Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)

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• Introductory
• Distribution and occurrence
• Botanical and ecological characteristics
• Fire ecology
• Fire effects
• Management considerations
• References

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS
	Photo © Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org.

Revisions:
On 01 March 2016, the scientific and common names of this species were changed
from: Berberis repens, Oregon-grape
to: Mahonia repens, creeping barberry.

FEIS ABBREVIATION:
MAHREP

SYNONYMS:
Berberis amplectens (Eastw.) L.C. Wheeler
Berberis pumila Greene
Berberis repens Lindl. [58,58,88,110,169]
Berberis sonnei (Abrams) McMinn [98]
Mahonia amplectens Eastw. [61,98]
Odostemon repens (Lindl.) Cockerell [124,169,207]

NRCS PLANT CODE [208]:
MARE11

COMMON NAMES:
creeping barberry
ash barberry
creeping holly grape
creeping Oregon-grape
creeping mahonia
creeping western barberry
holly grape
mountain holly
Oregon barberry
Oregon-grape

TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of creeping barberry is Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don (Berberidaceae) [3,68,71,85,98,99,100,109,124,135,157,210,214,216].

LIFE FORM:
Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
Creeping barberry is imperiled in North Dakota [146].

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES/PROVINCES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

Arizona:
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)/creeping barberry habitat type [7,113]
White fir (Abies concolor)/creeping barberry habitat type [69,113,125,138]
White fir/Douglas-fir habitat type, creeping barberry phase
White fir/Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) habitat type, creeping barberry phase[7]

Colorado
White fir/creeping barberry habitat type [125]
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry habitat type
Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)/creeping barberry habitat type [6]

Idaho
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry habitat type [88,180,185,187].
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry habitat type, creeping barberry phase [180,185,187,189,189]
Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)/creeping barberry habitat type, creeping barberry phase [185]
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)/creeping barberry [180]
Singleleaf pinyon/curlleaf mountain mahogany-mountain snowberry-creeping barberry/bluebunch wheatgrass ( Pinus monophylla/Cercocarpus ledifolius-Symphoricarpos oreophilus/Pseudoroegneria spicata) [170]
Ponderosa pine/common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), creeping barberry phase [180]

Montana
Quaking aspen/creeping barberry habitat type [81,82]
Ponderosa pine/creeping barberry habitat type [167,180]
Ponderosa pine/common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) habitat type, creeping barberry phase [116,180]
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry habitat type [180]

Nevada
Subalpine fir/creeping barberry habitat type [144]

New Mexico
White fir/creeping barberry habitat type [113,125]
White fir/Rocky Mountain maple habitat type-creeping barberry phase [4,7]
White fir/sparse habitat type (white fir/Douglas-fir habitat type)-creeping barberry phase [7]
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry habitat type [113],

Oregon
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry community type [42]

South Dakota
Quaking aspen/creeping barberry/roughleaf ricegrass (Oryzopsis asperifolia) habitat type [44,136,176]
Ponderosa pine/common juniper (Juniperus communis)-common snowberry-creeping barberry habitat type [200]
Ponderosa pine-bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa)/common chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)-common snowberry-creeping barberry habitat type [200]

Utah
Subalpine fir/creeping barberry habitat type [57,79,126]
White fir/creeping barberry habitat type [57,219]
White-fir/creeping barberry habitat type, creeping barberry phase [126,219]
Blue spruce (Picea pungens)/creeping barberry habitat type [57,126,180,219]
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)/creeping barberry habitat type [126]
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry habitat type [180,219]
Douglas-fir/creeping barberry habitat type, creeping barberry phase [126,180,219]
Subalpine fir/creeping barberry habitat type [219]
Subalpine fir/creeping barberry habitat type, creeping barberry phase [219]

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

Creeping barberry is a perennial, evergreen, creeping subshrub [71,100,109,135,157,210,216]. Stem height is 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) [61,68,85,88,99,100,109,135,157,216]. Each aerial stem arises from a rhizome that gives rise to other aerial stems at intervals [3,85,110,135,149,181,210,216]. Leaves are pinnately compound with 3 to 7 spine-toothed leaflets [61,68,71,85,100,109,124,135,153,210]. Flowers occur in dense racemes or umbels [3,68,85,99,100,110,124,153,157,210,216]. Fruits are berries, 0.4 inches long (1 cm) and borne in grape-like clusters [3,68,71,85,99,110,124,135,210,216]. Each berry contains 1 to 4 seeds, 0.2 to 0.4 inches (0.6-1.0 cm) long [61,110]. Each creeping barberry fruit contains several seeds [3,68,71,85,99,110,116,124,135,149,210,216]. Creeping barberry produces 71,120 seeds per pound [96].

