Index of Species Information
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Vison vison
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| Juvenile American mink. Wikimedia Commons image By Brendan Lally, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15259164. |
Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Sullivan, Janet. Vison vison. 1996. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/vivi/all.html [].
Revisions :
On 15 November 2018, the scientific name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: Neovison vison
to: Vison vison. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION :
VIVI
COMMON NAMES :
American mink
mink
North American mink
TAXONOMY :
The scientific name of American mink is Vison vison (Schreber) (Mustelidae)
[37]. There are 15 subspecies of American mink [36].
ORDER :
Carnivora
CLASS :
Mammal
SYNONYMS :
Mustela vison Schreber [17,23]
Neovison vison Schreber [35,36]
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
None [34]
OTHER STATUS :
Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent
changes in status may not be included.
WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Vison vison
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
| AL |
AK |
AR |
CA |
CO |
CT |
DE |
FL |
GA |
ID |
| IL |
IN |
IA |
KS |
KY |
LA |
ME |
MD |
MA |
MI |
| MN |
MS |
MO |
MT |
NE |
NV |
NH |
NJ |
NM |
NY |
| NC |
ND |
OH |
OK |
OR |
PA |
RI |
SC |
SD |
TN |
| TX |
UT |
VT |
VA |
WA |
WV |
WI |
WY |
| AB |
BC |
MB |
NB |
NF |
NT |
NS |
ON |
PE |
PQ |
| SK |
YT |
|
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
American mink range across Canada, excepting the high Arctic, west through Alaska
and south throughout the United States except for the southwestern
deserts [10].
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
American mink occur in most Kuchler plant associations, except those in the
southwestern deserts.
SAF COVER TYPES :
American mink occur in most SAF cover types, except those in the
southwestern deserts.
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
203 Riparian woodland
217 Wetlands
409 Tall forb
411 Aspen woodland
421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
422 Riparian
805 Riparian
806 Gulf Coast salt marsh
807 Gulf Coast fresh marsh
809 Mixed hardwood and pine
811 South Florida flatwoods
812 North Florida flatwoods
813 Cutthroat seeps
814 Cabbage palm flatwoods
815 Upland hardwood hammocks
816 Cabbage palm hammocks
817 Oak hammocks
818 Florida salt marsh
820 Everglades flatwoods
821 Pitcher plant bogs
822 Slough
PLANT COMMUNITIES :
American mink occur in a wide variety of plant communities. They are associated
with water rather than with particular habitat types. American mink are more
often associated with coniferous and mixed forests than deciduous
forests. They are also found in grassland environments if open water or
marshland is present [1].
BIOLOGICAL DATA AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Vison vison
TIMING OF MAJOR LIFE HISTORY EVENTS :
Diurnal Activity: American mink are chiefly nocturnal but also somewhat
crepuscular [1]. In Manitoba radio-collared American mink were most active at
night, with intermediate levels of activity at dawn and dusk. They were
more active, with more extensive movements, in April than in May, June,
or July [2].
Breeding season: In most areas the mating period occurs from late
February to early April, peaking in March [1,23]. In southern Florida,
however, American mink mate in the late wet season (autumn). Hydroperiod
determines prey abundance and availability in southern Florida, which
appear to determine breeding season. Female American mink were found to be
lactating in March and April, slightly earlier than populations farther
north [19].
Gestation and Development of Young: Gestation ranges from 40 to 75
days, depending on pre-implantation period. Young are born 28 to 30
days after implantation, in April or May [1,10,23]. Neonates are
altricial and have sparse, light-colored hairs. The first teeth emerge
at 2 to 3 weeks, eyes open at about 3 weeks, and solid food is first
taken at about the same time. By 35 days the young are fully
homeothermic. By 7 weeks they have achieved 40 percent of their adult
body weight and 60 percent of adult body length. Litters disperse in
early fall [23]. Females attain adult weight at 4 months; males do not
attained adult weight until 9 to 11 months [4].
Productivity: A typical litter consists of 3 or 4 kits and ranges from
2 to 10. The average age at sexual maturity is 12 months for females,
18 months for males [4]. Neonates have higher survival rates in warm
than in cold weather. American mink have been reported to remain fecund for 7 or
more years [23].
PREFERRED HABITAT :
The critical habitat feature for American mink is water. American mink prefer
streambanks, lakeshores, and marshes [10]. Habitats associated with
small streams are preferred to habitats near large, broad rivers [1].
