HARDWOOD AND SOFTWOOD IDENTIFICATION AND A PROPOSAL FOR A NEW CHARACTER LIST

    With the adoption of a number of anti-illegal logging laws, treaties, memoranda, and international agreements around the world, there is broad and renewed interest in wood identification, especially in the field at the macroscopic level. In response to this interest, and to begin to fill an obvious gap in the corpus of wood anatomical reference material, we review...

    Author(s):
    Flavio Ruffinatto; Alan Crivellaro; Alex Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2015
    Keywords:
    List, glossary, hand lens, wood identification, forensic wood anatomy, nomenclature, illegal logging.
    Source:
    IAWA Journal

  6. Comparison of two forensic wood identification technologies for ten Meliaceae woods: computer vision versus mass spectrometry

    A wealth of forensic wood identifcation technologies has been developed or improved in recent years, with many attempts to compare results between technologies. The utility of such comparisons is greatly reduced when the species tested with each technology are diferent and when performance metrics are not calculated or presented in the same way. Here, a species-level...

    Author(s):
    Prabu Ravindran; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2020
    Keywords:
    Forensic wood identification, computer vision, mass spectrometry, XyloTron, meliaceae, deep learning
    Source:
    Wood Science and Technology. 46(2): 1163. 12 p.

  7. Chapter 05: Basic characters used in the identification of wood with a hand lens

    The characters presented in this chapter represent the minimal set of terms and concepts necessary to build skill and proficiency in wood identification with a hand lens. This list is not exhaustive, nor is it in complete agreement with the characters used by other authors, in other references, or in traditional microscopic wood anatomy.

    Author(s):
    Alex Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    wood identification, hand lens, Central America, Central American woods, commercial timber, pattern recognition, wood identification process, biology of wood, wood anatomy, wood structure, scientific names, loupe, macroscopic, sample preparation, surfacing, cutting, characters, vessels, rays, parenchyma, identification key, species description, similar woods, species summaries, wood collection, wood identification references, InsideWood
    Source:
    In: Identification of Central American Woods. 2011. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Publication #7215-11, ISBN 978-1-892529-58-9. pp. 31-46.

  8. Chapter 02: Basic wood biology—Anatomy for identification

    Before the topics of using a hand lens, preparing wood for observation, and understanding the characters used in wood identification can be tackled, a general introduction to the biology of wood must be undertaken. The woods in commercial trade in Central America come almost exclusively from trees, so the discussion of wood biology is restricted to trees here, though...

    Author(s):
    Alex Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    wood identification, hand lens, Central America, Central American woods, commercial timber, pattern recognition, wood identification process, biology of wood, wood anatomy, wood structure, scientific names, loupe, macroscopic, sample preparation, surfacing, cutting, characters, vessels, rays, parenchyma, identification key, species description, similar woods, species summaries, wood collection, wood identification references, InsideWood
    Source:
    In: Identification of Central American Woods. 2011. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Publication #7215-11, ISBN 978-1-892529-58-9. pp. 11-20.

  9. Chapter 03: Correct use of a hand lens

    A hand lens is a powerful tool for the identification of wood, but like all tools it must be used correctly to take full advantage of its powers. The hand lens has two main parts, a lens that magnifies the object of interest (generally we use 10X or 14X lenses in wood identification; a 14X lens is recommended for use with this manual) and a housing to hold and protect...

    Author(s):
    Alex Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2011
    Keywords:
    wood identification, hand lens, Central America, Central American woods, commercial timber, pattern recognition, wood identification process, biology of wood, wood anatomy, wood structure, scientific names, loupe, macroscopic, sample preparation, surfacing, cutting, characters, vessels, rays, parenchyma, identification key, species description, similar woods, species summaries, wood collection, wood identification references, InsideWood
    Source:
    In: Identification of Central American Woods. 2011. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Publication #7215-11, ISBN 978-1-892529-58-9. pp. 21-22.