Roots: Creeping barberry has fibrous rhizomes and roots that typically grow 0.6 to 2.0 inches (1.5-5 cm) below the mineral soil surface [35,36,88,128,132,147]. Rhizomes can sprout from relatively great depth without the stimulus of fire [35,78]. Bradley [35] found 1 active rhizome branch originating from 5.9 inches (15 cm) below the soil surface that was nearly emergent in Pattee Canyon, in western Montana. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, a 6 ft² study plot identified 31 stems originating from the same root system [32]. Roots can reach a maximum rooting depth of 6 feet (1.8 m), providing adaptability to water stress [40,145].

Pollination: Creeping barberry is pollinated by bees and butterflies. If cross-pollination does not occur, self-pollination may occur, frequently producing no fruits [135].

Breeding system: Creeping barberry is monoecious.

Seed production: Good fruit crops are produced almost annually from cross-pollinated plants [135].

Seed dispersal: Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals [22,169].

Seed banking: Regeneration from seed banks is common [35,78]. Seed banking of creeping barberry has not been studied in the field; however, seeds are viable for many years under warehouse conditions. Plummer and others [156] claim that creeping barberry seeds can be stored up to 5 years with good viability; Jorgensen and Stevens [96] claim that seeds can be kept under uncontrolled warehouse conditions for 13 or more years with good viability and or 16 or more years of dry storage without a great loss in viability [192]. Creeping barberry had a germination rate of 25% for freshly collected seed and decreased to 23% germination after 13 years in an open warehouse, showing no great change in germination percentage [192].

Soils were sampled in mature Douglas-fir/ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus), grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple, and grand fir/globe huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare) habitat types on the Payette and Boise National Forests in west central Idaho for viable creeping barberry seeds. In samples covering a total area of 2.28 m², 13 viable creeping barberry seeds were found-10 seeds in the 0 to 2.0 inch (0-5 cm) layer and 3 seeds in the 2.0 to 3.9 inch (5-10 cm) layer [103].

Germination: Creeping barberry requires stratification. In the laboratory, creeping barberry is considered a "medium germinator" [96] but is considered a "poor" germinator when planted on game ranges of Utah [156]. According to Jorgensen and Stevens [96], creeping barberry seeds require cold stratification from 1 to 3 months. Plummer and others [156] claim that seeds can require up to 196 days cold stratification to stimulate germination.

Seedling establishment/growth: Growth of creeping barberry is rapid after a disturbance but is slow when considered over the life of a forest stand [199]. Individual stems can live for 10 years or more [61]. As the overstory increases in density or cover, the establishment and growth of creeping barberry generally diminish due to lack of sunlight [112,151,199]; however, in a ponderosa pine habitat in the Fort Lewis National Forest in Colorado, the percent ground cover of creeping barberry increased as the density of trees increased. This was probably due to the affinity of creeping barberry to acid soils created by the ponderosa pine needles [143].

Survival measurements and "vigor" estimates were made on creeping barberry plants planted on road cut and fill slopes on 3 National Forests in eastern Washington. The survival of creeping barberry was generally low and vigor was fair to poor on all sites [201].

Asexual regeneration: Creeping barberry regenerates by rhizomes [133,135,147,190] and layering [34,96,133].

Elevation: Creeping barberry grows at elevations ranging from near sea level on the Pacific coast to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the Rocky Mountains [85,216]. Elevational ranges by state are shown below:

Soil: Creeping barberry is found in medium-textured, well-drained sandy loam, chalky, or granitic soil in coniferous forests [34,71,213] and sometimes on shallow, rocky sites where other vegetation is sparse [46,213]. Creeping barberry grows well on soils derived from limestone and quartzite in western Montana [67]. It is intolerant of poor drainage and high water tables [85,156,213] and is weakly tolerant to saline soils [182]. Creeping barberry is tolerant of very strongly acid to mildly alkaline soils [34,213] with pH ranging from 4.6 to 7.6 [34,182,185,189].

