Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
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| Rusty menziesia branch. Creative Commons image ©2000 Thayne Tuason. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Habeck, R. J. 1992. Menziesia ferruginea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/menfer/all.html [].
Revisons : On 14 December 2017, the common name of this species was changed in FEIS from: menziesia
to: rusty menziesia. The photo was also added.
ABBREVIATION :
MENFER
SYNONYMS :
Menziesia glabella (Gray) Peck
NRCS PLANT CODE :
MEFE
COMMON NAMES :
rusty menziesia
false huckleberry
fool's huckleberry
false azalea
menziesia
mock azalea
smooth menziesia
Pacific menziesia
skunkbrush
rustyleaf
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of rusty menziesia is Menziesia
ferruginea (Smith) [26]. In existence are two varieties distinguished
by morphological variations and geographic location [25,26,32,33]:
M. ferruginea var. ferruginea
M. ferruginea var. glabella (Gray) Peck
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Menziesia ferruginea var. ferruginea is found north along the Alaskan Coast,
and south along the Pacific Coast to northern California, inland across
the Cascades and Rocky Mountains to Wyoming [25,33].
Menziesia ferruginea var. glabella is distributed from British Columbia to
Alberta, south to Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, eastern Washington, and
Oregon; down the Columbia River to Mt. Hood and Mt. Adams, where the two
varieties freely interbreed [25,27].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
STATES :
AK CA ID MT OR WA WY AB BC
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Rusty menziesia is an understory dominant on moist, wooded north- and
east-facing slopes of the montane to upper subalpine zones. Overstory
components mostly include subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Pacific
silver fir (A. amabilis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), mountain
hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), western hemlock (T. heterophylla), and
Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) [25]. Rusty menziesia's associates
generally include blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare), smooth
woodrush (Luzula hitchcockii), and on higher sites, white rhododendron
(Rhododendron albiflorum) [33]. In Alaska, rusty menziesia is a common
understory shrub in the coastal spruce-hemlock forest, often under a
dense canopy. It also grows in the southern part of the boreal forest
in white spruce (Picea glauca) and white spruce-paper birch (Betula
papyrifera) stands [53].
Publications listing rusty menziesia as an indicator or dominant species in
habitat types (hts), community types (cts), or plant associations (pas)
are presented below:
Area Classification Authority
AK forest (cts) Reynolds 1990
c ID forest (hts) Steele & others 1981
n ID forest (hts) Cooper & others 1991
e ID and w WY forest (hts) Steele & others 1983
MT forest (hts) Pfister & others 1977
OR: Mt. Hood &
Willamette N.F. forest (pas) Hemstrom & others 1982
OR: Wallowa-Whitman
National Forest forest (pas) Johnson & Simon 1987
WA: Mount Rainier N.P. forest (pas) Franklin & others 1988
WA: Gifford Pinchot
National Forest forest (pas) Brockway & others 1983
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Rusty menziesia's value to wildlife is primarily as food. In Idaho and
Montana, elk used rusty menziesia in considerable amounts in July, and to a
lesser extent in October. Elk rarely eat rusty menziesia when it occurs with
more palatable browse species. Menziesia filled a browse requirement
during July when elk were primarily on an herbaceous diet in western
Montana and Idaho [14,54]. Mule deer use rusty menziesia moderately in summer
and fall in the western states [31]. Rusty menziesia accounted for over 15
percent of the summer moose diet in the spruce-fir cover types of
Jackson Hole, Wyoming [28]. Alaskan spruce grouse use small amounts of
rusty menziesia capsules in their October diet [15]. Following a burn
treatment in western Montana, rusty menziesia came back as an important source
of fruits and seeds used by rodents such as deer mice, chipmunks, and
voles [21].
PALATABILITY :
The palatability of rusty menziesia is generally rated poor. This shrub
provides fair summer browse for deer and elk [35]. Rusty menziesia's
palatability was considered very low for moose in Jackson Hole, Wyoming
[23].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Nutrient value of rusty menziesia is considered poor to medium [20].
Rusty menziesia contains toxic resinoids that are known to cause livestock
losses when leaves and roots are eaten [43].
Mean values of percent composition of macro- and micronutrients for
rusty menziesia are as follows [22]:
MACRO MICRO
(percent dry weight) (ppm dry weight)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
N P K Ca Mg Na Cu Mn Fe Zn
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Leaves 2.48 0.24 1.19 0.62 0.40 0.47 10.0 16,656 62.0 86.6
Stems 1.18 0.15 0.85 0.35 0.17 0.09 11.8 7139.2 22.8 40.5
COVER VALUE :
Rusty menziesia provides shelter and cover for a variety of wildlife species.
Dense thickets provide good cover for many small birds and mammals.
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Rusty menziesia is a desirable ornamental due its crimson-orange autumn
foliage [26].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Rusty menziesia is mostly threatened by logging activities. Following
clearcutting of Pacific silver fir and mountain hemlock, rusty menziesia
exhibits a difficult time regenerating [6]. In northwestern Montana,
rusty menziesia decreased considerably from its high abundance following a
clearcut in an old-growth stand [2]. Soil layers restricting root
growth and high water tables are common enough that compaction or
erosion-causing activities should be carefully controlled [6].
There appears to be little destruction of mature rusty menziesia plants in
spruce-fir forests when selective logging is done during the winter [9].
If rusty menziesia is a major component of the mature forest understory, it
will continue to dominate the postharvest plant community [10].
Mechanical site preparation: Coates [8] found that recovery of
rusty menziesia on Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir sites after clipping and
mechanical scarification was very limited and confined to the production
of new shoots from buds on old stems rather than from basal sprouts or
suckers. Two seasons after cutting, new shoots had not reached the
height of precut stems, and did not overtop spruce or pine seedlings
planted at the time of cutting.
