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SPECIES: Clintonia uniflora
Brother Alfred Brousseau @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. |
AK | CA | ID | MT | OR | WA |
AB | BC |
Classifications that use bride's bonnet as an understory dominant, associate, or indicator species are listed below by state or province.
British Columbia [63,67]
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Brother Alfred Brousseau @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database | G. D. Carr @ http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/lili.htm |
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology,
and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available
[30,57,92].
Bride's bonnet is a perennial, rhizomatous, semi-succulent herb [20,57]. This native, warm-season species can live for 30 or more years [4]. The spreading rhizome produces a 6-inch (15 cm) aerial shoot from 0.5 to 2.75 inches (1.4 - 6.9 cm) below ground [6]. From this stem a perfect flower approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) long develops. Following pollination, a smooth berry between 0.25 and 0.4 inch (6-10 mm) long forms. The plant has 2 to 3 broad, flat, basal leaves about 3 to 6 inches (7 -15 cm) long. Means and ranges of a selection of morphological characteristics sampled from bride's bonnet individuals in the Cascade Ranges in Oregon are shown below [4] and are followed by characteristics of bride's bonnet fruit from the Rainbow Creek Research Area of southeastern Washington [91].
Morphological Characteristics | Mean | Range |
Number of shoots | 2.9 | 1-9 |
Number of leaves | 5.3 | 2-15 |
Number of roots | 18 | 8-48 |
Maximum root depth (cm) | 23 | 15-30 |
Total rhizome length (cm) | 118 | 15-392 |
Maximum rhizome depth (cm) | 4.8 | 3-6 |
Maximum age of live tissue (yr) | 21.3 | 8-30 |
Mean* | Standard Error | |
Fruit diameter (mm) | 9.94 | 0.15 |
Fresh fruit mass (mg) | 435.66 | 18.92 |
Pulp dry mass (mg) | 16.40 | 0.67 |
Number of seeds/fruit | 6.76 | 0.36 |
Fresh seed mass/fruit (mg) | 82.23 | 5.10 |
Fresh pulp mass/seed mass (mg) | 6.85 | 0.69 |
Breeding system: Bride's bonnet is monoecious [57].
Pollination: No information is available on this topic.
Seed production: The bride's bonnet berry contains several seeds. Piper [91] found a mean of 6.76 seeds per fruit and a mean seed weight of 82.23 mg/fruit (see the table above for more detail) [91]. Fruit production of a given ramet may be infrequent. Antos [4] observed only 4 of 29 ramets blooming in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Harmon and Franklin [50] found no bride's bonnet seeds in a year's worth of seed rain samples or in 6 months of "growing out" 2 soil samples from sites that had 2.9% and 1.5% coverage of bride's bonnet , respectively. However, this result may reflect the length of time before germination more than a lack of seeds [90].
Seed dispersal: Frugivorous birds are the only reported dispersers of bride's bonnet seeds. Observations led Piper [91] to conclude that the varied thrush was the principal species eating several fruits, including those of bride's bonnet , in his study area in southeastern Washington. Hungerford [58] classified bride's bonnet as an important ruffed grouse food, but actual use was not reported. Pojar and MacKinnon [92] and Layser [72] also noted the use of bride's bonnet berries as grouse food. Piper [91] observed fruits taken by elk or deer during grazing. He assumed that bride's bonnet seeds eaten by ungulates and by rodents were lost. However, the germination rates of bride's bonnet seeds in ripe fruits eaten by any species are unknown. Seeds eaten before they ripen are effectively predated [90].
Seed banking: Although little is known of the length of time soil-stored bride's bonnet seeds remain viable, findings to date suggest it is at least a couple years. Piper [90] found an average of 56.55% of seeds did not germinate 500 days after the first individual in a collection germinated. Since percentages of nonviable seeds from ripe fruit were very small, the percent that were dormant would be only slightly less. In addition, bride's bonnet germinated in a greenhouse from soil salvaged from a campground construction site. It was 1 of 6 species that also germinated at the revegetation site within a year [103].
Germination: All the reported bride's bonnet germination information comes from a single study, in which seeds were placed in 0.8 inch (2 cm) of moist sand and kept in a refrigerator at 40 °F (5 °C). Of seeds that were collected from ripe fruit, an average of 43.45% germinated between the time the first seed germinated and 500 days later. On average it took 325.5 days for the first individual from a collection to germinate. Germination rate increased with later collection dates, with fruit collected on 13 September having a 49% germination rate. No seeds germinated from unripe fruit, and only 8.57% germinated from ripening fruit [90].