Climate: Creeping barberry tolerates a wide range of climates including xeric continental [81,142], Pacific maritime, core maritime, northern and southern continental [142,176,188], and subhumid montane [217].

Precipitation: Creeping barberry tolerates annual precipitation ranging from 12 inches (305 mm) per year in the Uinta Mountains of Utah [57] to 140 inches (3,556 mm) per year in northwest Oregon [120].

Creeping barberry is classified by various authors as a seral to climax species throughout its range. In studies by Habeck [75,76] in Glacier National Park, Montana, the forest succession of major understory species, including creeping barberry, was studied in western redcedar-western hemlock (Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla) communities after the 1967 Flathead Fire. The following table presents the percent frequency of creeping barberry from pioneer to climax stages of succession. The gradient segments begin with pioneer communities dominated by lodgepole pine that are less than 50 years old and end with a climax community dominated by western hemlock, averaging 400 years old [75,76]:

Creeping barberry was a pioneer species following the Tillamook Fires in northwestern Oregon, which burned a total of 355,000 acres (143,663 ha) over 20 years. Before the burns, the forests were dominated by Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and western hemlock at medium to high elevations, and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) at lower elevations [120].

On some site types, creeping barberry is considered seral. Creeping barberry occurs in seral communities of Douglas-fir habitat types in central Idaho [48,187], ponderosa pine communities in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho [77], Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum)/roughleaf ricegrass habitat in the northern Great Plains, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) -subalpine fir forests in northwest Wyoming [26] and quaking aspen woodlands in the West [5,6,44,81,82,136,136,137,176,220]. Creeping barberry occurs in late-seral stages in riparian areas of Zion National Park [84].

After disturbances in a ponderosa pine/common juniper habitat type in the Custer National Forest within the Missouri Plateau of Montana, creeping barberry quickly invaded, but decreased with time and lack of disturbance [81].

Creeping barberry occurs as a climax understory dominant in the following habitats: Douglas-fir [7,48,64,80,91,113,126,168,185,186,187,187,203], grand fir [64,65,77,168,186,186], western redcedar and western hemlock forests [77,168], subalpine fir [5,44,144,185,185,219], ponderosa pine forests [116,167,168,180,200], white fir [4,7,57,69,113,125,126,138,219], quaking aspen [5,6,44,81,82,136,136,176,220], lodgepole pine [126], and blue spruce [57,126,180,219].

The fruit of creeping barberry ripens from June to September in Utah [156] and June in the Great Plains [71].

Schmidt and Lotan [173] provide phenological data on creeping barberry east of the Continental Divide in Montana and Yellowstone National Park, and in northern Idaho and Montana west of the Continental Divide. The growing season for creeping barberry generally begins earlier west of the Continental Divide. The table below presents the phenology of creeping barberry based on observations from 1928 to 1937 [173]:

FIRE ECOLOGY

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

Fire regimes: Creeping barberry occurs in plant communities with a variety of fire regimes including frequent, low-severity surface fires, mixed-severity fires, and crown fires.

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where creeping barberry is important. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

FIRE EFFECTS

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Creeping barberry sprouting in postfire year 1 after the 2017 Park Creek Fire near Lincoln, Montana. Image by Garon Smith, used with permission.

Creeping barberry is considered an "endurer," or "survivor" due to its adaptability to survive fire by sprouting, and growth from deep-buried perennating buds [147,193,194,195,196]. Rhizomatous species, such as creeping barberry, often increase by the end of the 1st year after fire [33,195]. If shallow rhizomes are killed by fire, the remaining rhizomes below the mineral soil surface can survive to form separate plants [35].

Creeping barberry sprouted 4 months after a fire that killed all but old growth ponderosa pine trees in a mixed-conifer forest in Zion National Park, Utah [217].

Creeping barberry sprouted from rhizomes 1 year after fire in old-growth western hemlock-Douglas-fir forest in the Pacific Northwest [1].

