Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Morella cerifera
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| Wax myrtle. Creative Commons image by T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Morella cerifera
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Morella cerifera. In: Fire Effects Information System,
[Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/morcer/all.html [].
Updates: On 26 February 2018, the scientific and common name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: Myrica cerifera, wax-myrtle
to: Morella cerifera, wax myrtle. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION:
MORCER
SYNONYMS:
Myrica carolinensis Mill. [52]
Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae) [8,49,50,51,53]
Myrica cerifera var. cerifera
Myrica cerifera var. pumila Michx. [8]
Myrica pusilla Raf.
Myrica mexicana Willd. [52]
NRCS PLANT CODE:
MOCE2
COMMON NAMES:
wax myrtle
bayberry
candleberry
dwarf waxmyrtle
southern bayberry
southern waxmyrtle
wax-myrtle
waxmyrtle
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name for wax myrtle is Morella cerifera (L.) Small. (Myricaceae)
Morella cerifera hybridizes with M. pennsylvania, producing M. × macfarlanei
Youngken [16].
LIFE FORM:
Shrub, Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Morella cerifera
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Wax myrtle is most common in peninsular Florida and on the
Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. It occurs from the
Florida Keys north to southern New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware; west
to eastern Texas, southeast Oklahoma, and central Arkansas. Atypical
reported occurrences include Maine, Massachusetts, and New York.
 |
| Distribution of wax myrtle. 1977 USDA, Forest Service map digitized by Thompson and others [54]. |
Outside the United States, wax myrtle grows in Bermuda, Cuba, the
Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and the British West Indies. It grows in Mexico,
Central America, and South America from Costa Rica to Belize [16,20,26].
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES41 Wet grasslands
STATES:
AR FL GA HI LA ME MD MA MS NY
NC OK TX VA MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
NO-ENTRY
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K062 Mesquite - live oak savanna
K079 Palmetto prairie
K080 Marl - everglades
K089 Black belt
K090 Live oak - sea oats
K091 Cypress savanna
K092 Everglades
K105 Mangrove
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
K116 Subtropical pine forest
SAF COVER TYPES:
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
72 Southern scrub oak
73 Southern redcedar
74 Cabbage palmetto
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
100 Pondcypress
102 Baldcypress - tupelo
103 Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - red bay
105 Tropical hardwoods
106 Mangrove
111 South Florida slash pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Wax myrtle is common in a variety of habitats and plant
communities in the southeastern United States. It grows equally well
with the subtropical vegetation of south Florida and the temperate
vegetation of the Inland Coastal Plain. Wax myrtle is the most
common shrub in the longleaf (Pinus palustris)-slash pine (P. elliottii)
type [3,20,23,36]. Other common overstory associates include loblolly
pine (P. taeda), southern redcedar (Juniperus silicicola) [11], cabbage
palmetto (Sabal palmetto) [48], pond pine (Pinus serotina) [4], live oak
(Quercus virginiana) [19], spruce pine (Pinus glabra) [22], and
baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) [11,33]. Common understory associates
include dahoon holly (Ilex cassine), sawgrass (Cladium jamaicensis) [30],
muhly grass (Muhlenbergia spp.), beard grass (Andropogon spp.), saltbush
(Baccharis halimifolia), myrsine (Myrsine floridana), and sweet bay
(Magnolia virginiana) [49].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Morella cerifera
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
A consistent contributor to the available browse biomass in southeastern
forests, wax myrtle is occasionally eaten by cattle [7].
Wax myrtle frequently invades rangeland and decreases the
production of more palatable forage [45]. Many birds eat southern
bayberry fruit, including the northern bobwhite quail and the wild
turkey [15]. The seeds are important winter food for Carolina wrens and
tree sparrows [17].
PALATABILITY:
Wax myrtle is unpalatable to white-tailed deer in eastern Texas
[24,25]. Its palatability to cattle is unreported.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE:
Diffuse wax myrtle growth provides some cover for northern
bobwhite quail, although unrestricted growth produces unusable habitat
[21].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Wax myrtle's usefulness for disturbed site rehabilitation is
unknown. Useful attributes include a moderate tolerance of salt-spray
[34] and an ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen at a rate that exceeds
that of legumes [9].
Wild wax myrtle seeds can be harvested by hand or shaken onto a
canvas. Seed processing requires removal of the waxy coat by mechanical
agitation or rubbing over a dry screen. Before sowing, the seeds
require stratification at 34 to 40 degrees F (1-4 deg C) for 90 days.
The seeds should be drilled into rows 8 to 12 inches (20-30 cm) apart
and covered with 0.25 inch (0.8 cm) of firmed soil. Fall plantings
should be mulched. Wax myrtle yields approximately 84,000
cleaned seeds per pound (184,000/kg) [20].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
Wax myrtle is the source of wax used in making bayberry candles.
Boiling removes the wax from the fruit. The genus name comes from the
Greek "myrike", meaning tamarisk or some other fragrant plant. The
specific epithet, cerifera, means "wax-bearing" [20,41].
Wax myrtle was first cultivated in 1699 for medicinal purposes.
Its leaves, bark, and fruit yield pharmaceutical chemicals [20].
Wax myrtle is a popular ornamental because it grows quickly,
responds well to pruning, and is heavily clothed in attractive evergreen
foliage [20,41].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Wax myrtle is an understory pest on southern pine plantations.
It competes with pine seedlings and contribute to an accumulation of
understory fuels which increases the potential for damaging wildfires
[27,28]. Pearson and others [36] believe that the presence of southern
bayberry on grazed longleaf pine plantations may have eased grazing
pressure on the pine seedlings.