  10. DNA barcode authentication and library development for the wood of six commercial Pterocarpus species: the critical role of xylarium specimens

    DNA barcoding has been proposed as a useful tool for forensic wood identification and development of a reliable DNA reference library is an essential first step. Xylaria (wood collections) are potentially enormous data repositories if DNA information could be extracted from wood specimens. In this study, 31 xylarium wood specimens and 8 leaf specimens of six important...

    Author(s):
    Lichao Jiao; Min Yu; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft; Tuo He; Jianing Li; Bo Liu; Xiaomei Jiang; Yafang Yin
    Year:
    2018
    Keywords:
    DNA barcoding, xylarium, Pterocarpus, wood identification
    Source:
    Scientific Reports. 8(1): 1-10.

  11. The origins of Tradescant’s ‘India Occidentali’ wooden clubs: 14C dating, material identification and strontium isotope studies

    This paper focuses on the material study (radiocarbon dating, wood identification and strontium isotope analyses) of four large ‘India occidentali’ clubs, part of the founding collections of the Ashmolean Museum, in Oxford, and originally part of John Tradescant’s ‘Ark’,in Lambeth (1656). During the seventeenth century, the term ‘India occidentali/occidentales’...

    Author(s):
    Joanna Ostapkowicz; Alison Roberts; Jevon Thistlewood; Fiona Brock; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft; Chrostophe Snoeck; Rick Schulting; Warwick Bray
    Year:
    2018
    Keywords:
    Taino, radiocarbon dating, strontium isotopes, wood identification
    Source:
    The Antiquaries Journal. 00: 1-32.

  12. Black pitch, carved histories: radiocarbon dating, wood species identification and strontium isotope analysis of prehistoric wood carvings from Trinidad’s Pitch Lake

    We report on the results of a multi-disciplinary project (including wood identification, radiocarbon dating and strontium isotope analysis) focused on a collection of pre-Columbian wooden carvings and human remains from Pitch Lake, Trinidad. While the lake's unusual conditions are conducive to the survival of organic artefacts, they also present particular...

    Author(s):
    Joanna Ostapkowicz; Fiona Brock; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft; Christophe Snoeck; John Pouncett; Yasmin Baksh-Comeau; Rick Schulting; Philippe Claeys; Nadine Mattielli; Mike Richards; Arie Boomert
    Year:
    2017
    Keywords:
    Pitch Lake, Trinidad, wood carvings, radiocarbon dating, wood identification, Strontium isotopes, Circum-Caribbean
    Source:
    Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 16(2017): 341-358.

  13. The XyloTron: flexible, open-source, image-based macroscopic field identification of wood products

    Forests, estimated to contain two thirds of the world’s biodiversity, face existential threats due to illegal logging and land conversion. Efforts to combat illegal logging and to support sustainable value chains are hampered by a critical lack of affordable and scalable technologies for field-level inspection of wood and wood products. To meet this need we present the...

    Author(s):
    Prabu Ravindran; Blaise J. Thompson; Richard K. Soares; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft
    Year:
    2020
    Keywords:
    Wood identification, charcoal identification, convolutional neural networks, deep learning, sustainability, forest products, computer vision
    Source:
    Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 1015. 8 p.

  14. Timber species identification from chemical fingerprints using direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS): comparison of wood samples subjected to different treatments

    Timber genus identification based on the anatomical features of wood is well established in botany. However, species-level wood identification is not always possible based on traditional wood morphology techniques alone. To compensate for the deficiencies of traditional methods, direct analysis in real time coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance...

    Author(s):
    Maomao Zhang; Guangjie Zhao; Juan Guo; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft; Charles C. Liu; Yafang Yin
    Year:
    2019
    Keywords:
    air-dried wood chips, DART-FTICR-MS, metabolomics analysis, OPLS-DA, species-level wood identification
    Source:
    Holzforschung. 73(11): 975-985. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0304.
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