In a 1996 lightning-ignited fire in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 4,781 acres (1,935 ha) burned. Postfire recovery was studied the following year in 3 habitats: mountain shrublands, pinyon-juniper/shrublands, and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Creeping barberry occurred in 10 to 20% of all habitat types. The numbers below indicate the relative frequency of creeping barberry [60]:

Severe wildfires: Creeping barberry increased after severe fires in the following habitats:

Subalpine fir/Engelmann spruce habitat: In a 1974 lightning-ignited fire in Waterfalls Canyon in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, 3,494 ac (1,414 ha) burned before it was extinguished by snow in late November. Data were collected from permanent plots in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1983, and 1991 in 60 unburned plots, 60 moderately burned (40% of the canopy trees alive 1 year after the fire) plots, and 60 severely burned plots (all trees killed and the aboveground portions of understory species are consumed). Creeping barberry was considered one of the most important postfire understory species in the severely burned areas, making up a maximum cover of 1-3%. The mean percent cover of creeping barberry is shown below [54]:

Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir and lodgepole pine stands: Creeping barberry appeared 1 year after a severe subalpine wildfire in northern Colorado [30].

Douglas-fir: Creeping barberry was a common undergrowth species 10 years after a severe fire in an advanced mature/early old-growth Douglas-fir forest in the Warner Creek Basin on the Willamette National Forest near Eugene, Oregon [160].

Following a severe wildfire in 1977 in a second-growth Douglas-fir forest in western Montana, the percent cover of creeping barberry increased over time [204]:

Ponderosa pine/common snowberry, grand fir/queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), grand fir/birchleaf spirea (Spiraea betulifolia), and grand fir/pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens): Creeping barberry increased after severe fires in these northeastern Oregon communities and utilized habitat after a severe burn in a cool, moist grand fir forest [95].

Douglas-fir, quaking aspen, and subalpine fir: Creeping barberry appeared 5 years after a severe fire in 1998 in Yellowstone National Park [9], perhaps due to seed dispersal by birds and mammals.

Prescribed burning: Creeping barberry can have an unfavorable, favorable, or no response to prescribed burning based on the habitat, severity of the burn, and how long after fire creeping barberry is measured.

Unfavorable responses to prescribed burning:
Gambel oak habitat: The frequency of creeping barberry was higher in unburned stands versus stands burned within 8 years of the sampling date in central Utah [107]:

Douglas-fir/ponderosa pine habitat: Arno [15] studied the response of creeping barberry for 4 years following low and high-consumption prescribed burning in a shelterwood cutting unit in western Montana. The average percent cover of creeping barberry was highest overall in the no burn areas, and greater in the high-consumption burns compared to the low-consumption burns. Burn treatment severity was indicated by the consumption of woody fuels, which ranged from 0% in the no-burn to 80% in the high-consumption burn treatment. Mineral soil exposure was 4% in the no-burn, 8% in the low-consumption burn and 9% in the high-consumption burn [15]:

Mixed conifer: The effectiveness of shelterwood cutting and underburning was tested on a ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir-grand fir forest on the Priest River Experimental Forest in northern Idaho. Treatments included a moist fuels underburn, a dry fuels underburn, and a no burn in the cut units. The percent canopy coverage of creeping barberry was measured 1 year following the moist and dry burns. creeping barberry changed little after the shelterwood cut in the no burn and moist underburn areas but decreased after the dry burn [179]:

Favorable responses of creeping barberry to prescribed burning:
Big sagebrush/grass: The effects of prescribed burning were studied by Blaisdell [33] in the Snake River Plains in Idaho. Four hundred circular plots, each having an area of 100 ft², were established at regular intervals. Immediately after the plots were burned, they were classified by intensity of burn as follows: "light burn"-smaller branches and twigs of sagebrush unburned, only leaves consumed by fire; "moderate burn"- larger branches of sagebrush remaining, but smaller branches and twigs consumed; and "heavy burn"- trunk or mainstem of sagebrush plants consumed by fire. Fifteen years following the prescribed burns, creeping barberry was favored by the heavy burn treatment [33]:

Great Basin big sagebrush: The percent cover of creeping barberry was greater after prescribed spring and fall fires in 1973 compared to a control site on the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming [127]:

Mixed conifer, quaking aspen/mixed conifer and quaking aspen: Creeping barberry responded quickly after a prescribed burn applied in late September in Manning Basin in the Caribou National Forest, Idaho. In the mixed conifer stand, the burn severity was "moderate", indicating that litter was consumed, duff was deeply charred, but with some remaining charcoal; shrubs were killed and partially consumed; and most aspen stems were charred and appeared killed. In the upper-elevation and lower-elevation aspen stands, the burn severity was "high", indicating that litter and duff were completely consumed and mineral soil exposed; shrubs were mostly consumed; and all aspen stems were killed. The biomass of creeping barberry was 2/3rds of prefire quantities 5 years after fire. The numbers below indicate biomass kg/ha [36]:

Ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir: The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana provides information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant species in this community including creeping barberry.

