Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
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| Photo by James H. Miller & Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society,
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Introductory
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Walsh, Roberta A. 1995. Dichanthelium acuminatum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/dicacu/all.html [].
Revisions : On 9 February 2016, the common name of this species was changed
from: hairy panicgrass
to: tapered rosette grass.
Additional synonyms and the following citations were added: [44,53]
ABBREVIATION :
DICACU
SYNONYMS :
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark subsp. acuminatum
Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. columbianum (Scribn.) Freckman & LeLong, panic du District of Columbia
Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. fasiculatum (Torr.) Freckman & LeLong
Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. implicatum (Scribn.) Freckman & LeLong
Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. lindheimeri (Nash) Freckman & LeLong
Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. sericeum (Schmoll) Freckman & LeLong
Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. thermale (Bol.) Freckman & LeLong [53]
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. implicatum (Scribn.) Gould & Clark [20,26]
= Dichanthelium acuminatum var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann [44]
Panicum lanuginosum Ell. [15,17,20,21,23,24,36,40,52]
NRCS PLANT CODE [53] :
DIAC2
DIACF
DIACL
DIACS
DIACT2
DIACT
COMMON NAMES :
tapered rosette grass
green panicgrass
hairy panicgrass
panic laineux
woolly panicum
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of tapered rosette grass is
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark (Poaceae) [4,20,26].
The following varieties are generally accepted [20,26,44]:
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. acuminatum
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann, western panicgrass
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. lindheimeri (Nash) Gould & Clark, Lindheimer panicgrass
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. sericeum (Schmoll) Freckmann, Pacific panicgrass
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. thermale (Bol.) Freckmann, Geyser's panicgrass
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. thurowii (Scribn. & J. G. Smith) Gould & Clark, Thurow's panicgrass
The above taxa have received many treatments. In 1910, Hitchcock and
Chase placed some Panicum species into the subgenus Dichanthelium, which
was elevated to generic status by Gould in 1974. Gould and Clark
extensively revised Dichanthelium in 1978 [20]. Freckmann produced a
revision in 1981, reassigning some former D. acuminatum varieties to
species level [15].
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Tapered rosette grass is widespread in the Americas. It occurs throughout the
United States and in Canada from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
British Columbia. Its distribution extends from eastern Mexico south to
northern South America and it is found in the Antilles
[8,14,17,21,22,23,24,27,29,40].
ECOSYSTEMS :
Tapered rosette grass occurs in most ecosystems.
STATES :
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA
HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD
MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ
NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC
SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
DC PR VI AB BC MB NB NF NS ON
PE PQ SK MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
Tapered rosette grass occurs in most Kuchler Plant Associations.
SAF COVER TYPES :
Tapered rosette grass occurs in most SAF Cover Types.
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
Tapered rosette grass occurs in most SRM Cover Types.
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Tapered rosette grass occurs in many habitat types and within diverse plant
communities.
On dry prairie ridges of central Wisconsin sand plains, associates of
tapered rosette grass include little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium),
skyblue aster (Aster oolentangiensis), heath aster (A. ericoides),
forked threeawn (Aristida basiramea), parasol sedge (Carex umbellata),
poverty oatgrass, prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), tall
gayfeather (Liatris aspera), and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) [50].
In central and northwestern Wisconsin, tapered rosette grass is found on sandy
outwashes and former lake bottoms. Associates include ragweed (Ambrosia
psilostachya), clasping milkweed (Asclepias amplexicaulis), longbranch
frostweed (Helianthemum canadense), Kalm's hawkweed (Hieracium kalmii),
hairy hawkweed (H. longipilum), racemed milkwort (Polygala polygama),
and Virginia tephrosia (Tephrosia virginiana) [46].
On the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in Placer County, California,
tapered rosette grass occurs in grazed meadows which follow natural drainages.
Associates include Thurber's bentgrass (Agrostis thurberiana), other
bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.), California oatgrass (Danthonia
californica), pullup muhly (Muhlenbergia filiformis), sedges (Carex
spp.), rushes (Juncus spp.), woodrushes (Luzula spp.), white clover
(Trifolium repens), seep monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus), primrose
monkeyflower (M. primuloides), trailing St. Johnswort (Hypericum
anagalloides), and violets (Viola spp.) [1].
In the Adirondacks of New York, tapered rosette grass associates include
Pickering's reedgrass (Calamagrostis pickeringii), bluejoint reedgrass
(C. canadensis), northern reedgrass (C. stricta ssp. inexpansa), sedges,
poverty oatgrass (Danthonia spicata), threeway sedge (Dulichium
arundinaceum), rattlesnake mannagrass (Glyceria canadensis),
narrowpanicle rush (Juncus brevicaudatus), brownfruit rush (J.
pelocarpus), bog muhly (Muhlenbergia uniflora), whitebeaked rush
(Rhynchospora alba), and low bulrush (Scirpus cespitosus) [51].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Tapered rosette grass is useful as a soil stabilizer and for restoring degraded
areas [23]. However, in some locations it declines in importance after
a few years as other species increase in cover.