American mink favor forested wetlands with abundant cover such as shrub thickets,
fallen trees, and rocks [10]. In aspen (Populus spp.) parklands, male
American mink selected large, semipermanent and permanent wetlands with open
areas near shores, high water levels and irregular shorelines; these
characteristics are also associated with abundant avian prey [3]. American mink
are common where abundant downfall and debris creates cover for
foraging. Logjams in streams create crayfish and fish habitat and
shelter for American mink [1]. Peak American mink production in baldcypress (Taxodium
distichum) swamps occurred following extensive logging in the early part
of the twentieth century. Numbers have declined since then, probably
due to changed hydroperiod and decreased logging debris [23]. In Quebec
the majority of American mink activity takes place less than 3 miles (4.8 km)
from water [6]. In Michigan all American mink were observed within 100 feet
(30.4 m) of the water's edge [25]. In Minnesota all den sites were
within 231 feet (69.9 m) of open water [31]. In Idaho den sites were
16.5 to 330 feet (5-100 m) from water, and American mink were never observed more
than 660 feet (200 m) from water [27]. In southeastern Alaska mink
spend the summers along streams and in upland muskegs; they spend the
winter in a narrow ocean beach zone [26].
 |
| American mink swimming to shore. Terry L Spivey, Terry Spivey Photography, Bugwood.org. |
Wetlands with irregular, diverse shorelines are better American mink habitat than
those with straight, open, or exposed shorelines [1]. Marshall [25]
reported that 50 percent of American mink tracks in Michigan occurred in various
stages of hydrophytic succession, 37 percent in bushy and timbered
areas, and 13 percent in sedge (Carex spp.) and common cattail (Typhus
latifolia) type. In Alaska the highest American mink densities occurred in low
swampy terrain and in extensively interconnected waterways with abundant
fish [8].
More American mink are trapped in wooded swamps than in marshes. The reported
abundance of American mink in baldcypress-tupelo (Nyssa spp.) swamps is at least
partially attributable to the abundance of food [1].
In upland habitats, ecotones are most used; American mink avoid open areas and
prefer shrubby, dense thickets. Tall grass does not usually provide
adequate cover for American mink; however, sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) marshes
in Louisiana support high American mink densities [1].
American mink are adaptable in their use of habitat, particularly where prey are
readily available. They are tolerant of human activity. American mink inhabit
suboptimal habitats if prey is available, but are more mobile and change
home ranges more frequently in suboptimal than in optimal habitats [1].
Home Range: American mink home ranges tend to approximate the shape of the body
of water the American mink uses most [1]. However, in the prairie pothole
region, American mink tend to use an area rather than a linear shoreline [2].
The use of the home range varies in intensity with respect to varying
prey availability. American mink tend to use a core area near a den site,
usually within 990 feet (300 m) of the shoreline. They move to another
den and core area several times a season; core areas tend to be places
of relatively high prey abundance. Usually only a small percentage of
the average or overall home range is used as the core area. In winter
fewer den sites are used, occupancy is of longer duration, and daily
travel distances are shorter than in summer [1].
Male American mink have larger average home ranges than females [1,23]. Females
tend to use a greater proportion of their home range as a core area then
males do [23]. Mitchell [29] reported the average home range for male
American mink in Montana was 2 to 3 miles (3.2-4.8 km) in diameter. Vegetative
cover has a substantial impact on home range size in Montana: female
home ranges in heavily vegetated areas averaged 19 acres (7.7 ha),
whereas in sparse, heavily grazed areas they averaged 50 acres (20.1 ha)
[29]. In Michigan male American mink average home range was less than 20 acres
(8 ha) [25]. In Idaho males used 0.6 to 1.25 miles (1-2 km) of
shoreline [27]. In British Columbia mink density on Vancouver Island
ranged from 1.5 to more than 3 American mink per kilometer of shoreline [18].
Gerell [15] reported that adult male American mink used an average of 8,679 feet
(2630 m) of shoreline, ranging from 5,940 to 16,500 feet (1800-5000 m).
Female adults used 3,300 to 9,240 feet (1000-2800 m), and juvenile males
used 3,465 to 4,620 feet (1050-1400 m).