Rusty menziesia control by Esteron brush killer was best achieved when this
herbicide was mixed with diesel and sprayed by helicopter from 150 to
200 feet (46-61 m) high [40]. After 2 years, Tordon 101 and Banvel 720
killed 100 percent of rusty menziesia when sprayed on leaf foliage [39].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Rusty menziesia is an erect, deciduous shrub 3.3 to 6.6 feet (1-2 m) tall.
Ovate-elliptic to elliptic-obovate leaves are 1.5 to 2.5 inches (4-6 cm)
long and exude a skunky odor when crushed. Rusty menziesia has scaly bark on
older branches, while the young twigs are covered with fine hair [20].
The fruits are oval capsules containing many seeds 0.20 to 0.28 inch
(5-7 mm) long. The leaves and stems of this shrub are sticky to the
touch [25,26,44].
Rusty menziesia decreases in height with increasing elevation. This would
imply that rusty menziesia's height is generally at its maximum on western
hemlock sites, and at its minimum on mountain hemlock and subalpine fir
sites [34].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Seed production and dispersal: Numerous small seeds are produced in
capsules which dehisce naturally at maturity. Seeds are wind or gravity
dispersed.
Vegetative Reproduction: Rusty menziesia sprouts from root crowns and
adventitious stem buds after destruction of aboveground parts. When
covered with ash from Mt. St. Helen's, rusty menziesia produced adventitious
roots [3]. This plant also appears to be capable of layering. Layering
is an effective means of growth and expansion at high elevations where
heavy snowpacks press rusty menziesia branches close to the ground [10]. On
steep slopes, rusty menziesia tends to grow downhill with the tips of its
branches ascending [35].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Rusty menziesia is a common shade-tolerant shrub, found predominantly on
steep, northerly exposures with abundant moisture [17,20,25,26].
Rusty menziesia generally occurs from 3,300 to 7,500 feet (1,000-2,300 m) in
elevation on 15 to 60 percent slopes [11,29,50]. Absence from extreme
northern distributions may imply a limitation to cold temperatures.
Rusty menziesia may be restricted to areas with adequate snow cover, which
protects plants from winter desiccation [25]. In Oregon, rusty menziesia is
typically found on high-elevation sites where frequent frost, heavy
snowpacks, and short growing seasons are common [6].
The presence of rusty menziesia has been reported as being a particularly good
indicator of site potential [13]. Rusty menziesia often grows under dense
canopies, in openings, and on cut-over forest land, especially on
well-drained slopes [53]. Mueggler [42] found the distribution of
rusty menziesia in cedar-hemlock stands to be positively associated with low
soil potassium content, and high organic matter content (5.6 to 8.0
percent).
Soils: Soil depth usually ranges from 17 to 70 inches (43-178 cm).
Soils are generally derived from loam to sandy-loam pumice layers to a
depth of 15 to 30 inches (38-76 cm) [6,11,24]. In central Idaho, soil
acidity ranges from pH 5.1 to 6.2; litter depth can average at least 3.5
inches (9 cm) [6,11]. Effective rooting depth in Oregon is
approximately 46 inches (117 cm) [6].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Rusty menziesia is most always associated with cold, wet habitat types.
Rusty menziesia is very shade tolerant. It can persist in heavily shaded
forests where light levels are typically 5 percent of full sunlight.
Alaback [1] reported that rusty menziesia decreased in biomass productivity in
Alaskan spruce-hemlock forests over 30 years of age. Rusty menziesia biomass
was lowest in stands 31 to 130 years old, but after this period
increased. In western Montana, burning increased rusty menziesia fourfold
from immature stands (less than 90 years) to old stands (greater than
150 years) [2].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Phenology: Rusty menziesia flowers from late May through July; capsules
mature in July and August [53]. Leaves expand rapidly in early June at
the time flowers open and begin to senesce in mid-August and September
at high elevations in southern British Columbia [10]. Rusty menziesia has
been found to live at least 30 years in northern forests [1].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Rusty menziesia is a fire-sensitive species [51]. It responds to fire by
sprouting from the root crown [38]. Since rusty menziesia is indicative of
cool, moist sites, fire plays a minor role in its development. Barrett
and Arno [4] found that the subalpine fir/rusty menziesia cover type in the
Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho, had a mean fire interval of 174 to
181 years, achieving lethal/nonuniform fire behavior.
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Rusty menziesia is very susceptible to fire-kill. Moderate to severe fires
reduce survival and slow redevelopment [44]. Wildfires apparently
removed rusty menziesia totally from experimental plots in Washington and
Oregon for up to 16 years [58].
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
In western Montana, Stickney [51] found that
postfire survival of
rusty menziesia was poor; rusty menziesia was very slow to redevelop after fire,
especially in areas that had been intensely burned. The average percent
cover of rusty menziesia doubled from unburned plots to lightly burned plots,
and tripled from moderately burned plots in western Montana [48].
Another study found rusty menziesia to increase its density of aboveground
parts the first year after burning [37]. Model projections predict that
rusty menziesia will reach a height of 2.4 feet (.73 m) 2 years after a burn,
and that the average height of rusty menziesia will peak at 5.1 to 5.6 feet
(1.5-1.7 m) 20 to 25 years after burning [34]. Mueggler [42], however,
found no significant difference in cover and frequency between burned
and unburned sites in northern Idaho.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
The following Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed
fire use and postfire response of plant community species including rusty menziesia:
Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) also provide
information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant species,
including rusty menziesia, that was not available when this species review
was originally written.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Menziesia ferruginea
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