By 1976, tapered rosette grass was thriving along a section of highway in
Peoria, Illinois, that had been planted to prairie vegetation in
November 1966. Prairie seeds had been broadcast over hard-packed clay
soil that had been loosened [5].
Prairie was reestablished at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas.
The original prairie had been turned to agricultural use. The site was
plowed in early June 1975, and a seed mixture (not including woolly
panicum) was hand-broadcast on each plot. Vegetation was sampled in
early fall of 1975 and in late spring and early fall for 4 years
thereafter. Tapered rosette grass established in the fall of the first year
and persisted for the 5 years of the study. However, it was prominent
only in the 2-year-old plots. Seeded prairie grasses in the restoration
plots have increased, and other grasses including tapered rosette grass have
decreased. Mean percent cover of tapered rosette grass on 1- to 5-year-old
plots based on spring (S) and fall (F) sampling was as follows [6]:
Plot Age in Years
1 2 3 4 5
F S F S F S F S F
0.5 4.8 5.0 2.1 1.6 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.0
Tapered rosette grass was a component of 4-year-old and 8-year-old
reestablished prairies in southwestern Ohio [31].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Tapered rosette grass does not respond uniformly to grazing.
In the Sierra Nevada in Placer County, California, tapered rosette grass was
present in meadows which were grazed May 30 to September 30 each year
from 1979 to 1986. Utilization of meadow species averaged 61 percent
over the 10 years, but increased to more than 80 percent after 1985.
Tapered rosette grass increased from 0.8 to 2.1 percent relative cover over
that time [1].
In a 12-year study of grazing intensity in central Louisiana, the
frequency of several species, including tapered rosette grass, was greater on
ungrazed than on moderately or heavily grazed range. However,
differences owing to grazing intensity were considered "small and
relatively unimportant" [11].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Tapered rosette grass is a native, perennial bunchgrass [8]. It is
polymorphic, having early and late season forms of the same plant.
Vernal culms are tufted, usually unbranched and radiating from the base,
and 6 to 32 inches (15-80 cm) tall [14,17,36]. Early leaf blades are
1.6 to 3.9 inches (4-10 cm) long [21,22]; panicles are pyramidal and 1.2
to 4.7 inches (3-12 cm) long [14,21,24]. Autumnal culms are decumbent
and much-branched, mostly from the middle nodes; they produce dense
fascicles of leaves and inflorescences [19,24]. Fall culm leaf blades
are shorter, narrower, and more crowded than early blades. Winter
rosette blades are also short, but are relatively broad. Late panicles
are reduced and often partly enclosed in leaf sheaths [21]. Spikelets
are awnless [4]; the fruit is a caryopsis [36].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Tapered rosette grass reproduces by seeds; it does not have rhizomes or stolons
[17,22]. Vernal panicles are open and produce chasmogamous flowers.
Autumnal panicles are reduced [20] and often are partly enclosed in the
leaf sheaths [17]; these enclosed flowers are self-pollinated [21].
Tapered rosette grass seeds can be found in the seedbank, but presence of
tapered rosette grass vegetation does not necessarily correspond to presence in
the seedbank. In southwestern Ohio, five unburned old-field-deciduous
forest sites were surveyed for vegetational and seedbank presence.
Tapered rosette grass was present as vegetation and in the seedbank at two
sites, present only as vegetation at two sites, and not present in
either form at one site [37,47,48].
In Harvard Forest at Petersham, Massachusetts, tapered rosette grass was a
widespread seedbank component in old fields and white pine (Pinus
strobus) stands. It was not a component of the herbaceous ground cover
at any site [30].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Tapered rosette grass occurs in a wide variety of habitats. It is found in
woodlands [19,24] woodland borders, and recently cleared woodland areas.
It occurs on prairies [22], dunes, seashores [17], and along open
roadsides [20]. It grows along the banks of rivers and lakes [29] and
in marshes, swamps and swales [20]. It is found along the shorelines of
bogs [39], pondcypress (Taxodium distichum) ponds [4], and around
hot springs [9].
Tapered rosette grass grows on many soil types. It occurs on heavy, wet soils
[39], silty loam [2,11,48], sandy loam with high organic content [12],
moist to dry sand [14,20,24,34,46,49], and gravelly, often calcareous
soils [49]. Soils are often acidic [12]. In southern Quebec near
Montreal, tapered rosette grass grows on fine loamy sand with pH 6.1; the soil
is low in magnesium and very low in calcium and nitrogen [43].
Tapered rosette grass has been reported from the following elevations:
Feet Meters
Arizona 4,000-6,500 1,219-1,981 [27]
California < 8,531 < 2,600 [23]
Colorado 3,500-5,500 1,067-1,676 [8,22]
New York < 5,348 < 1,630 [51]
Utah 3,510-7,317 1,070-2,230 [52]
Mexico 98-9,843 30-3,000 [19]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Tapered rosette grass appears in early secondary succession. It does not
appear in old-growth forests, but is found in stands of intermediate
age.
