Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Echinochloa crus-galli
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| Barnyardgrass. Image by Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Echinochloa crus-galli
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/echcru/all.html [].
Revisions:
On 2 October 2018, the common name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: barnyard grass
to: barnyardgrass. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION:
ECHCRU
SYNONYMS:
NO-ENTRY
NRCS PLANT CODE:
ECCR
COMMON NAMES:
barnyardgrass
common barnyard grass
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of barnyardgrass is Echinochloa
crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae) [16,19,45,80].
LIFE FORM:
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Echinochloa crus-galli
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Barnyardgrass is a weed of Eurasian origin that occurs throughout the
continental United States. It is also found in southern Canada from
British Columbia east to Nova Scotia [19,27,39,57,63].
 |
| Distribution of barnyardgrass in the United States. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC. [2018, October 2] [72]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES:
AZ AR CA CO CT FL GA HI ID IL
IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN
MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC
ND OH OK OR PA SC SD TN TX UT
VT VA WA WV WI WY DC AB BC MB
NB NS ON PQ SK MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
3 Southern Pacific Border
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K048 California steppe
SAF COVER TYPES:
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
28 Black cherry - maple
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
63 Cottonwood
67 Mohrs (shin) oak
110 Black oak
217 Aspen
235 Cottonwood - willow
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
In the Sacramento Valley of California, barnyardgrass occurs in wetland
communities with swamp grass (Crypsis schoenoides) and bearded
sprangletop (Leptochloa fascicularis) [47].
Barnyardgrass is found in the southern High Plains region of northern
Texas and southern New Mexico. In this region, it is codominant with
red sprangletop (L. filiformis) in wet meadow and prairie communities
and is also found in shinnery communities [4,5].
Barnyardgrass occurs in temporarily flooded palustrine wetlands of the
northern prairie and plains communities [26,83].
In eastern Colorado and western Kansas, barnyardgrass occurs in the
plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides) riparian zone. Common associates
include saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), sandbar willow (Salix exigua),
and Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) [38,60]. Barnyardgrass is
also a member of saltcedar and willow-cottonwood communities in Arizona
[55].
Barnyardgrass is the dominant species in some wetlands of North Dakota.
Common associates include water plantain (Alisma triviale), American
slough grass (Beckmannia syzigachne), needle spikerush (Eleocharis
acicularis), hedge hyssop (Gratiola neglecta), and pale smartweed
(Polygonum lapathifolium) [16,63].
In South Dakota, barnyardgrass occurs in mixed-grass prairie dominated
by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides),
western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and needlegrass (Stipa spp.).
Other associates include needleleaf sedge (Carex eleocharis), Sandberg
bluegrass (Poa secunda), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and
little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) [37,71]. In tallgrass
prairies of northeast Kansas, barnyardgrass occurs in communities
dominated by big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii), little
bluestem, and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) [14].
At Gettysburg National Military Park in Pennsylvania, barnyardgrass
occurs in a variety of forest cover types as an understory species.
Species associated with barnyardgrass not previously mentioned include
white ash (Fraxinus americana), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa),
shagbark hickory (C. ovata), black walnut (Juglans nigra), eastern
redbud (Cercis canadensis), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida),
sassafrass (Sassafrass albidum), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) [85].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Echinochloa crus-galli
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Barnyardgrass is readily grazed by livestock in Arizona and West
Virginia, and can be cultivated for hay [27,67].
Seeds of barnyardgrass are eaten by songbirds, waterfowl, and greater
prairie chickens [6,9,59,63,75]. Barnyardgrass is an important source
of food and cover for waterfowl in the Sacramento Valley [47]. In the
playa lakes of Texas and New Mexico, meadows dominated by barnyardgrass
are important habitat for waterfowl and pheasant [4].