Seedling establishment/growth: Piper [90] reported diverse effects of increased light on bride's bonnet seedlings grown in a greenhouse. Bride's bonnet seedlings grew larger and had a higher percentage of root biomass when grown in full sunlight than when grown in 35% of full sun. However, those grown in full sun experienced a 4% lower survival rate than those grown in 35% of full sun. Root biomass of seedlings also increased with day length [90].
Asexual regeneration: Rhizomes of bride's bonnet are long and fast growing [124] and can connect a number of aerial shoots, or ramets [4]. McCune [79] observed an increase in the production of new ramets a year after the initiation of a trenching experiment (roots of surrounding vegetation severed, giving plants in the plot access to more resources).
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:Soils: Bride's bonnet occurs on a wide variety of soil types and site productivity levels. Habitat types that contain bride's bonnet in the subboreal white spruce (Picea glauca) zone of British Columbia occurred on a wide range of soil textures, although some types did not occur on sandy soils [119]. La Roi and Hnatiuk [69] reported bride's bonnet on relatively fine-textured soils in Banff and Jasper National Parks, Alberta. Morainal till [47] and fine-grained metamorphic bedrock such as phyllite and hornfeld [97] have been reported as parent materials. Bride's bonnet also grows in a range of volcanic material including tephra [124], ash [86], and pumice [80]. Bride's bonnet habitat types described by Pfister and others [89] occurred on sites with a wide range of soil textures, although occurrence on clay loam was rare. Gravel content of these sites ranged from 5% to 40%. Coarse content was typically metamorphic rock, including argillite and gneiss/schist, and noncalcareous sedimentary rock. However, other types including igneous and calcareous material occurred. The minimum and maximum duff depths for these sites were 1 inch (2.6 cm) and 3.5 inches (9.0 cm), respectively. The sites shared some characteristics. For instance, all sites had low percentages of bare rock, no bare soil, and acidic soils, with pH ranging from 4.9 to 5.6 [89]. Klinka and others [64] also noted bride's bonnet 's preference for acidic soils. Bride's bonnet tolerates a wide range of calcium availability [119] and can occur in nitrogen poor soils [64]. Although associated with sites with high productivity [44,48,66,114], bride's bonnet occurs on sites with a wide range of productivity from poor to high [97,114,115,119]. On more productive sites bride's bonnet is likely to occur in hummocks or on decaying wood [42,119]. Several authors have reported bride's bonnet growing in organic matter [42,64,88,119].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:Bride's bonnet occurs in all successional classes, but has higher frequency and is more abundant in mature conifer stands [3,11,25,34,123]. Bride's bonnet 's association with mature and old-growth stands is shown by Ruggiero and others [96] and Spies [105] for the southern Washington Cascade Range and by Ruggiero and others [96] for southern Oregon and northern California. However, bride's bonnet also occurs in young stands [15,31,43,117]. Clarke and others [21] found bride's bonnet was most common in the 0- to 50- and 151- to 200-year-old forest age classes. Bride's bonnet also occurred in the 51- to 100- and 101- to 150-year-old age classes, but did not occur in stands older than 200 years. The wide tolerance ranges for nutrients and light mentioned above, and bride's bonnet 's ability to persist after moderate disturbances [108], are likely factors influencing the occurrence of bride's bonnet in stands of varying ages.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:1st appearance | Leaves full grown | Flowers start | Flowers end | Fruits ripe | Seed fall starts | Leaves color or wither | |
Average date | May 10 | June 21 | June 16 | July 1 | August 11 | August 19 | August 23 |
Earliest date | April 25 | June 1 | May 30 | June 15 | July 22 | August 1 | August 1 |
Latest date | May 30 | July 2 | July 1 | July 25 | August 26 | September 1 | September 1 |
Standard error (days) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Number of observations | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
Fire regimes: The habitats containing bride's bonnet experience a variety of fire regimes [27,76,104]. Mean fire intervals are typically over 100 years, especially for lethal fires [17,27,76,104,122], but ranges can include intervals as short as 30 years or less [17,27,76,104]. Severities vary greatly and include surface [17,104], mixed-severity [104,122], and stand-replacing fires [17,27,104,122]. The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where bride's bonnet is important. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".
