Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
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| Common cowparsnip in Yosemite National Park. Photo by Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Esser, Lora L. 1995. Heracleum maximum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/hermax/all.html [].
Revisions: On 22 May 2018, the common and scientific names of this species were changed
from: cow parsnip, Heracleum lanatum
to: Heracleum maximum, common cowparsnip.
Images, and citations of authorities supporting these name changes [78,94], were added.
ABBREVIATION:
HERMAX
SYNONYMS:
Heracleum lanatum Michx. [36,42,63,68,82]
Heracleum sphondylium L. var. lanatum (Michx.) Dorn [18,78]
Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. montanum (Schleich) Briq. [15,26,78]
NRCS [78] PLANT CODE:
HEMA80
COMMON NAMES:
common cowparsnip
American cowparsnip
cow parsnip
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of common cowparsnip is Heracleum maximum Bartr.
[26,39,46,78,80,94] (Apiaceae). There are no recognized infrataxa.
LIFE FORM:
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Common cowparsnip occurs from Newfoundland west to Alaska and south to
California, Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Missouri, and Georgia
[22,26,30,47,68]. It is not found in northern Canada or in the extreme
southern and southeastern regions of the United States.
 |
| Distribution of common cowparsnip. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, January 29] [78]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES:
AK AZ CA CO CT DE GA ID IL IN
IA KS KY ME MD MA MI MN MO MT
NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OR
PA RI SC SD TN UT VT VA WA WV
WI WY AB BC MB NB NF NS ON PE
PQ SK
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K025 Alder - ash forest
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K074 Bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
SAF COVER TYPES:
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
38 Tamarack
63 Cottonwood
107 White spruce
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
235 Cottonwood - willow
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Common cowparsnip occurs in a wide variety of forested habitat types, as well
as grassland, shrubland, meadow, alpine, and riparian zones
[3,13,14,34,85].
Common cowparsnip is a member of the Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis)
old-growth forest in Washington [2]. Common cowparsnip occurs in whitebark
pine (Pinus albicaulis) communities of Montana [3]. It is a common
understory species in subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) habitat types of the Intermountain West
[9,12,20,69]. A subalpine fir/common cowparsnip association in Montana, and a
common cowparsnip-western coneflower (Rudbeckia occidentalis) community type
in Wyoming are described [14,20]. A climax black hawthorn (Crataegus
douglasii)-common cowparsnip habitat type has been described for Washington
and Idaho [13,50]. A climax quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)/common cow
parsnip habitat type has been described for Utah and Wyoming [57,58].
Common cowparsnip is found in seral quaking aspen community types in Wyoming,
Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and Montana [7,34,41,57,58,85], and is a dominant
understory species in quaking aspen-dominated communities of Utah,
Colorado, and Montana [41,64]. An quaking aspen/common cowparsnip habitat
type has been described for Colorado and Idaho [34,41]. In Canada, common cow
parsnip is a member of the subboreal, aspen-dominated spruce zone [8,11,75].
In eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and northern Utah, common cowparsnip occurs
in a red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea)/common cowparsnip riparian habitat
type [86]. A California false hellebore (Veratrum californicum)-common cowparsnip
habitat type has been described in Washington [32]. Common cowparsnip
occurs in riparian areas dominated by willow (Salix spp.) throughout the
Intermountain West [19,29,77].
The following publications list common cowparsnip as a community dominant or
codominant:
Steppe vegetation of Washington [13]
A vegetation study in the subalpine zone of the western North Cascades,
Washington [20]
Riparian community type classification of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming
[86]
Species not previously mentioned but commonly associated with common cow
parsnip include incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), black cottonwood
(Populus trichocarpa var. hastata), narrowleaf cottonwood (P.
angustifolia), thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia), Sitka
alder (A. sinuata), bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), bigleaf maple
(A. macrophyllum), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), dwarf bilberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus), grouse whortleberry (V. scoparium), roses (Rosa
spp.), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), western snowberry
(S. occidentalis), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia),
bristly gooseberry (Ribes setosum), common chokecherry (Prunus
virginiana), California hazel (Corylus cornuta var. californica), fowl
bluegrass (Poa palustris), California brome (Bromus carinatus), blue
wildrye (Elymus glaucus), field horsetail (Equisetum arvense), bluejoint
reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), fireweed (Epilobium
angustifolium), western aster (Aster occidentalis), large-leaved avens
(Geum macrophyllum), sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), stinging
nettle (Urtica dioica), Sitka valerian (Valeriana sitchensis), smooth
woodrush (Luzuli hitchcockii), menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea),
queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), tall larkspur (Delphinium
occidentalis), Richardson's geranium (Geranium richardsonii), saw
groundsel (Senecio serra), and bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)
[11,12,20,29,57,58].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Common cowparsnip is a valuable forage species for livestock, deer, elk,
moose, and bear [37,42,43,54]. In West Virginia common cowparsnip provides
forage for livestock and deer [10]. Moose in Montana and Yellowstone
National Park eat common cowparsnip [40,54]. In low elevation riparian areas
it is an important food for grizzly bear, especially in the spring
[43,52,81,88]. In Glacier National Park, common cowparsnip comprised 15
percent of grizzly bear total diet volume, spring through fall, in
1967-1971 and 1982-1985 [43]. In Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta,
grizzly feeding sites were examined from June to early August; 77
percent of the cropped umbelliferous plants were common cowparsnip (stems,
petioles, and blossoms) [28]. Black bear in Alberta common cowparsnip in
summer [37].