PALATABILITY:
Barnyardgrass produces fair pasture when grazed during early growth
stages but becomes harsh and unpalatable at maturity [68]. It is
palatable to sheep in Minnesota [40].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
Barnyardgrass has fair to poor forage value for livestock [68]. In
Minnesota, toxic levels of nitrate have been reported in barnyardgrass
[40]. Nutritional values of sun-cured barnyardgrass in the milk stage
are as follows [87]:
_________________________________________United States
Dry matter % 84.2 100.0
Ash % 7.7 9.1
Crude fiber % 31.0 36.8
Ether extract % 1.8 2.1
N-free extract % 34.0 40.4
Protein (N x 6.25)
Sheep dig. coef.* % 57.0 57.0
Cattle dig. prot.* % 5.9 7.0
Goats dig. prot. % 6.2 7.4
Horses dig. prot. % 6.2 7.4
Rabbits dig. prot. % 6.4 7.6
Sheep dig. prot. % 5.6 6.6
Energy
Cattle DE* Mcal/kg 1.95 2.31
Sheep DE Mcal/kg 1.98 2.35
Cattle ME* Mcal/kg 1.60 1.90
Sheep ME Mcal/kg 1.62 1.93
_______________________________________________________
*dig. coef.=protein digestible coefficient
dig. prot.=digestible protein
DE=digestible energy
ME=metabolizable energy
COVER VALUE:
Barnyardgrass cover values are as follows [86]:
UT WY ND
upland game birds poor fair good
waterfowl poor fair good
small nongame birds fair fair good
small mammals fair fair ----
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Barnyardgrass has colonized desert riparian and wetland community sites
along the Gila river in Arizona that were supplied by year-round flows
of wastewater. If wastewater areas are managed on a permanent
year-round basis, habitat rehabilitation and avian colonization may
occur [55].
Barnyardgrass can be utilized for quick, temporary erosion control on
coal mine sites in the eastern United States [75].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Generally, seed yields from barnyardgrass stands are reduced in 2 to 3
years because of competition with other weeds [43]. In Missouri,
natural seeding of barnyardgrass was stimulated by periodic draining
and flooding of a wetland site; a July 1 to September 15 drawdown
produced an excellent stand of barnyardgrass which was utilized by
waterfowl [6]. In California, draining barnyardgrass fields in the
spring and disking them can benefit stands. At the Mendota Waterfowl
Management Area, California, this practice has been used to perpetuate
stands of barnyardgrass for up to 6 years.
Barnyardgrass may harbor a virus-like disease of cereals [17].
Toxicity tests of effluents in water and sediment were conducted using
the two varieties of barnyardgrass. Effluents from a sewage treatment
plant, tannery, textile mill, pulp and paper mill, and coking plant
inhibited germination, chlorophyll synthesis, and growth of
barnyardgrass [77,78].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Echinochloa crus-galli
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Barnyardgrass is an introduced, nonrhizomatous, warm-season annual.
Stems may be solitary or in small tufts, erect or reclining at the base,
up to 6.6 feet tall (2 m) [16,28,39,52,80]. Leaves are flat, 4 to 12
inches (10-30 cm) long and 0.2 to 0.6 (5-15 mm) inch wide [18,19,27,46].
The panicle is 2 to 8.4 inches (5-21 cm) long, upright or nodding
[19,46,68]. Barnyardgrass has a fibrous root system [39,49].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Therophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Barnyardgrass reproduces by seed. It is self-pollinating [51] and a
prolific seed producer [28,44,68]. A healthy plant can produce from
750,000 to one million seeds [44]. Barnyardgrass seed is water
dispersed [1]. Seed viability in soil is variable [10,44]. In
Stoneville, Mississippi, in 1972, a 50-year study on longevity of buried
seed of barnyardgrass was initiated. Seed viability was 1 percent
after burial for 2.5 years; less than 6 percent of seed survived 6
months or longer [10]. However, according to Dawson [8], barnyardgrass
seed may be viable in the soil for up to 13 years. In another study by
Mitich [44], seed viability of barnyardgrass was 100 percent after 6 to
8 years of dry storage in irrigated sandy loam soil, and all seed was
nonviable after 15 years. Watanabe [79] found that barnyardgrass seed
germination rate was 27 percent after burial for 6 months and 3 percent
after burial for 6.5 years. Barnyardgrass seed germinates over a wide
temperature range, 55 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit (13-40 deg C), with
optimum germination occurring from 68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (20-30
deg C) [53,62].
