Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Frangula californica
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| California buckthorn. Image ©2012 Jean Pawek, used with permission. |
Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
McMurray, Nancy E. 1990. Frangula californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/fracal [].
Updates: On 10 July 2018, the common name of this species was changed
from: California coffeeberry
to: California buckthorn.
Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION:
FRACAL
NRCS PLANT CODE [79]:
FRCA12
COMMON NAMES:
California buckthorn
California coffeeberry
California false buckthorn
hoary coffeeberry
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of California buckthorn is Frangula californica (Eschsch.) Gray (Rhamnaceae).
There are 6 subspecies [37,79,81]:
Frangula californica subsp. californica
Frangula californica subsp. crassifolia (Jep.) Kartesz & Gandhi
Frangula californica subsp. cuspidata (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi
Frangula californica subsp. occidentalis (J. Howell) Kartesz & Gandhi
Frangula californica subsp. tomentella (Benth.) Kartesz & Gandhi, hoary coffeeberry
Frangula californica subsp. ursina (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi
SYNONYMS:
Rhamnus californica Esch.
Rhamnus californica subsp. californica
Rhamnus californica subsp. occidentalis (J. Howell) C. Wolf
Rhamnus tomentella Benth.
Rhamnus tomentella Benth. subsp. crassifolia (Jeps.) J.S. Sawyer
Rhamnus tomentella Benth. subsp. cuspidata (Greene) J.S. Sawyer
Rhamnus tomentella Benth. subsp. ursina (Greene) J.S. Sawyer [76]
LIFE FORM:
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Frangula californica
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
California buckthorn ranges from extreme southwestern Oregon southward
along the coast and Coast Ranges to southwestern California 976]. It is
cultivated in Hawaii [80].
 |
| Distribution of California buckthorn. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, July 10] [79]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
STATES:
CA HI OR
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K009 Pine - cypress forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035
SAF COVER TYPES:
207 Red fir
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - gray pine
255 California coast live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
201 Blue oak woodland
202 Coast live oak woodland
203 Riparian woodland
204 North coastal shrub
205 Coastal sage shrub
207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
California buckthorn is a shrub component of chaparral, woodland, and
forest communities throughout its distribution [4,8,52,55,56]. It has
not been used as an indicator species in published classification
schemes for California. In the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern
Oregon and extreme northern California, Atzet and Wheeler [1] describe a
tanoak/California buckthorn (Lithocarpus densiflorus/Rhamnus
californica) plant association on ultrabasic parent materials. Although
the tanoak series typically occurs on deep, fertile soils in the
Siskiyou Mountain province, this association is the ultrabasic version
of a tanoak climax. Dominance of coffeeberry apparently indicates a
soil imbalance [1].
In southern and central California, California buckthorn is a frequent
member of coastal chaparral and sage scrub [13,18] and is most commonly
associated with relatively mesic scrub oak (Quercus spp.) chaparral
[30]. It also becomes locally abundant on cool, fog-dominated sites
along the central Coast Range where it occurs beneath mixed-hardwood
forests dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) [15,54,65,70].
Although never very abundant, California buckthorn is often associated
with woodland and forest mosaics throughout southern and central
California. Within oak woodlands, knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata), and
coastal forests, it occurs both as a scattered understory shrub and as a
component of intermixed stands of "woodland chaparral" [35,30,67,68].
Some common associates are chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis),
toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata),
redberry (Rhamnus crocea), hollyleaf redberry (R. crocea var.
ilicifolia), and poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum).
In northern California and southwestern Oregon, California buckthorn
occurs in mixed evergreen, red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis),
and redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests [49,52,65]. On
mixed-evergreen sites with ultrabasic parent materials, the
sclerophyllous subcanopy is largely replaced by a shrub layer dominated
by California buckthorn (ssp. occidentalis) and evergreen huckleberry
(Vaccinium ovatum) [1,64,65]. The open, conifer overstory is usually
composed of Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), knobcone pine,
sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
with a sparse subcanopy of tanoak, huckleberry oak (Quercus
vaccinifolia), and California laurel (Umbellularia californica)
[1,2,3,65].