In southwestern Ohio, tapered rosette grass occurred in all but the oldest of a
chronosequence of five unburned old-field-deciduous forest sites; the
sites were surveyed nine times during the 1980 growing season. Site 1
was an old field abandoned for 2 years and dominated by red clover
(Trifolium pratense). Site 2 was an old field abandoned for 10 years
and dominated by Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) and meadow
fescue (Festuca pratensis). Site 3 was an old field abandoned for 50
years and dominated by Canada goldenrod, with white ash (Fraxinus
americana) and black cherry (Prunus serotina) providing about 30 percent
canopy cover. Site 4 was an old field abandoned for 90 years and
dominated by a forest of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and slippery elm
(Ulmus rubra). Site 5 was an old-growth American beech (Fagus
grandifolia) and sugar maple dominated forest which was over 200 years
old. Tapered rosette grass was present but not common at site 1; its seeds
were present in the seedbank. It was present in "disturbed" vegetation
at site 2; its seeds were not found in the seedbank. Tapered rosette grass was
a common species in "disturbed" vegetation at site 3; its seeds were
found in the seedbank. It was present but not common at site 4; its
seeds were not found in the seedbank. Tapered rosette grass was not present
nor found in the seedbank at site 5 [37,47,78].
In upland oak-pine forest sites in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, woolly
panicum did not occur in the flora but appeared to persist in the
seedbank. Its persistence was attributed to infrequent local
disturbance [32].
Tapered rosette grass was found in marshes of a Connecticut River oxbow in
western Massachusetts in 1984, though it had not been present in 1974.
Tapered rosette grass was found only in the highest and driest areas of the
marshes, at low cover (<0.5%) and frequency (1%). During high water,
much of the marsh area is flooded. The appearance and disappearance of
tapered rosette grass was probably due to variations in water level during the
study period [25].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Tapered rosette grass produces a basal rosette during autumn and winter.
Primary inflorescences develop and bloom on elongated unbranched culms
that grow from the rosettes early in spring. Late spring, summer, and
autumn growth of the same culms produces fascicles of short, branched
and rebranched lateral shoots with greatly reduced leaves and lateral
inflorescences which also bloom. Tapered rosette grass thus has two main
flowering periods [20].
Tapered rosette grass flowering times are:
California June-August [35]
Florida May-September [4]
Illinois May-October [34]
New York June-July [10]
West Virginia June-September [42]
Eastern United States May-November [14]
Great Plains May-June [21]
through fall
New England June-September [40]
Southeastern United States May-August [36]
Southern United States begins [20]
February-March
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Tapered rosette grass has basal buds [21] which may sprout after aerial
portions are burned. If thick tufts form, they may protect the basal
buds from fire damage.
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tussock graminoid
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Tapered rosette grass culms and leaves are probably killed by fire.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Tapered rosette grass presence in response to fire varies with frequency and
severity of fire. Tapered rosette grass occurs with greater frequency
following annual fires than following less frequent fires. It has
lowest frequency where there are no fires [7,12,31,33]. However, if the
fire is severe enough to damage buds and roots, tapered rosette grass presence
declines [2]. Fire reduces tapered rosette grass flowering [2,18].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Tapered rosette grass was subjected to annual or periodic surface fires in
upland oak forests in Franklin County, Tennessee. Data were collected
each September from 1965 to 1970. Burning on annual burn plots began in
1963; periodic burn plots were treated in 1964 and 1969. All fires were
in late winter. Tapered rosette grass occurred with greatest frequency on
annually burned plots, with intermediate frequency on periodically
burned plots, and with lowest frequency on unburned plots [7].
A 90-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa) and white pine stand in Chalk
River, Ontario, was surveyed for vegetation in late August of 1969,
1970, 1971, and 1972. Prior to burning, the site was dominated by
shrubs and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) saplings. Fires were conducted
on June 15 of 1970 and 1971. Total reduction in depth of the organic
layer was approximately 30 percent. Fuel consumption of the forest
floor was confined to the litter layer; the duff was almost undisturbed.
Postfire cover was dominated by herbaceous species. Tapered rosette grass was
absent from prefire permanent plots but occurred in the plots in
postfire years 1 to 4. However, it did not become important in terms of
density or biomass during the time of the study [33].
Tapered rosette grass was a component of a pitcher plant (Sarracenia alata) bog
in Harrison County, Mississippi, that had been burned annually in winter
over the previous 7 years [12].
In southwestern Ohio, tapered rosette grass was a component of an 8-year-old
prairie which was established in 1979 and burned in 1983 [31].
In southern Illinois grassland, tapered rosette grass declined sharply, from
18,415 to 1,080 flowering culms per acre (45,486-2,668 culms/ha),
following fire. Plots had been undisturbed from 1950 to 1969. Plots
were sampled in August 1969. Burning was conducted December 1, 1969.
The fire was moderate, resulting in nearly complete consumption of the
heavy litter accumulation from years of fire protection. Postfire
sampling of burned and control plots was done from June through
September 1970. Tapered rosette grass had the greatest decrease in frequency
following burning of any species sampled, probably because of damage to
its buds and roots. Response of tapered rosette grass to the fire was [2]:
Frequencies (%)
Control Burn
1969 1970 1969 1970
24.6 26.3 42.5 0.8
In Illinois, tapered rosette grass showed a 94 percent decrease in flowering
following a spring fire [18].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum
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