Index of Species Information
Introductory
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Oxytropis sericea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/oxyser/all.html [].
Revisions:
On 1 June 2018, the common name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: whitepoint locoweed
to: white locoweed. The map was also added.
ABBREVIATION:
OXYSER
SYNONYMS:
NO-ENTRY
NRCS PLANT CODE:
OXSE
COMMON NAMES:
white locoweed
crazyweed
silky crazyweed
whitepoint crazyweed
whitepoint locoweed
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name for white locoweed is Oxytropis sericea Nutt. [40].
Recognized varieties and natural hybrids are as follows:
Oxytropis sericea var. sericea [11,14,40]--This variety hybridizes with
O. lambertii (Lambert crazyweed) in the western Great Plains, Rocky Mountain
foothills, and Colorado [40].
Oxytropis sericea var. speciosa (Torr. & A. Gray) S.L. Welsh [40].
LIFE FORM:
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
White locoweed occurs from the Yukon Territory east to Manitoba and
south to Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas [42]. It is commonly found in
the Great Plains, throughout the Rocky Mountains, and in the Pacific
Northwest [11,37].
 |
| Distribution of white locoweed. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, June 1] [37]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES:
AZ CO ID KS MN MT NE NV NM ND
OK OR SD TX UT WA WY AB BC MB
NT SK YT
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
SAF COVER TYPES:
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
215 Western white pine
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon - juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Livestock: White locoweed causes locoism in all classes of
livestock [12,36]. The toxin in locoweed is an indolizidine alkaloid,
swainsonine, that causes chronic neurological damage [29]. Livestock
must consume large amounts of white locoweed for 1 to 3 months
before death occurs. Signs of poisoning will appear after 2 to 3 weeks
of continuous grazing [36]. Symptoms are as follows: rough coats,
nervous disorders such as trembling and paralysis, uncoordinated muscle
movements, blindness, constipation, and emaciation [34].
Most cattle will readily graze white locoweed in the spring when
grass is scarce. Sheep and cattle can become chemically addicted to
white locoweed and will continue to graze it when grass becomes
abundant. They are, however, more resistant than horses to its toxic
effects [16,22]. Horses never recover once poisoned. Cattle gain
weight slowly and often have abortions, while sheep have a high number
of abortions after grazing white locoweed [43].
On high mountain ranges, white locoweed has been identified as a
predisposing factor in high mountain brisket disease, or congestive
right-sided heart failure, in cattle [22,26].
Wildlife: White locoweed is poisonous to deer and elk if consumed
in large quantities [36]. White locoweed is a minor component in
the diet of desert cottontails. Greatest utilization is in the spring
and summer, when white locoweed is the most succulent [9].
PALATABILITY:
Immature white locoweed seed pods are palatable and voluntarily
selected by free-ranging cattle during the normal grazing season [22].
The reproductive heads of locoweed are preferred and readily consumed
even when other forage species are abundant [29].
Palatability ratings for white locoweed from selected western
states are as follows [3]:
WY UT CO MT
cattle fair poor poor poor
sheep fair fair poor fair
horses fair poor poor fair
elk fair poor ---- ----
mule deer good poor ---- fair
white-tailed deer ---- good ---- ----
pronghorn fair poor ---- ----
upland game birds poor poor ---- ----
waterfowl ---- poor ---- ----
small nongame birds poor poor ---- ----
small mammals ---- poor ---- ----
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
All parts of white locoweed plants are toxic, and plants are
poisonous at all stages of growth. It loses little toxicity after 3
years of storage [36]. Swainsonine inhibits the enzyme
alpha-mannosidase which is essential in the metabolism of glycoproteins
[22].
Relative magnitude of alkaloid concentration and nutrients (percent of
dry weight) in white locoweed are as follows [29]:
Bloom Immature Pod Mature Pod
week of grazing season
0 2 4 7
nutrient loco part
alkaloid head high moderate moderate high
leaf low low low low
crude protein head 17.3 17.3 17.4 16.4
leaf 12.9 12.1 11.8 11.1
fiber head 26 38 41 40
leaf 32 36 36 36
water head 65 60 57 43
leaf 69 65 65 51
In a study in northwestern Utah. percent of loco heads (flowers and
pods) grazed was 26 percent after the first 2 weeks of the grazing
season and increased to 69 percent by the end of the 7-week grazing
season [26].
Energy value and protein value for white locoweed are poor [3].
COVER VALUE:
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Locoweed poisoning of livestock is the most widespread poisonous plant
problem in the western United States [26]. White locoweed
increases in abundance in response to excessive grazing [16]. When
there is a shortage of palatable, nonpoisonous forage, animals will
consume more locoweed [34]. Eradication of white locoweed over
large areas is seldom possible. Vegetation manipulation should be
integrated with livestock management programs that minimize the intake
of white locoweed [16]. Aversive conditioning of livestock to
avoid white locoweed may be effective in reducing livestock losses
[29]. A three-herd, four-pasture rotation system that involves grazing
animals for 6 weeks to 2 months in July and August has reduced the risk
of white locoweed intoxication in the Raft River Mountains of Utah
[31].
