SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
Introductory
SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Matthews, Robin F. 1993. Equisetum sylvaticum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/fern/equsyl/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
EQUSYL
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
EQSY
COMMON NAMES :
wood horsetail
woodland horsetail
sylvan horsetail
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of wood horsetail is Equisetum
sylvaticum L. [5,14,22,33]. The following varieties and form are
recognized [7,14,33,36]:
Equisetum sylvaticum var. sylvaticum -- with scabrous branches
E. sylvaticum var. pauciramosum Milde. -- smooth branches, slightly branched
E. sylvaticum f. multiramosum Fern. -- smooth branches, copiously branched
Wood horsetail is a highly variable species; many varieties and forms
have been described that have little taxonomic significance [5].
Wood horsetail apparently hybridizes with meadow horsetail (E. pratense)
[10].
LIFE FORM :
Fern or Fern Ally
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
See OTHER STATUS
OTHER STATUS :
Wood horsetail is included on Virginia's rare and endangered vascular
plants list [31]. It is listed as threatened in Ohio by the Natural
Heritage Program [47].
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Wood horsetail is a circumboreal species [18,19,21,28]. In North
America it is distributed throughout Alaska and Canada south to the
Pacific Northwest, the Great Lakes states, New England, and North
Carolina [5,14,33,36].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES37 Mountain meadows
STATES :
AK CT DE ID IL IN IA KY ME MD
MA MI MN MT NH NJ NY NC ND OH
OR PA RI SD TN VT VA WA WV WI
WY AB BC MB NB NF NT NS ON PE
PQ SK YT
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
15 Black Hills Uplift
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K025 Alder - ash forest
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
38 Tamarack
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
60 Beech - sugar maple
63 Cottonwood
107 White spruce
108 Red maple
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
235 Cottonwood - willow
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Wood horsetail is most prevalent in lowland wet conifer forests but is
also common in mixed upland, dry conifer, and deciduous forest habitats
[3]. In addition, it is found in meadows, bogs, swamps, and along
streambanks [5,19,34,46].
The following publications classify wood horsetail as a dominant
herbaceous layer component:
Field guide to forest ecosystems of west-central Alberta [6]
Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after
fire in the taiga of interior Alaska [15]
The Alaska vegetation classification [44]
Species commonly associated with wood horsetail in jack pine (Pinus
banksiana), white spruce (Picea glauca), or black spruce (P. mariana)
habitats include alder (Alnus spp.), willows (Salix spp.), highbush
cranberry (Viburnum edule), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), bog Labrador
tea (Ledum groenlandicum), twinflower (Linnaea borealis), blueberry
(Vaccinium spp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), gooseberry (Ribes spp.),
honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata), leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne
calyculata), prickly rose (Rosa acicularis), wild lily-of-the-valley
(Maianthemum canadense), naked miterwort (Mitella nuda), coltsfoot
(Petasites spp.), common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), fireweed
(Epilobium angustifolium), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis
canadensis), sedges (Carex spp.), fire moss (Ceratodon purpurea),
feathermosses (Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi), and sphagnum
mosses (Sphagnum spp.) [1,4,6,11,29].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
In interior Alaska, horsetails (Equisetum spp.) comprise the largest
component of the spring diet of black bears. Horsetails and blueberries
(Vaccinium spp.) are the two most important plant genera to black bears
in the region [20].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Dry matter nutrient content values of wood horsetail collected in the
Wallace-Aikens Lake area, Manitoba, were: 6.7 percent crude protein,
1.36 percent calcium, and 0.09 percent phosphorus. Dry matter
digestibility was 27.9 percent [35].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Wood horsetail is poisonous to humans [8].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Wood horsetail is a perennial, deciduous, homosporous pteridophyte
[1,9]. Sterile stems are green with lacy branches and grow up to 28
inches (70 cm) tall. Fertile stems are at first unbranched and lack
chlorophyll but become branched and green after spores are released.
Strobili are usually 1 inch (3 cm) long and are borne on short stalks at
the apices of fertile stems [5,18,39]. The spores germinate to produce
a distinct gametophytic generation. The unisexual gametophyte is very
small, generally from 0.002 to 0.008 inch (0.5-2.0 mm) in height [9].
Wood horsetail often forms large stands [24]. It has extensive creeping
rhizomes which may outweigh aerial shoots by a ratio of 100 to 1 [1].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Wood horsetail primarily reproduces by vegetative means; the majority of
shoots arise from rhizomes [1,12]. Rhizome systems are extensive, deeply
buried, and extremely long-lived (perhaps several thousand years old)
[1].
The establishment of gametophytes and subsequent sexual reproduction is
rare in the wild due to an extremely narrow habitat tolerance. The most
critical factor for sexual reproduction appears to be the initial
establishment of spores. Gametophytes only establish on recently
exposed bare mud, such as around resevoirs or streambanks following
flooding. Wood horsetail has a very limited spore dispersal period, and
spores are short-lived. Male gametophytes grow at a much slower rate
than females. There is also evidence of early male mortality.