Community or Ecosystem | Dominant Species | Fire Return Interval Range (years) |
silver fir-Douglas-fir | Abies amabilis-Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii | >200 |
grand fir | A. grandis | 35-200 [7] |
western larch | Larix occidentalis | 25-350 [8,17,59] |
Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir | Picea engelmannii-A. lasiocarpa | 35 to > 200 [7] |
Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* | Pinus contorta var. latifolia | 25-340 [16,17,112] |
western white pine* | P. monticola | 50-200 [7] |
interior ponderosa pine* | P. ponderosa var. scopulorum | 2-30 [7,14,71] |
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* | Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca | 25-100 [7,9,10] |
coastal Douglas-fir* | P. menziesii var. menziesii | 40-240 [7,83,94] |
western redcedar-western hemlock | Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla | >200 |
western hemlock-Sitka spruce | T. heterophylla-Picea sitchensis | >200 |
mountain hemlock* | T. mertensiana | 35 to >200 [7] |
Much larger and lasting effects of fire have also been reported for bride's bonnet. For instance, 10 years after the Tillamook Fire in northwestern Oregon, frequency of bride's bonnet was 6% in a burned area compared to 68% within an island of unburned Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar forest [85]. Miller and Miller [82] listed bride's bonnet as an herb typical of unburned western hemlock-Douglas-fir-western redcedar stands, but reported it as absent from burned areas during 3 years of postfire monitoring after lightening started several wildfires in the North Cascades National Park of north-central Washington. After the Sundance wildfire in northern Idaho, an area containing Douglas-fir, western larch, western redcedar, and western hemlock took 10 or more years for bride's bonnet to reach coverages of at least 1% on many sites [111]. Again, coverages before the fire were unknown. It is possible that light and moisture conditions after severe fires are unfavorable for bride's bonnet persistence or establishment.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:In addition to fire severity and moisture content at the time of the burn, the substrate in which bride's bonnet is rooted can have a large effect. Bride's bonnet can root in soil or in organic layers [100,110]. Plants rooted in organic layers are much more susceptible to fire [104,110]. The rhizomes and roots of plants growing within the organic layer are consumed as a fire burns through, while those in the soil are protected. Rooting depth in the soil is also an important factor, as rhizomes and roots that are deeper are more protected from fire [52].
The Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) and Research Project Summary of Hamilton's studies provide information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species including bride's bonnet .
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:Palatability/nutritional value: Bride's bonnet is food for several wildlife species. Frugivorous birds eat bride's bonnet berries. Varied thrush was the main species eating fruit in a study in southeastern Washington [90]. Grouse have also been reported to eat bride's bonnet seeds [72,92]. Hungerford [58] lists bride's bonnet as an important ruffed grouse food; however, use was not demonstrated. Almack [2] reported a grizzly bear eating bride's bonnet roots. Piper [91] reported a low incidence of rodent use of bride's bonnet during an investigation of frugivorous birds. Elk and deer consume bride's bonnet berries while grazing, although the extent was not reported [91]. Young and Robinette [121] list bride's bonnet as a low-importance food for elk on the Selway Game Preserve of northern Idaho, although bride's bonnet was not included as a food item in other studies that have investigated ungulate diets [61,62,84]. Bride's bonnet is not considered palatable to many species [66,92] and the berry may be poisonous [44,45,92,114]. Nutritional content of the berry is given below [91].
Component | Mean* |
Protein | 5.95 |
Lipid | 3.06 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 13.15 |
Ash | 12.4 |
Calcium | 0.768 |
Magnesium | 0.31 |
Phosphorus | 0.424 |
Potassium | 5.594 |
Cover value: No information is available on this topic.
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:Halverson's [45] summary of indicator plants of western Oregon and southwestern Washington noted the traditional use of bride's bonnet juice for sore eyes and bruised leaves to stop bleeding [45]. Bride's bonnet is currently used as a garden ornamental [44,66].
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7. Arno, Stephen F. 2000. Fire in western forest ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 97-120. [36984]
8. Arno, Stephen F.; Fischer, William C. 1995. Larix occidentalis--fire ecology and fire management. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., compilers. Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead: Proceedings of an international symposium; 1992 October 5-9; Whitefish, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-INT-319. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 130-135. [25293]
9. Arno, Stephen F.; Gruell, George E. 1983. Fire history at the forest-grassland ecotone in southwestern Montana. Journal of Range Management. 36(3): 332-336. [342]
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