California buckthorn is also a characteristic shrub within extensive,
evergreen brushfields in the Siskiyou Mountain province [21,24,25].
Common brushfield associates include whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos
viscida), greenleaf manzanita (A. patula), hoary manzanita (A.
canescens), wedgeleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus), and deer brush (C.
integerrimus) [21,25].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Frangula californica
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
California buckthorn is distributed throughout much of California and
is generally considered a staple browse of both big game and livestock
[12]. Browse is more greater important to sheep, goats, and deer than
to cattle [17,63,74]. Use typically occurs in the fall when more
palatable herbaceous plants are cured [50]. California buckthorn is
an important mule deer browse on winter ranges in portions of California
[17].
The fruits of California buckthorn are extensively utilized by
numerous wildlife species, particularly birds [12,17]. In many areas,
the berries are often the only abundant "juicy" fruit available in the
fall [75]. Berries are readily eaten by band-tailed pigeons,
black-tailed deer, and black bears [12,74]. Woodrats eat limited
quantities of the seeds [33].
PALATABILITY:
The palatability of California buckthorn browse depends upon stem age
and community associates [17,63]. Cattle utilization is usually
limited, particularly in communities where California buckthorn has a
scattered distribution. However, where plants are locally abundant, the
current annual growth is often heavily utilized [63]. postfire sprouts
are highly preferred by livestock and big game [17,27,63].
Browse ratings for California buckthorn are presented below [63]:
sheep good - poor
goats good - poor
deer good - poor
cattle fair - poor
horses useless
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
Nutritionally, California buckthorn is a satisfactory food source for
livestock and big game [63]. Although foliar protein content is never
particularly high, California buckthorn is important because it
remains succulent throughout the year [23]. Nutritional studies of the
foliage indicate that protein content of mature leaves is low (7.5
percent) from November through March. Maximum values are reached
between April and August when the protein content of newly developed
foliage reaches an average of 19 percent [63].
Nutrient content of
the leaves compares favorably with common shrub associates such as
wedgeleaf ceanothus and chaparral whitethorn [23]. Crude fiber values
show little seasonal variation, ranging from 13.5 percent in newly
initiated leaves to 15 percent in mature foliage [63].
COVER VALUE:
The cover value of California buckthorn has not been documented.
Tanoak/coffeeberry associations in southern Oregon and northern
California are characterized by a diverse vertical structure, supplying
nesting cover and perching sites for numerous bird species [1].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
California buckthorn is useful for erosion control on dry, steep
hillsides [19]. One- to two-year-old transplants produce substantial
seed crops and large numbers of volunteers occur on sites receiving
additional irrigation. On suitable sites, transplants may grow 8 to 12
feet (2.4-3.7 m) tall with comparable spreads within approximately 20
years [19]. Since the berries are highly preferred by a variety of bird
species, California buckthorn is a good selection for wildlife
plantings [34].
Plants are easily propagated from seed sown in nursery beds using either
fresh, unstratified seed in the fall or stratified seed in the spring
[34,74]. Seed should be collected in the fall approximately 2 weeks
before it is fully ripe, and the pulp removed prior to sowing [34].
When stored in sealed containers at 41 degrees F (5 degrees C),
buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.) seed remains viable for several years [34].
Propagation from stem cuttings is difficult but can be achieved using
soft or hardwood cuttings made at the nodes [34,43,74].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
California buckthorn is frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes
since the shiny, colorful berries contrast nicely with the light green
foliage [19,60,63]. The berries are sweet and edible and were gathered
historically by West Coast Indian tribes for culinary as well as
medicinal purposes [12]. Although the berries superficially resemble
the commercial coffee bean, attempts at using California buckthorn as
a coffee substitute have not been successful. The bark was once
exported for use as a laxative [14].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Planting programs: Some species belonging to the buckthorn (Rhamnus)
genus serve as alternate hosts for the oat rust, Puccinia coronata [34].