PALATABILITY:
Palatability ratings for common cowparsnip are as follows [15]:
CO MT ND UT
cattle good good good good
sheep good good good fair
horses good good good fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
Common cowparsnip nutritional values are rated as follows [15,29]:
UT CO WY MT
elk good ---- poor good
mule deer good ---- good good
white-tailed deer good ---- good
pronghorn poor ---- poor poor
upland game birds fair ---- fair fair
waterfowl poor ---- poor fair
small nongame birds fair ---- fair poor
small mammals good ---- fair poor
Energy and protein content ratings of common cowparsnip are poor [15].
COVER VALUE:
Common cowparsnip cover values are rated as follows [15]:
UT CO WY MT
elk poor ---- poor ----
mule deer poor ---- fair ----
white-tailed deer ---- fair ---- ----
pronghorn poor ---- poor ----
upland game birds fair ---- fair poor
waterfowl poor ---- fair ----
small nongame birds good ---- good poor
small mammals good ---- good poor
Yellow-bellied sapsuckers in Idaho ues common cowparsnip as cover [19], and
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse use the black hawthorn-common cowparsnip habitat
type as escape cover, especially in the winter [50].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Common cowparsnip is rated moderately good for erosion control, short-term
revegetation potential, and long-term revegetation potential [15]. Common
cowparsnip has fair soil stabilization value if seeded in the fall in
quaking aspen, mountain brush, and subalpine herbland communities of
Intermountain rangelands [72].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
Native Americans of Alaska, British Columbia, the Great Plains, and
Arizona used common cowparsnip for medicinal and nutritional purposes
[26,39,42,48]. Native Americans in Alaska ate the inside of stems raw
and boiled the roots to extract sugar [39]. In Arizona, the Apache ate
the young leaves and stems and used the roots to treat epilepsy [42].
Common cowparsnip is planted as an ornamental [38].
In the Great Plains cases of dermatitis have been reported in people
who came in contact with the foliage of common cowparsnip [26].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
In Washington common cowparsnip is sensitive to grazing and can be eliminated
from steppe vegetation if overgrazed [13]. In Colorado common cowparsnip
decreases with grazing [41]. Common cowparsnip is sensitive to soil
compaction or severe soil disturbances which may be caused by mechanical
scarification or trampling [9,67].
In high mountain ecosystems of Utah, common cowparsnip should be broadcast or
drill-seeded in the fall at 1 to 2 pounds per acre in a mixed seeding
for best forage results [38].
Parsnip webworm, a European-introduced herbivorous insect, feeds on
developing flowers and seeds of common cowparsnip. Floral herbivory can
decrease seed production by up to 40 percent and seed biomass 53 percent
[5,33].
Common cowparsnip appears to persist or increase after clearcutting [4,12],
but to decrease after soil scarification [87].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Common cowparsnip is a native, perennial forb that grows from 3.3 to 10 feet
(1-3 m) tall [24,26,35] and has broad, flat-topped umbels [33,80]. It
grows from a stout taproot or a cluster of fibrous roots [35,39,72,82].
Leaves are 8 to 20 inches (20-50 cm) long and wide [26,59,82]. The
egg-shaped fruit is 0.32 to 0.48 inch (8-12 mm) long and 0.24 to 0.36
(6-9 mm) wide [26,82].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Common cowparsnip reproduces by seed [15,38]. For successful germination in
the laboratory, seed should not be stored more than 3 years [72,73].
Some flowers within an umbel only produce stamens, while others are
hermaphroditic. Secondary umbels develop synchronously approximately 10
to 14 days after the primary umbel. Hermaphroditic flower and seed
production may be increased by herbivory [33].
The potential for common cowparsnip to regenerate vegetatively is not clear;
Cole and Trull [9] include common cowparsnip in a group of plants that
"regenerate rapidly from subsurface adventitious buds."