Selective herbicide control may be necessary to reduce white
locoweed [29]. Picloram, dicamba, and 2,4-D are effective on white
locoweed if sprayed when plants are actively growing in early summer
before they reach the bud stage [43]. An ester of 2,4-D was sprayed on
white locoweed on a rangeland in northwest Utah in 1969.
White locoweed established to pretreatment levels by 1978 [26].
When aerially sprayed with 2,4-D in 1981, all plants were killed on
deeper soils, but some remained on shallower soils [26].
White locoweed fixes atmospheric nitrogen. It has potential to add
significant amounts of nitrogen to forest sites in the Inland Northwest
because of its nitrogen-fixing ability [13]. However, white
locoweed seedlings compete with conifer tree seedlings on many sites
[13].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
White locoweed is a native, perennial, leguminous forb that grows
from 6 to 12 inches (15.2-30.4 cm) tall [12,43]. Leaves are 1.6 to 8
inches (4-20 cm) long [35]. Legumes are erect, oblong, or ovoid-oblong
and are 0.4 to 1.0 inch (1-2.5 cm) long [35]. One plant may have many
flowering stalks, each with 6 to 27 flowers [12]. Each flower produces
many seeds. White locoweed has a long taproot [30].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
White locoweed reproduces sexually from kidney-shaped seed. Seed
pods are hairy and leatherlike [38]. Seeds have hard, impermeable seed
coats and remain viable in the soil for many years. A large, dormant
seed reserve is retained in the soil to permit exploitation of favorable
environmental conditions [30].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
White locoweed occurs on open, well-drained slopes of the western
plains, the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and grassy subalpine
openings bordered by open wooded hillsides or coniferous forests
[410,26]. It is infrequent to common on prairie uplands, streambanks,
valleys, and alpine sites [35].
White locoweed occurs on sandy, gravelly, or rocky soils but grows
best on sandy loams. It is tolerant of moderately saline soils and low
nutrient conditions but does not tolerate water-saturated soils such as
heavy clay [38]. White locoweed is drought tolerant but is not
tolerant of excessive shade. It is tolerant to freezing temperatures
during the growing season and competes well on nutrient-rich, deep loam
on subalpine sites [30].
White locoweed has adapted a stress-tolerant survival strategy
characteristic of plants in arctic and alpine habitats. It has a large
seedbank that remains viable for many years. Its principal stresses are
low temperatures, desiccating effects of strong winds on rocky slopes,
intense solar radiation, and mineral nutrient deficiencies [30].
White locoweed thrives at medium elevations but grows at elevations
up to 11,000 feet (3,708 m) in Colorado [3]. Regional elevation
distributions are as follows [3,4,25]:
feet meters
Utah 5,800- 9,800 1,768-2,987
Colorado 3,500-11,000 1,067-3,353
Wyoming 4,000-10,500 1,219-3,201
Montana 3,000-10,000 914-3,048
Arizona 7,000- 8,000 2,134-2,439
New Mexico 7,000- 8,000 2,134-2,439
Alberta 4,500- 7,000 1,370-2,134
Common associated species not listed in Distribution and Occurrence are
as follows: junegrass (Koeleria cristata), needleandthread (Stipa
comata), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), western wheatgrass
(Pascopyrum smithii), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), green needlegrass
(S. viridula), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), Arizona fescue (F.
arizonica), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), muttongrass
(Poa fendleriana), Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis), Arizona fescue (F.
arizonica), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), sand dropseed
(Sporobolus cryptandrus), red threeawn (Aristida longiseta), Wyoming big
sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), alpine sagebrush (A.
scopulorum), plains prickly pear (Opuntia polyacantha), Hood's phlox
(Phlox hoodii), low rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus), sedges
(Carex spp.), aster (Aster spp.), daisy (Erigeron spp.), yarrow
(Achillea spp.), quininebush (Garrya flavescens pallida), scarlet
globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea), slimflower scurfpea (Psoralea
tenuiflora), locoweed (Astragalus spp.), purple prairie-clover (Dalea
purpurea), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), dotted gayfeather
(Liatrus punctata), arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata), and
grassland Indian paintbrush (Castellaja lutescens) [2,7,9,19,25,26].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
White locoweed is an important colonizer following disturbance on
western rangelands [26]. It also occurs in climax meadow and sagebrush
steppe communities.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
White locoweed is one of the first species to commence growth in
early spring on many western rangelands. Growth begins in early April
and plants remain green and succulent throughout the summer [2,28].
First bloom for white locoweed occurs in mid-June to early July.
Seed dissemination begins in mid-July and lasts until mid-August [22].
The plant begins to dry in late September.
Some reported dates for anthesis in some western states are as follows
[3]:
Utah May-July
Colorado May-August
Wyoming March-August
Montana May-August
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
No specific fire information was available in the literature regarding
white locoweed. The seeds of this species are hard and impermeable
and remain viable in the soil for many years until favorable
environmental conditions arise [30]. According to Gill, seeds stored in
the soil are often scarified by fire and released for germination [8].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
No information was available on this topic.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
No information was available on this topic.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
No information was available on this topic.
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea
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