California buckthorn, however, is a secondary host for the rust of
velvet grass (Holcus spp.) and is not a concern when planted near fields
of cultivated oats [74].
Herbicides: California buckthorn is sensitive to almost all
forestry-registered herbicides [11]. If sprouts are treated following
burning, plants are usually killed by retreatment [7,9,26,69].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Frangula californica
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
California buckthorn is a native, broad-leaved, sclerophyllous shrub
[13,63,74]. Growth habit varies according to subspecies with plants
ranging from low, spreading shrubs to upright, arborescent individuals
[52]. On favorable sites along the coast, California buckthorn
occasionally grows as a small tree, reaching heights of approximately 20
feet (6.1 m) [45]. More often, however, it grows as a 4 to 6 foot
(1.2-1.8 m) tall shrub [63]. Bark of young twigs is usually reddish;
older branches have gray, brown, or reddish bark [12,52]. The small,
pinnately veined, evergreen leaves are commonly dark green above and
paler beneath, and are arranged alternately on the stem [53]. Leaf
margins are typically inrolled [12,14]. When growing on xeric sites,
leaves tend to be small and thick; in moist situations they are
relatively large and thin [63]. The inconspicuous, bisexual flowers are
green and occur in small, axillary clusters [53]. The fruit is a juicy,
berrylike drupe approximately 0.25 inch (7-9 mm) in diameter and may be
either green, black, or red in color [34,52]. Berries contain two
smooth, nutlike seeds which closely resemble the commercial coffee bean
[12,14,34]. Although the root crown may become enlarged in response to
repeated postfire sprouting, this structure is not a lignotuber [38,40].
Longevity of California buckthorn is estimated at 100 to 200 years
[39].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
California buckthorn regenerates by both sexual and vegetative means.
On chaparral sites in southern California, California buckthorn
maintains itself primarily through sprouting [41]. Seedling
establishment is never very abundant and is restricted to stands of
mature chaparral [39,40,41]. Little or no seedling establishment occurs
immediately following fire [38,40,41]. However, seemingly different
establishment patterns have been observed in other communities [63,66]
Vegetative regeneration: In the absence of fire, many long-lived
sprouters within stands of mature chaparral rejuvenate their canopies by
continually producing new sprouts from established root crowns [40,42].
Generalized information indicates that California buckthorn may also
maintain itself in this manner [40]. Following disturbances such as
fire or cutting, California buckthorn sprouts from surviving
adventitious buds on the root crown [36,62].
Seed reproduction: Onset of seed production occurs early in California
coffeeberry, usually by 2 to 3 years of age [19]. Seeds are dispersed
in the fall [41]. Significant, widespread dispersal of the pea-sized
berries occurs through animals, particularly birds [10,41]. Bird
harvest of the fruit crop is often so complete that relatively few seeds
fall beneath the parent plant. The seeds of California buckthorn are
apparently quite short lived. When dried at room temperature, viability
is retained for no longer than 9 months. At the time of dispersal, each
seed exhibits a chlorophyllous cotyledon, indicating that germination is
imminent [41]. If kept too moist prior to germination, seeds are prone
to rot [19]. Germination occurs readily under favorable moisture and
temperature conditions [34,41]. Keeley [41] recently studied the
germination requirements of California buckthorn using seed samples
collected in southern California. After a 1-month stratification at 41
degrees F (5 degrees C), 65 percent of California buckthorn seeds
germinated when light incubated at 73 degrees F (23 degrees C) for 3
weeks. Rate of germination was rapid with more than 75 percent of
germination occurring during the first week. Addition of charate
(powdered charred wood) greatly reduced germination under similar
conditions (15% germination); in the dark, however, addition of charate
stimulated germination relative to the control (90% germination). In
this study, heat treatments generally decreased germination. Longer
heating at low temperatures was more detrimental than short bursts of
high temperature [41]. Sampson [62] found that heat treatments produced
a slight increase in germination.