Gametophytes reach sexual maturity at 3 to 5 weeks and then produce a
constant supply of gametes until death. The sex ratio of a population
is determined by environmental conditions; female gametophytes are more
likely to be produced under favorable conditions [9]. The frequent
occurence of Equisetum hybrids suggests, however, that sexual
reproduction is a common occurrence in this genus [10].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Wood horsetail most commonly occurs in cool, moist, shaded to somewhat
open forests [5,18,21,39]. It also occurs on streambanks, and in bogs,
swamps, and forest openings [5,25,30,33]. Wood horsetail is an
indicator of boreal and cool-temperate climates, and very moist to wet,
nitrogen-poor soils [25]. Soils may be poorly drained to moderately
well drained [6,27]. Wood horsetail is found from lowlands to subalpine
regions [22]. In the Adirondack Mountains of New York, it occurs from
1,460 to 2,200 feet (438-660 m) in elevation [27]. Gametophytes of wood
horsetail are found on substrates with a lower pH than are gametophytes
of other horesetail species [10].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Wood horsetail is shade tolerant [25]. It is found throughout all
successional stages to climax forests [45]. Wood horsetail colonizes
newly exposed mud on streambanks and floodplains [9], and it invades
recently burned areas [25]. In floodplain succession in interior
Alaska, wood horsetail is common in 200-year-old white spruce-black
spruce and climax black spruce/sphagnum forests [41]. It is also
widespread in black spruce stands from 26 to 120 years old in Ontario
[38]. Wood horsetail is common in stable, mature forests in
west-central Alberta [6].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
In the Northern Clay Belt Region, Ontario, fertile shoots of wood
horsetail appear before sterile shoots, liberate their spores, and die
before sterile shoots complete their growth. Most fertile shoots die by
the end of June, and sterile shoots begin to die in August [1]. In most
areas within its distributional range, wood horsetail spores are shed
from April through May [5,9,18].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Wood horsetail survives repeated fires by means of deeply buried
rhizomes that are apparently almost indestructible [1]. The extensive
rhizome system penetrates well into mineral soil or clay, allowing
revegetation even after severe fire [1,12,45]. Wood horsetail may be
the most abundant herb species after fires in black spruce stands in
Alaska. It sprouts after fire in any stage of succession [45].
Wood horsetail also colonizes recently burned areas by wind-dispersed
spores [23]. Its phenotypic plasticity enables it to survive the
environmental changes associated with postfire succession [1].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page
under "Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Aboveground stems of wood horsetail are killed by fire [1]. Rhizomes
are resistant to fire because they are buried deep in mineral soil
[12,45].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) provide
information on prescribed fire and postfire response of many plant
species, including wood horsetail, that was not available when this
species review was originally written.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
In the Northern Clay Belt Region of Ontario, wood horsetail recovers
rapidly after fire and is one of the most prominent postfire species.
It becomes less abundant in the later stages of postfire succession, but
is still present under mature spruce (Picea spp.) stands up to 240 years
old. Shoots that appear immediately after fire are sterile, but up to
20 percent of the stems that appear in postfire year 1 are fertile [1].
In central Saskatchewan, wood horsetail was present 4 years after fires
on moist and moderately moist sites in jack pine clearcuts [4].
Wood horsetail regenerates rapidly following fire in black
spruce/feathermoss forests in southeastern Newfoundland, and its
abundance may exceed prefire levels. Its frequency was 27.8 percent in
unburned areas and 21.1 percent in areas that had been burned 5 years
previously [16].
On mesic black spruce sites in interior Alaska, wood horsetail is
present throughout all stages of postfire succession. The following
cover and frequency percentages were reported [15]:
Stage Years since fireCover Frequency
__________________________________________________________________________
Newly burned 0-1 <0.5 10.0
Moss-herb 1-5 4.0 65.0
Tall shrub-sapling 5-30 2.0 13.0
Dense Tree 30-55 <0.5 11.0
Mixed hardwood-spruce 56-90 <0.5 5.0
Spruce 90-200+ 4.0 49.0
After the 1971 Wickersham Dome Fire near Fairbanks Alaska, wood
horsetail had the following cover and frequency percentages in lightly
burned and severely burned black spruce stands (control plot cover and
frequency was 1.25 and 60.0 percent, respectively) [43]:
1971 1972 1973 1974
Light Severe Light Severe Light Severe Light Severe
___________________________________________________________________________
Cover0.1 02.65 3.35 2.6 3.65.7 8.95
Frequency 10.0 0 95.0 80.0 95.0 80.0 85.0 90.0
In this same study area, wood horsetail had cover values on fireline
sites of 4, 40, and 12 percent in 1972, 1975, and 1980, respectively [42].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Equisetum sylvaticum
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