In North Dakota prairie pothole regions, American mink home ranges were not
linear. Average home ranges were 1 to 1.5 square miles (2.59-3.8 sq km)
and typically included many individual wetlands [1]. In Manitoba
prairie pothole areas, male home ranges had maximum lengths of 3.1 miles
(5.1 km) and maximum widths of 1.9 miles (3.1 km); prairie American mink tended
to have larger home ranges than other American mink populations [2].
Home ranges of individuals rarely overlap, with the exception of the
breeding season when male home ranges overlap those of females [1].
COVER REQUIREMENTS :
Den sites are usually in thick cover and include hollow logs, natural
cavities under tree roots, or burrows along stream, marsh, and lake
edges [10]. Old beaver (Castor canadensis) lodges are occasionally used
as den sites [23]. In Idaho 53 percent of dens were in logjams [27].
In North Dakota marshlands, all dens were situated on shorelines and
appeared to be in abandoned muskrat burrows. Active dens were not
located where shorelines were heavily grazed. The absence of dry den
sites limits the use of some wetland habitats that are otherwise
suitable [1]. In Ontario dens were frequently found in areas with good
horizontal cover (31.4% obscurity at 3.5 m), and proportionally more
coniferous than deciduous shrubs. Dens were also in areas with
higher-than-average shrub density, deadfalls, stumps, and individual
trees [30].
In Michigan American mink were most commonly associated with brushy or wooded
cover adjacent to aquatic habitats [25]. In Quebec mink were normally
most active in wooded areas immediately adjacent to a stream channel
[6].
FOOD HABITS :
American mink are almost exclusively carnivorous. They are excellent swimmers
and pursue both aquatic and terrestrial prey. American mink diets vary with
season, habitat, and availability of prey [1]. No single food item is
consistently more important than others [23]. Commonly important items
include common muskrats (Ondatra zibethecus), voles (Microtus spp.),
cottontails (Sylvilagus spp.), fish (mostly Salmonidae), birds, frogs,
salamanders, crayfish, clams, and insects [1,10,23]. Carey [9] listed
American mink as a common predator of Townsend's chipmunks (Tamias townsendii) in
the Pacific Northwest. Allen [1] listed American mink prey preference in the
following order: 1) aquatic prey, including fish and crayfish, 2)
semi-aquatic prey including waterfowl and water-associated mammals such
as common muskrat, and 3) terrestrial prey including rabbits and
rodents.
In Idaho fish comprised 59 percent of American mink diets [27]. Birds are
important prey where fish and crayfish are scarce. In Louisiana
crayfish are so prominent in American mink diets that their abundance largely
determines American mink population size [1]. In Alaska coastal populations of
American mink tend to be higher than inland populations due to the ready
availability of prey in tide pools [1]. Eberhardt and Sargeant [12]
reported that American mink diets in North Dakota prairie marshes were dominated
by birds (78%); other prey included mammals (19%), amphibians (2%), and
reptiles (1%). Of the avian prey, the majority were waterfowl including
American coot (Fulica americana), ducks (Anatidae), and grebes
(Podicipedidae) [12]. In southern Manitoba mink are important nest
predators of waterfowl [11]. In North Dakota American mink predation on
ducklings typically occurs in semipermanent wetlands [1].
Seasonal Variation in Diet: Shallow water and low flow rates contribute
to effective aquatic foraging by American mink. American mink tend to eat more fish in
winter when fish are more accessible. In autumn terrestrial mammals
tend to increase in importance as prey. Terrestrial mammals comprised
43 percent of American mink diets in riparian areas in Idaho and comprised over
20 percent of American mink fall/winter diets in North Carolina [1]. In Quebec
crayfish were the most important dietary item in summer [6]. In winter
American mink hunting over ice can easily penetrate active common muskrat lodges,
but cannot get into common muskrat burrows so easily [28].
PREDATORS :
American mink mortality due to predators other than humans is not substantial.
Occasional predators include fisher (Martes pennanti), red fox (Vulpes
vulpes), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), lynx
(L. lynx), gray wolf (Canis lupus), American alligator (Alligator
mississippiensis), and great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) [23].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In Quebec Burgess [6] noted an increase in American mink activity with habitat
improvement consisting of the creation of pools at least 1 meter deep by
placing logs and/or rocks into the stream channel which formed small
dams. It was reported that 1) temperatures were similar in control and
improved sections of stream, 2) aquatic insect production was somewhat
higher in the improved section, and 3) trout and crayfish biomasses were
higher in the improved section [7].