Keeley [38,39,40,41] reported that buckthorns (Rhamnus spp.) are
obligate sprouters after fires in southern California chaparral and
included both California buckthorn and redberry (Rhamnus crocea)
within this grouping. Obligate sprouting species are restricted to
sprouting following fire and do not establish seedlings in the initial
postfire environment. In fact, seedling establishment of obligate
sprouters is always quite limited and follows the generalized scenario
presented below [40,41,71,72]:
-- Seedlings are established primarily in mature chaparral
in gaps resulting from the death of senescing, shorter-lived
species.
-- Seedling establishment is often episodic and coincides with
periods of above normal rainfall .
-- Although initial establishment may occur in burned or
unburned stands during very wet years, continued survival is
favored beneath mature stands on sites that are relatively
mesic (north slopes) and which possess a well-developed litter
layer.
-- Long-term survival beneath mature chaparral is rare; seedlings
are stunted and are subjected to heavy browsing by small
mammals.
-- Seedlings are most common in very old stands (60 to 100+
years) where long fire free intervals allow for the build
up of seedling populations.
Redberry tends to follow the above pattern [28,29,31,32,42,57], but data
is scant concerning the seedling ecology of California buckthorn. A
review of the literature found no data on California buckthorn
seedling establishment within southern California chaparral. On Coast
Range sites in northern California, Sampson [62] did not observe any
California buckthorn seedlings beneath stands of manzanita-ceanothus
(Arctostaphylos spp.-Ceanothus spp.) chaparral. Seedlings were present
on adjacent burns. Densities equaled 4,400 seedlings/acre (10,872
seedlings/ha) 1 year after fire; 4 years later, there were approximately
2,300 seedlings/acre (5,683 seedlings/ha). Precipitation was apparently
below normal during the first three postfire growing seasons [62].
Pelton [58] found occasional California buckthorn seedlings beneath
mixed-hardwood forests in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Seedlings of var.
occidentalis apparently require some shade during the establishment
period [19].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
California buckthorn exhibits a wide ecological amplitude. Sites
include dry flats, moist slopes, ravines, and rocky ridges, usually at
elevations below 5,500 feet (1,677 m) [52,63]. Soils are typically dry
and well drained [74]. Established plants tolerate full sun to moderate
shade [13,74].
In the Siskiyou Mountains, sites supporting tanoak/coffeeberry plant
associations occur on flat, lower slope positions at elevations ranging
from 1,040 to 3,460 feet (317 to 1,055 m) on southerly aspects;
ultrabasic soils reach depths of approximately 30 inches (76 cm).
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
California buckthorn is a long-lived and moderately shade-tolerant
shrub that is highly persistent within chaparral, hardwood woodland, and
open conifer forests [13,39]. During extended fire free-intervals,
California buckthorn is able to outlive, overtop, and shade out many
shorter-lived species [71]. As a component of relatively open canopied
stands, plants persist until the next fire occurs [36,66], at which time
sprouted individuals become part of the initial postfire vegetation
[66]. Griffin [75], however, observed many senescing plants of
California buckthorn on mixed hardwood sites in the southern Coast
Range; according to Griffin, California buckthorn had been the
dominant shrub on these sites for quite some time. Shrubs with
bird-dispersed seed, such as California buckthorn, have apparently
increased in abundance on relic oak savanna sites in central California
[35].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
California buckthorn typically flowers from April to June [34,52].
Fruit ripening commonly occurs from July through November with dispersal
taking place during the fall [34,41,74]. Immature fruits are green,
turning red or reddish-black when fully ripened [53,63]. Although an
evergreen species, California buckthorn produces at least some new
leaves each year [23]. Observations on the phenological development of
California buckthorn during 1936 for sites in Shasta County,
California, are presented below [62]:
Phenological stage Date
Leaves half developed April 11
Leaves fully developed May 16
Leaves fully developed & fruit forming June 24
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Frangula californica
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Following fires which kill aerial stems, California buckthorn sprouts
vigorously from dormant buds located on the root crown [62]. The
root crown serves as a source of numerous perennating buds and stored
carbohydrates, enabling California buckthorn to rapidly reoccupy the
initial postfire environment [41,48].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Frangula californica
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
California buckthorn is quite resistant to fire mortality [62,66].