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Common cowparsnip occurs in a variety of habitats including woodlands, forest
openings, grasslands, and riparian areas such as wet meadows, stream
terraces, alluvial benches, floodplains, and stream and lake margins
[26,28,29,82]. It is commonly found growing in snow-maintained
disclimaxes such as avalanche chutes [28,47,55]. Common cowparsnip is a
facultative wetland species [29]; it grows best in moist, shaded areas
[35,59,84] but can also be found in open woodlands and clearings
[35,38,44,56,80].
Common cowparsnip grows best on moist to semiwet soils with good drainage
[24,34,44,47]. It grows best on loam and sandy loam soils derived from
limestone and shale, but occurs on clay, clay loam, and gravelly
substrates as well [1531,65].
Elevations for common cowparsnip for several states are as follows:
feet meters
Arizona 7,500-9,000 2,250-2,700 [42]
California <8,500 <2,600 [35]
Colorado 4,700-10,500 1,410-3,150 [15,30]
Montana 4,200-8,500 1,260-2,550 [3,29]
Utah 5,200-9,000 1,560-2,700 [15]
Washington 3,300-5,775 1,000-1,750 [2,9]
Wyoming 3,400-12,500 1,020-3,750 [15]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Common cowparsnip occurs in seral and climax communities. It is shade
tolerant, but also grows in some open habitats [29,38,41,44,58]. Common cow
parsnip is a common understory species in quaking aspen community types,
which are often successional in subalpine forests of the Intermountain
region [4,20,29,41]. Common cowparsnip is a member of the red alder (Alnus
rubra) association of Oregon that may be replaced in 30 to 50 years by
black cottonwood or in 30 to 70 years by grand fir (Abies grandis) [31].
The red-osier dogwood-common cowparsnip community type of Utah and
southeastern Idaho is an early seral type that colonizes streambanks and
adjacent areas [60]. In the black hawthorn-common cowparsnip habitat type of
Washington, common cowparsnip can grow as well with or without the black
hawthorn canopy [13]. Common cowparsnip occurs in climax aspen forests
throughout the Intermountain West, and in mature to climax subalpine
forests in Wyoming and Montana [14,41,58].
Studies of common cowparsnip in clearcuts indicates that its response to
canopy removal is variable. In northern Utah common cowparsnip cover was
variable in both control and clearcut stands. Early succession
following a 1974 clearcut of aspen communities (with no slash treatment)
in northern Utah was studied. Percent understory cover of common cowparsnip
on clearcuts and uncut controls was [4]:
1973 1975 1976 1977
cut control cut control cut control cut control
0 1.5 1.8 0 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4
The effects of clearcutting on wildlife habitat were studied in a moist
subalpine forest in central Colorado. Understory cover of common cowparsnip
before and after clearcutting (with no slash treatment) was [12]:
before logging years after logging (1978-1982)
(1976) 1 2 3 4 5
cover(%) 0.6 3.1 8.2 8.9 13.3 10.7
In the subalpine fir/queencup beadlily habitat type in northwestern
Montana, common cowparsnip occurs in a variety of disturbed and undisturbed
communities. Relative frequency and average canopy cover of common cowparsnip
were as follows [87]:
relative frequency % cover
wildfire (35-70 years prior to study) 6 15
clearcut (15-35 years old), slash dozer-piled 4 3
clearcut (15-35 years old), slash not dozer-piled 8 15
old-growth (two types of plots) 3,20 0.5,7.8
Snowchutes are "topographic climax" or disclimax communities that
produce an abundance of grizzly bear foods. In subalpine fir/menziesia,
subalpine fir/queencup beadlily, and subalpine fir/smooth woodrush
habitat types, relative frequency/average precent canopy cover of common cow
parsnip in snowchutes was 50/19, 65/13, and 75/6.2, respectively [87].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Common cowparsnip flowering dates are as follows:
Arizona July-Aug [42]
California Apr-July [59]
Colorado May-Aug [15]
Georgia May-Aug [63,83]
Kentucky May-Aug [63,83]
North Carolina May-Aug [63,83]
North Dakota Jun-Aug [15]
Tennessee May-Aug [63,83]
Utah Jun-Aug [15]
Virginia May-Aug [63,83]
West Virginia May-Aug [63,83]
Wyoming Jun-July [15]
Great Plains May-July [26]
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Common cowparsnip can occur throughout succession in moist or wet subalpine
fir-Engelmann spruce habitat types in Idaho and Wyoming. These habitat
types have estimated average fire-free intervals of about 330 years.
Stands are susceptible to severe burns when drought occurs [91]. Common
cowparsnip also occurs throughout succession in communities characterized
by more frequent fire, including quaking aspen [93].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Common cowparsnip is probably killed or top-killed by fire.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Common cowparsnip may benefit from both canopy removal and increased water
availability after tree cover is removed by fire. Common cowparsnip had
greater percent cover following both wildfire and clearcutting without
scarification (some stands broadcast burned) than after clearcutting
with scarification [87].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Heracleum maximum
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