Development of shorelines that reduces structural diversity and removes
snags and debris reduces American mink activity. Removal of downfall and other
debris from the water near shore, and reduction or elimination of
aquatic vegetation reduces crayfish production and contributes to
reduced American mink activity [1]. In Ontario residential development around
lakes resulted in decreased American mink activity due to loss of trees, decreased
density of shrubs, reduction of aquatic snags, and removal of submergent
and floating vegetation. In areas undergoing development, 52 of 59 dens
were on undeveloped sections of shoreline [30].
Stream channelization has a negative impact on American mink activity since
suitable prey abundance is reduced when shallow, detritus-rich sloughs
associated with meandering streams are replaced with abrupt, monotypic
interfaces between aquatic and terrestrial cover types. In Mississippi
and Alabama comparison of American mink activity was made among a newly
channelized segment, an old (55 years) channelized segment, and an
unchannelized segment of a river. American mink track counts were highest in the
unchannelized segment, lower in the old channelized segment, and very
sparse in the newly channelized areas. Abundance and density of
herbaceous vegetation were highest on the unchannelized segment [16].
There are controlled American mink trapping seasons in 47 states and all
provinces. Hunting is also allowed in five states as well as in Nova
Scotia [23]. Trapping rates fluctuate widely from year to year; price
and harvest are not significantly correlated. The extent to which
trapping affects populations is not known [23]. Fur harvest records,
though not necessarily direct indications of population levels, show
that Louisiana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin produce the most wild pelts in
the United States. Saskatchewan and Manitoba lead the numbers in
Canada. These harvest records reflect the relative amount of wetlands
in the leading American mink producing areas [1]. In southeastern Alaska mink is
the most abundantly harvested furbearer [26].
Linscombe and others [23] discuss parasites and diseases of American mink.
FIRE EFFECTS AND USE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Vison vison
DIRECT FIRE EFFECTS ON ANIMALS :
There are no reports of direct mortality of American mink due to fire. Because
American mink are highly mobile, semi-aquatic animals and often den underground,
it seems unlikely that fire-caused mortality is ever substantial.
HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS :
There are no reports in the literature linking fire-caused habitat
changes to American mink. Fire along streambanks that reduces cover and downed
logs would have a negative impact on American mink activity. Reduction of fish
and crayfish due to changes in stream conditions would adversely affect
American mink. Conversely, fire that resulted in increased snag numbers and
stream channel downfalls, shrub density, and herbaceous vegetation cover
would probably encourage American mink activity.
FIRE USE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
References for species: Vison vison
1. Allen, Arthur W. 1986. Habitat suitability index models: mink. Biol. Rep. 82 (10.127). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 23 p. [11713]
2. Arnold, Todd W.; Fritzell, Erik K. 1987. Activity patterns, movements, and home ranges of prairie mink. Prairie Naturalist. 19(1): 25-32. [25980]
3. Arnold, Todd W.; Fritzell, Erik K. 1990. Habitat use by male mink in relation to wetland characteristics and avian prey abundances. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68(10): 2205-2208. [25985]
4. Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 438 p. [25152]
5. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]
6. Burgess, S. A. 1978. Aspects of mink ecology in the southern Laurentians of Quebec. Montreal, PQ: McGill University. 87 p. Thesis. [27377]
7. Burgess, Stephen A.; Bider, J. R. 1980. Effects of stream habitat improvements on invertebrates, trout populations, and mink activity. Journal of Wildlife Management. 44(4): 871-880. [25982]
8. Burns, John James. 1964. The ecology, economics and management of mink in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska. 114 p. Thesis. [26085]
9. Carey, Andrew B. 1991. The biology of aboreal rodents in Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-276. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 46 p. [18163]
10. DeGraaf, Richard M.; Yamasaki, Mariko. 1986. New England wildlife: habitat, natural history, and distribution. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-108. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 491 p. [21386]
11. Diiro, Bruce Warren. 1982. Effects of burning and mowing on seasonal whitetop ponds in southern Manitoba. Ames, IA: Iowa State University. 48 p. Thesis. [23497]