Although aerial portions may be top-killed, most plants survive fire
[66].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Vigorous sprouting is the primary means by which California buckthorn
reestablishes itself in the postfire environment [38,40,41,62]. The
degree to which seedlings contribute to its postfire recovery seems to
vary with fire intensity, community type, and perhaps geographical
location [41,66].
Vegetative regeneration: California buckthorn sprouts vigorously
following fires which kill the aerial stems [6,36,39,63]. Although
cover and basal area may be initially reduced following burning [26,47],
most plants rapidly regain their prefire size and biomass [59].
Seedling reproduction: California buckthorn produces short-lived
seeds, the majority of which germinate readily under favorable
temperature and moisture conditions [34,41,62]. Consequently, postfire
establishment may occur through bird dispersal of off-site seed [41,42].
Seed production by residual plants may also be a factor on some sites.
Generalized information on obligate sprouters suggests that sprouted
plants begin to produce seed crops within 1 to 2 years of burning and
that postfire fruit crops are often substantial [40]. Although most
seeds are not well adapted to resist fire or for long-term survival in
the soil [41], germination in a portion of the seeds may be cued to the
postfire environment. Sampson [62] reported a slight increase in
germination when California buckthorn seeds were exposed for 5 minutes
to heat treatments of 140 to 180 degrees F (60 to 82 degrees C). Heat
treated samples from both southern California (San Bernardino Co.) and
northern California (Mendocino Co.) showed an increase in germination
over controls; the greatest increase occurred in the northern California
sample [62]. Keeley [41] found that heat treatments generally decreased
germination; optimal germination occurred when charred wood was added to
dark incubated controls.
Limited information presents an unclear pattern of postfire seedling
establishment in California buckthorn. In southern California
chaparral, it apparently behaves as an obligate spouter and rarely
establishes seedlings in the initial postfire environment [40,41].
Generalized information indicates that seedlings of obligate sprouting
species are rarely observed during the first postfire season except
during periods of above-normal precipitation [40,73]. Although
seedlings may initially establish in fire-created gaps in very wet
years, successful establishment seems restricted to mesic sites beneath
mature chaparral where litter layers are well developed [40,72].
On chaparral sites in northern California, however, Sampson [62] found
seedling densities of 4,400 /acre (10,872 seedlings/ha) on 1-year-old
burns. Although individual seedling survival was not followed, there
were 2,300 seedlings/acre (5,683 seedlings/ha) at the end of the fifth
postfire season. Prior to burning, seedlings were not observed beneath
adjacent unburned stands consisting of a cover of sprouting manzanita
and ceanothus (stand age not given) [62]. California buckthorn
seedlings did not establish the first year after a wildfire burned a
summit sugar pine forest in the Santa Lucia Range of central California
despite its common occurrence in the prefire vegetation [66]. This
wildfire was described as intense and burned an extensive area.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
Response of vegetation to prescribed burning in a Jeffrey pine-California
black oak woodland and a deergrass meadow at Cuyamaca State Park,
California, provides information on prescribed fire use and postfire
response of many mixed-conifer woodland species including California
coffeeberry.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Wildlife management: Burning initially increases the palatability of
California buckthorn browse [27,62,63]. Plants on recently burned
sites are higher in crude protein and crude fiber values than plants in
unburned stands [62]. Sprouts are generally utilized for up to two
postfire growing seasons [7]. On small burns, use of California
coffeeberry may be so concentrated that plants are weakened to the point
that mortality ensues [27].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Frangula californica
REFERENCES:
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the Siskiyou Mountain Province. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 278 p. [9351]
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Intensified Research. 6(4): 7-10. [8594]
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Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
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1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
23. Gordon, Aaron; Sampson, Arthur W. 1939. Composition of common California
foothill plants as a factor in range management. Bull. 627. Berkeley,
CA: University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural
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