The buoyancy and hence dispersal by water of barnyardgrass seeds is
probably influenced by their weight. A survey of seed weight [1]
demonstrated that seeds of rice barnyardgrass (E. phyllopogon) were on
average 2 to 3 times heavier than those of barnyardgrass (E. crus-galli).
The lighter seeds of barnyardgrass exhibited greater buoyancy, with
approximately 50 percent of seeds remaining afloat after 4 to 5 days
in water. In contrast, 95 percent of rice barnyardgrass seeds had sunk
after 5 days. Decay of dormancy in rice barnyardgrass is more rapid than
in barnyardgrass following dry storage and burial in soil.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Barnyardgrass is widespread in fields, waste places, ditches, marshes,
wet meadows, floodplains and along lakeshores and streambanks
[18,20,33,38,39]. It is locally common in floodplains, riverbottoms,
and seasonally wet habitats [1,63,80], but also occurs in drier habitats
[24]. Barnyardgrass is most often found on disturbed, generally
nonsaline soils [25,53,63], but grows on a variety of soil types
[38,53]. Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli is generally absent
from sites that have greater than 12 inches (30 cm) of standing water
for more than 4 weeks at a time [42,63]. It occurs in shallow water or
after drawdown [63]. Barnyardgrass tolerates poor drainage and
flooding, but not severe drought [7,31,44,60].
In California, barnyardgrass cosmopolitan weed of wet, disturbed ground
and occurs in shallow water around the periphery of rice fields [1].
Elevations of barnyardgrass are as follows:
feet meters
Arizona 150-7,000 45-2,100 [27]
California <4,950 <1,500 [20]
Colorado 4,500-7,500 1,350-2,250 [19]
Kansas 3,370-4,675 1,021-1,417 [38]
Montana 2,800-3,300 840-1,000 [86]
South Dakota 1,940-2,025 587- 614 [71]
Texas 7,400 2,320 [21]
Utah 2,705-7,045 820-2,135 [80]
Wyoming 3,700-5,100 1,110-1,530 [86]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Barnyardgrass is a pioneer species that readily invades disturbed sites
[63,68]. It is found most often in open, unshaded areas [25,44], and is
intolerant of dense shade [44]. Barnyardgrass invades South Dakota
rangelands and rapidly colonizes overflow and subirrigated range sites
that have been denuded or disturbed in Nebraska [37,68]. In Idaho,
barnyardgrass is an increaser species on periodically flooded sites
along streams [58]. At a restoration prairie site in Ohio, barnyard
grass established at the edge of an ephemeral pond that is subject to
periodic flooding and drying [7]. In an old-field succession deciduous
forest in southwestern Ohio, barnyardgrass was found growing in a
2-year-old stand, but was not present in stands 10, 50, 90, or 200 years
old [56,74].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Barnyardgrass flowering dates for several states are as follows:
Arizona July-Sept [27]
California July-Oct [46]
Colorado Aug-Sept [86]
Florida all year [84]
Illinois Aug-Oct [45]
Montana June-Oct [86]
Nebraska Aug-Sept [61]
North Carolina July-Oct [52]
North Dakota July 15 [65]
South Carolina July-Oct [52]
West Virginia Aug-Oct [67]
Wyoming Aug-Oct [86]
Great Plains June-Sept [16]
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Echinochloa crus-galli
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Barnyardgrass may colonize burned areas from soil-stored seed after
fire. Fires that thin or remove canopy vegetation produce conditions
that may be conducive to colonization by barnyardgrass.
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
NO-ENTRY
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Echinochloa crus-galli
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Barnyardgrass is probably killed by fire.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
NO-ENTRY
References: Echinochloa crus-galli
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