Douglas-fir: Vegetation was compared between clearcuts, uncut, and cut and burned stands by Lafferty [111] in the Gold Creek drainage, 17 miles northeast of Missoula, Montana. The clearcuts were burned in the fall between 1961 and 1964, and the study was conducted in 1967. The burn classifications are as follows: "Unburned"-no apparent effect of fire on the slash or soil; "lightly burned"-twigs finger-size and smaller consumed, larger materials partly burned with needles scorched and fuel components discernible; and "severely burned"-fire consumed most of the organic layer, all 4 inch materials absent and logs deeply charred. Creeping barberry was most abundant on south aspects of the "lightly burned" stand [111]:

Douglas-fir/globe huckleberry: After spring and fall prescribed fires in the Lubrecht Experimental forest in western Montana, the total number of creeping barberry plants increased in 3 of 5 plots, and frequency increased in 2 of 5 plots in both postfire years [130]:

Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat: On the Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation in Benewah County, Idaho, Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat was burned in high- and low-intensity prescription fires. Creeping barberry was nearly absent on high-intensity burn sites, and unharmed on low-intensity sites. The following table provides the percent cover in unburned, low-intensity, and high-intensity treatments. Coverages are averaged over 3 postfire years of data collection [11].

The average fuel load on burned sites was 58,200 kg/ha, nearly half of which was duff [25]. Depth of duff was 1.3 cm on high-intensity sites, 4.0 cm on low-intensity sites, and 6.6 cm on unburned sites. Three replicated high- and low-intensity fires were sampled. High- and low-intensity fires had significantly different (p<0.05) fireline intensities. Energy produced by high-intensity fires was between 30 to 3,034 kcal/m/s and averaged 781 kcal/m/s; energy released on low-intensity fires averaged 127 kcal/m/s and ranged from 25 to 194 kcal/m/s. Significantly (p value not reported) more duff was consumed on the high-intensity fire sites (80%) than on low-intensity fire sites (40%). Flame lengths averaged 0.9 m and ranged from 0.1 to 1.7 m on both sites. On average, duff smoldered longer on high-intensity sites than on low-intensity sites [11]. See the Research Project Summary Understory recovery after low- and high-intensity fires in northern Idaho ponderosa pine forests for an extended report on this study.

Lyon's Research Paper also provides information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant species, including creeping barberry, in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir communities.

Grand fir/Oregon boxwood (Pachistima myrsinites): The percent shrub crown cover of creeping barberry was studied before (1967) and after prescribed spring burning in central Idaho by Leege [118] with little difference [118]:

Grand fir/Oregon boxwood: In a study performed by Zamora [221], 43 stands of vegetation representing various developmental stages were studied following broadcast-burned clearcut stands in north central Idaho. The average percent canopy volume of creeping barberry was greatest 8 years following the treatment and decreased until creeping barberry was no longer present in the near-climax stage [221]:

Mature larch/Douglas-fir: Following spring and fall prescribed burns of "light intensity" in the Lubrecht Experimental Forest in western Montana, almost no damage was done to the rhizomes of creeping barberry, and creeping barberry sprouted either the same year or the following year [184].