A 20 percent Garlon 4, 10 percent Cide-kick (a penetrant), 70 percent
diesel-oil herbicide mixture can be used for wax myrtle control.
Basal applications should be made in February, using the "streamline"
technique [32].
Tests of burning, chopping, and blading methods for wax myrtle
control found that wax myrtle can return to pretreatment levels
within 3 years [43].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Morella cerifera
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Wax myrtle is an erect, evergreen, small tree or shrub. It is
native to low-elevation tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate
regions of the Americas. It grows to a maximum height of 40 feet (12
m), and a maximum d.b.h. of 12.5 inches (32 cm) at maturity [16,20].
Its flat leaves are toothed near the end and aromatic when crushed [3].
The diminutive flowers are unisexual, dioecious, and borne on catkinlike
axillary spikes. Wax myrtle fruit are small, light green, dry
drupes which are covered with a conspicuous layer of pale blue wax,
giving them a "warty" appearance. Each axillary spike bears 1 to 12
berries, which may persist over winter [10,20]. The seeds have no
endosperm [20].
Wax myrtle is clonal, with several stems growing from a common
root collar. Underground runners extend the growth laterally [16].
Root nodules, associated with a symbiotic actinomycete, are capable of
atmospheric nitrogen fixation [9].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Wax myrtle reproduces vegetatively by sprouting from its root
collar and underground runners [9]. Seedlings will establish on
disturbed sites [39], but the seeds require removal of their waxy
coating before they will germinate [20]. Birds, feeding on southern
bayberry fruit, probably accomplish wax removal and seed dispersal.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Wax myrtle grows on a variety of sites but seems to be restricted
to climates with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers, and
elevations below 500 feet (150 m). It grows in heavy soils [41] which
may be either wet or dry, in habitats that may be open or wooded [3].
Wax myrtle's ecological amplitude is demonstrated by reported
growth on fresh to slightly brackish banks and shores, flats and
interdune swales, pine and palmetto flatwoods and savannas, cypress-gum
ponds and swamps, wet and dry prairies, pitcher-plant bogs, upland mixed
woodlands, old fields, and fence and hedge rows [6,16,40].
Additionally, it grows on sites that are peculiar to the Florida
Everglades, particularly the drier portions [29] where it reaches its
highest density with low to medium flooding [41]. Such sites include
tree islands, cypress heads, and wet and dry hammocks [10,16,29,47].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Wax myrtle is an early successional species. It is one of the
first woody plants to invade secondary dunes and beach meadows in the
Southeast [9], and naturally reseeds disturbed sites from adjacent
forests [31]. In the Everglades, increased human-caused disturbance,
such as draining and burning, has caused wax myrtle to become
more common as it invades sawgrass, marl prairie, and mixed hardwood
swamp communities. Dense thickets form, known locally as "hell nests"
[18,29,47].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Wax myrtle flowers between February and June. Its fruit ripens
from August to October [2].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Morella cerifera
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Wax myrtle is a fire survivor. Its root crown survives fire and
it regenerates by basal sprouting [44,45].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Morella cerifera
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Fire easily top-kills wax myrtle shrubs [44]. Typically the
entire aerial portion of the stem dies [13], although extremely light
fires may only kill the most recent annual growth [21]. The root crown
survives and remains vigorous.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
Wax myrtle stems die quickly. The stems and foliage of southern
bayberry contain large amounts of aromatic compounds that are quite
flammable [6], making it a potential fire hazard. Presumably, severe
enough fires will kill wax myrtle rootstock, although no such
instances were reported in the literature. The rootstock is apparently
quite hardy.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Wax myrtle sprouts vigorously from surviving root crowns
following fire [2]. The most vigorous growth occurs in the 1st postfire
year [1]. Stem density and frequency increase rapidly relative to
cover. Cover increases less rapidly because the wax myrtle
clones are self-thinning [2,44].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
Fire periodicity probably determines the long-term fire response of
wax myrtle. In loblolly stands in South Carolina, single or
occasional summer fires caused wax myrtle cover to increase. By
contrast, annual summer fires reduced wax myrtle cover and
sprouting vigor, eventually eliminating it. Lotti [27] documented 100
percent mortality after as few as three successive annual summer fires.
Fire response may be site dependant as well. A single fire on an
eastern Texas slash pine stand caused a steady decline in southern
bayberry for 3 years [24]. On wet everglades sites (sawgrass, marl
prairie, mixed hardwood swamp), drainage coupled with frequent burning
favors wax myrtle invasion [18,40,47]. On drier savannas, fire
suppression favors wax myrtle invasion [5,6]. On eastern Texas
longleaf pine savannas, wax myrtle control required fires every 5
years [6].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Lotti [28] recommended four successive annual fires or three successive
biannual summer fires to achieve a cumulative wax myrtle
mortality of about 90 percent.
Winter fires are less effective than summer fires for wax myrtle
control and may be used when management goals call for wax myrtle
enhancement [28,44]. Winter fires can be used for control if done
frequently. When wax myrtle invasion is undesirable, fires
should be annual for the first several years, then become less frequent
as wax myrtle cover decreases. Such a prescription may be
combined with grazing for control and maintenance at a level where
wax myrtle provides livestock forage [26,45].
On nitrogen-poor sites, managers should be cautious about southern
bayberry control. Annual fires greatly reduce wax myrtle
density, minimizing its nitrogen-fixing contribution [42].
Dry fuel weights can be predicted from basal stem diameters for southern
bayberry. Refer to Reeves and Lenhart [39] for fuel load calculations.
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SPECIES: Morella cerifera
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FEIS Home Page
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