12. Eberhardt, Lester E.; Sargeant, Alan B. 1977. Mink predation on prairie marshes during the waterfowl breeding season. In: Proceedings of the predator symposium; 1975; Missoula, MT. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station: 33-43. [26032]
13. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
14. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
15. Gerell, Rune. 1967. Food selection in relation to habitat in mink (Mustela vison Schreber) in Sweden. Oikos. 18: 233-246. [26031]
16. Gray, Marion H.; Arner, Dale H. 1977. The effects of channelization on furbearers and furbearer habitat. Proceedings, Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 31: 259-265. [25340]
17. Hall, E. Raymond. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1271 p. [14765]
18. Hatler, David Francis. 1976. The coastal mink on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia. 376. Dissertation. [27113]
19. Humphrey, Stephen R.; Zinn, Terry L. 1982. Seasonal habitat use by river otters and Everglades mink in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management. 46(2): 375-381. [25986]
20. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
21. Layne, James N. 1974. Ecology of small mammals in a flatwoods habitat in north-central Florida, with emphasis on the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). American Museum Novitates: No. 2544. New York: The American Museum of Natural History. 48 p. [25679]
22. Linn, I. J.; Birks, J. D. S. 1981. Observations on the home ranges of feral American mink (Mustela vison) in Devon, England, as revealed by radio-tracking. In: Chapman, Joseph A.; Pursley, Duane, eds. Worldwide furbearer conference: Proceedings; 1980 August 3-11; Frostburg, MD. Volume II. [Place of publication unknow]: [Publisher unknown]: 1088-1102. [25994]
23. Linscombe, Greg; Kinler, Noel; Aulerich, R. J. 1982. Mink: Mustela vison. In: Chapman, Joseph A.; Feldhamer, George A., eds. Wild mammals of North America: Biology, management, and economics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 629-643. [25234]
24. Lokemoen, John T.; Woodward, Robert O. 1993. An assessment of predator barriers and predator control to enhance duck nest success on peninsulas. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 21(3): 275-282. [25983]
25. Marshall, William H. 1936. A study of the winter activities of the mink. Journal of Mammalogy. 17(4): 382-392. [26030]
26. Meehan, William R. 1974. The forest ecosystem of southeast Alaska: 4. Wildlife habitats. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-16. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p. [13479]
27. Melquist, Wayne E.; Whitman, Jackson S.; Hornocker, Maurice G. 1981. Resource partitioning and coexistence of sympatric mink and river otter populations. In: Chapman, Joseph A.; Pursley, Duane, eds. Worldwide furbearer conference: Proceedings; 1980 August 3-11; Frostburg, MD. Volume I. [Place of publication unknow]: [Publisher unknown]: 187-220. [25995]
28. Messier, Francois; Virgl, John A. 1992. Differential use of bank burrows and lodges by muskrats, Ondatra zibethicus, in a northern marsh environment. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70(6): 1180-1184. [18437]
29. Shafroth, Patrick B.; Auble, Gregor T.; Scott, Michael L. 1995. Germination and establishment of the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera) and the exotic Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.). Conservation Biology. 9(5): 1169-1175. [26012]
30. Racey, G. D.; Euler, D. L. 1983. Changes in mink habitat and food selection as influenced by cottage development in central Ontario. Journal of Applied Ecology. 20(2): 387-402. [25984]
31. Schladweiler, J. S.; Storm, G. L. 1969. Den-use by mink. Journal of Wildlife Management. 33(4): 1025-1026. [27112]
32. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]
33. Smith, Andrew T.; Cary, Daniel M. 1982. Distribution of Everglades mink. Florida Scientist. 45(2): 106-112. [25981]
34. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 2015. Endangered Species Program, [Online]. Available: http://www.fws.gov/endangered/. [86564]
35. ITIS Database. 2015. Integrated taxonomic information system, [Online]. Available: http://www.itis.gov/index.html. [51763]
36. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. 2005. Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference, [Online]. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2,142 p. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Mammals; American Society of Mammalogists (Producers). Available: http://www.vertebrates.si.edu/msw/mswcfapp/msw/index.cfm [69038]
37. Bradley, Robert J.; Ammerman, Loren K.; Baker, Robert J.; Bradley, Lisa C.; Cook, Joseph A.; Dowler, Clyde Jones; Schmidly, David J.; Stangl, Frederick B.; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A.; Wursig, Bernd. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Occasional Papers No. 229. Lubbock, TX: Museum of Texas Tech University. 27 p. [91953]
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