Grand fir/Oregon boxwood and western hemlock/Oregon boxwood: A 20-year record of shrub succession in clearcut and clearcut-burned areas was studied in the Coeur d'Alene National Forest in northern Idaho by Wittinger and others [218]. Creeping barberry increased following logging and/or burning on 3 sites in the western hemlock/Oregon boxwood sites and 2 sites in the grand fir/Oregon boxwood habitat as shown below [218]:

The Jupiter Creek-Diamond Cut site is located in the western hemlock-Oregon boxwood habitat and was clearcut in 1950 and not burned. Creeping barberry increased 7 years after clearcutting but decreased 25 years after clearcutting [218]:

The Jupiter Creek-Power Line site is located in the western hemlock/Oregon boxwood habitat and was clearcut and burned in 1961. The percent composition and percent cover changed little 3 years and 14 years after the treatment [218]:

The Beetle Creek site is located in the western hemlock/Oregon boxwood habitat and was cut in 1956 and burned in 1958. Creeping barberry increased significantly (p<0.05) on the clearcut and burned sites compared to the unlogged adjacent site [218]:

The Tourist Creek site is located in the grand fir/Oregon boxwood habitat and was clearcut and burned in 1964. Creeping barberry increased after 5 years then decreased by 11 years [218]:

The Mullan Tree site is also located in the grand fir/Oregon boxwood habitat and was clearcut in 1956 and burned in 1958. Creeping barberry sustained increases following logging and burning though the 14-year period [218]:

No response to prescribed burning:
Subalpine fir/beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) habitat type, globe huckleberry phase: The response of creeping barberry to different clearcutting treatments followed by burning in west-central Montana was studied by Arno and Simmerman [20]. Creeping barberry showed little change after the following treatments: clearcutting without additional site or slash treatment, clearcutting with broadcast burning, clearcutting with mechanical scarification and burning in piles, and low-severity fire, and severe, stand-replacement fire [20].

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES
• OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

White-tailed deer and mule deer: White-tailed deer [94,139,140] and mule deer [23,63,73,106,114] eat creeping barberry primarily in the fall and winter during periods of reduced snow cover in the Rocky Mountain region.

Creeping barberry is lightly used by mule deer in the spring and summer in the Beaver Creek Watershed of the Coconino National Forest, Arizona [141] and Chopaka Mountain, Washington [39].

The diet of mule deer was studied from 1 June to 31 August, 1962 through 1968 by Hungerford [92] in logged mixed conifer, logged ponderosa pine, a burn in mixed conifer habitat, and a control site in northern Arizona. Mule deer ate a small amount of creeping barberry in the 2nd half of June and 1st half of July, but use was intermittent, depending upon the availability of other foods. The burned area had the highest ground cover density of creeping barberry and the most use by deer [92].

Elk: In a study by Trout and Leege [205] along the Lochsa and Selway Rivers in northern Idaho, creeping barberry was the 2nd most important item in the winter diet of elk. In the Threemile and Calf Creek game ranges, Montana, overall shrub use by elk was minimal, but creeping barberry was the primary shrub used in February [114]. Creeping barberry growing in open areas is an important food for elk in the Rocky Mountains in the spring and fall [117,122].

Birds: Sharp-tailed grouse [66] and various other species of birds [100,123,157,210] eat the fruit of creeping barberry.

Bighorn sheep: Bighorn sheep eat creeping barberry during the winter in Montana [45,172,202].

Mountain goat: On Chopaka Mountain in Washington, creeping barberry comprises 2.1% of mountain goat diet in winter, 2.1% in spring, 0.1% in summer, and 0.8% in the fall [39].

Moose: Creeping barberry is a forage species for moose in the fall in Montana and comprises less than 5% of the fall diet of moose in Fremont County, Idaho [166].

Bear: American black bears rely heavily on the fruits of creeping barberry and play an important role in seed dispersal [22]. Grizzly bears also eat the berries of creeping barberry [50,102].

Lagomorphs: Mountain cottontail and snowshoe hare eat creeping barberry [123]. Creeping barberry comprised <6% of the desert cottontail's diet in the Sugarloaf Mountain area of the Tonto National Forest, Arizona [206].

Palatability: Creeping barberry has low palatability to livestock [47,53,97]. Game animals show low to moderate use, primarily in the fall and winter [150,207].

The percent use of creeping barberry for big game and livestock in a grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple habitat type in central Idaho are [186]:

In the Black Hills of South Dakota, white-tailed deer use of creeping barberry was measured in winter, spring, summer, and fall. The numbers below are the utilization: availability ratio for use by white-tailed deer to availability of creeping barberry [90]:

The degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for creeping barberry in several western states is as follows [53]:

Nutritional value: Creeping barberry retains usable energy value and digestible protein moderately well during the fall and winter [83]. In a study by Gastler and others [63], the composition of moisture and nutrients for creeping barberry was analyzed in the fall, winter, spring, and summer in the Black Hills of South Dakota:

Cover value: Creeping barberry provides good cover for small mammals [108,159] and birds [157].

Habitat containing creeping barberry as a predominant understory species is used by adult sharp-tailed grouse [66], boreal owls [87] and northern goshawks [152] for activities including wintering, breeding, nesting and brood rearing [66,87,152].

In the Black Hills of South Dakota, creeping barberry comprises 36.5% of white-tailed deer diet [63] but it is considered a poor species for hiding/escape cover, thermal cover and fawning cover [148].

Propagation: Creeping barberry can be propagated by seeds, layering [34,96], and root cuttings [34]. For seed propagation, seeds must be collected by hand-stripping into hoppers, cleaned, and dried using a fan. A warm pretreatment of seeds is necessary for 0 to 60 days, followed by a wet prechill of 30 to 196 days [34,156]. The container production period (excluding hardening) has a moderate growth of 0-6 months and slow growth after 6 months [156]. For layering, stem cuttings of the hardwood should be harvested in the winter and grown in a greenhouse [96,177]. Propagation by root cuttings is slow and not recommended [34].

The alkaloid berberine exhibits weak antibiotic properties. Berberis species are not known to be infected by bacterial pathogens, making them useful in medicine [100,191].

Dye: The roots of creeping barberry were used for yellow dye [52,100,133,135,153,207].

Food: Native Americans used the berries of creeping barberry to add flavor to soup [197]. The fruit is suitable for preserves [34,52,100,109,116,135,153,164,197,207,210,214] and wine [116,197].

Ornamental: Creeping barberry is an excellent plant for xeriscaping due to its heat and drought resistance [37,74,159,190,213,216] and it has good ornamental potential [157].

Herbicide treatment and browsing: Creeping barberry neither increased nor decreased after herbicide treatment with picloram and clopyralid [162].

In a Gambel oak habitat on the Grand Mesa National Forest, Colorado, the percentage of cover for creeping barberry decreased slightly 2 years after spraying with 2,4-5T (now banned by the EPA) [209] and increased slightly after chaining [105].

Following browsing by domestic goats in a Gambel oak habitat in northern Utah, creeping barberry increased [163].

Wildlife management: A study by Pase and Hurd [151] was conducted to determine the effects of silvicultural thinning on understory vegetation in ponderosa pine forests in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains in Wyoming. Creeping barberry responded favorably to increased and decreased basal area of the ponderosa pine stands. This was due to creeping barberry's tolerance to full sun and shade. The increase in creeping barberry provided forage for deer in winter [151].

Silviculture: In a subalpine forest in Colorado, the percent cover of creeping barberry decreased 3 years after clearcutting and returned to prelogging percent cover 4 years after clearcutting [49].

The mean percent cover of creeping barberry was higher in 50-year-old clearcut forests of lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir compared to adjacent mature stands of lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir in southeastern Wyoming [175].

Following a 4,000 acre (1,619 ha) wildfire in 1968 in a ponderosa pine-mixed fir habitat in Oregon, the effects of rehabilitation by seeding versus nonseeding were studied by Anderson and Brooks [10]. The percent ground cover of creeping barberry was greater on the unseeded area than the seeded area of the pine-mixed fir site, indicating that it may have been suppressed by the seeded grasses [10]:

Slash burning of debris in Douglas-fir/grand fir habitat of northern Idaho favors early establishment of creeping barberry, which is a preferred forage species for deer [155].

Other: Creeping barberry is an alternate host of black stem rust of cereals [100,135,213].

Creeping barberry is resistant to sulfur dioxide pollutants generated from coal-fired power plants in southwest desert areas of the U.S. [89].

Fires of low intensity (surface soil <138° F(59° C)) do not improve the nutrient quality of creeping barberry browse; however, sprouting may be stimulated [17].

The influence of prescribed understory burning and livestock grazing on community structure was studied by Zimmerman [222] in Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat on the East Hatter Creek portion of the University of Idaho Experimental Forest in northern Idaho. The density, cover, and frequency of creeping barberry were studied the 1st postfire year. Creeping barberry was most abundant in the grazed, unburned areas [222]:

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