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SPECIES: Tetradymia nuttallii

INTRODUCTORY

©Christopher Christie
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Howard, Janet L. 2002. Tetradymia nuttallii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/tetnut/all.html [].

FEIS ABBREVIATION:
TETNUT

SYNONYMS:
No entry

NRCS PLANT CODE [39]:
TENU2

COMMON NAMES:
Nuttall's horsebrush

TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of Nuttall's horsebrush is Tetradymia nuttallii Torr. & Gray (Asteraceae) [7,9,18,43,44].

LIFE FORM:
Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
No entry

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Tetradymia nuttallii
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Nuttall's horsebrush occurs in south-central Wyoming and western Colorado across Utah to Elko County, Nevada [7,18,43,44].

ECOSYSTEMS [14]:
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES40 Desert grasslands


STATES:
CO NV UT WY

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [2]:
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
10 Wyoming Basin
12 Colorado Plateau

KUCHLER [19] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbush-greasewood

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [34]:
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush 405 Black sagebrush
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
414 Salt desert shrub
501 Saltbush-greasewood

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Nuttall's horsebrush occurs in shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) communities [9,44]. It does not occur in pure stands and is not a plant community dominant. It usually found as isolated individuals or in small colonies [25].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Tetradymia nuttallii
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Nuttall's horsebrush is a native subshrub or shrub with semiwoody to woody stem texture [18].  Mature plants are 1 to 4 feet (0.3-1.2 m) tall. Stems are stiff and much branched [7,18,23]. Horsebrushes (Tetradymia spp.) have 2 types of leaves: primary and secondary. Primary leaves of Nuttall's horsebrush occur on elongated stems and are subtended with 0.4- to 0.8-inch (1-2 cm) spines. Secondary leaves occur in the axils of primary leaves and have smaller spines. The flower is a corymb with tubular, perfect flowers. The fruit is a 3- to 5-mm hairy achene with a bristly pappus [7,22,23,44]. Horsebrushes are tap-rooted [21].

RAUNKIAER [31] LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Nuttall's horsebrush regenerates from seed and by sprouting [3,4,26,37,40,42,45]. Information on breeding, seed production and viability, and seed banking is scant for Nuttall's and other horsebrushes. Further research is needed on the reproductive ecology of this genus.

Pollination: Horsebrushes are pollinated by insect generalists including flies, moths, bees, and beetles [23].

Seed dispersal: Horsebrush seeds are wind dispersed [47]. The hairs on horsebrush achenes and pappi aid dispersal [13].

Seedling establishment/growth: Seedling establishment is rare in horsebrushes, probably due to harsh environments [37].

Asexual regeneration: Nuttall's horsebrush sprouts from the root crown after top-kill [3,26,37,45].

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Nuttall's horsebrush occurs on dry hills, ridges, plains, river benches, and valleys [16,43]. It grows in stony soils in Colorado [43]. General elevational range is 4,300 to 6,900 feet (1,300-2,100 m) [7,22]. Range by state is:

CO ~ 6,500 feet (2,000 m) [16]
UT 4,500-6,000 feet (1,370-1,830 m) [44]


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
As of this writing (2002), information on Nuttall's horsebrush's successional role is lacking in the literature. As a sprouting species, it is likely that Nuttall's horsebrush is seral. Other sprouting horsebrushes are commonly found in seral plant communities [10].

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Nuttall's horsebrush flowers from late May to early June [7,22]. The leaves are drought deciduous, with the secondary leaves shed 1st. Colonies usually have synchronous flowering. Failure to flower or develop seed is apparently triggered by low rainfall. In very dry years, some individuals -- or entire colonies -- may not flower, or will flower and not set seed [37].

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Tetradymia nuttallii
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Fire adaptations: Horsebrushes are "slightly damaged by fire" [30]: top-growth is removed. Nuttall's horsebrush sprouts from the root crown and unscorched aerial stems after fire [4,40,42].

Fire regimes: Fires in the desert shrub and grassland ecosystems in which gray horsebrush occurs were historically stand replacing. Fires in pinyon-juniper types were of mixed severity [27]. The following table provides some fire return intervals for plant communities in which Nuttall's horsebrush occurs. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years)
sagebrush steppe Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [27]
basin big sagebrush A. t. var. tridentata 12-43 [32]
mountain big sagebrush A. t. var. vaseyana 15-40 [1,5,24]
Wyoming big sagebrush A. t. var. wyomingensis 10-70 (40**) [41,46]
saltbush-greasewood Atriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus < 35 to < 100 
desert grasslands Bouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica 5-100
western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 20-70 
Rocky Mountain juniper J. scopulorum < 35 
pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. < 35 [27]
**mean

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [35]:
Small shrub, adventitious bud/root crown

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Tetradymia nuttallii
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Fire top-kills Nuttall's horsebrush [4,40,42]. Fire seldom kills horsebrush species [28,29].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
No entry

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Nuttall's horsebrush sprouts from undamaged stems and from the root crown after fire [4,40,42].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
No entry

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Fire exclusion on desert steppes has tended to favor sagebrush species over fire-tolerant shrubs such as horsebrush [6,15,17]. Increased fire frequencies due to invasion of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), red brome (B. madritensis ssp. rubens), and other annual grasses may favor Nuttall's horsebrush over sagebrushes.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

SPECIES: Tetradymia nuttallii
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Palatability/nutritional value: Horsebrushes are unpalatable except early in the spring, when browsers may consume young shoots and buds [20]. Nuttall's horsebrush is not a toxic horsebrush species, but livestock and wildlife seldom consume it [12,33,36,38]. In Utah its palatability is rated poor for livestock, large game animals, upland game birds, waterfowl, and small nongame birds, and fair for small mammals [8].

Cover value: Cover value of Nuttall's horsebrush is rated poor for pronghorn, elk, mule deer, and waterfowl, and fair for small mammals, upland game birds, and small nongame birds of Utah [8].

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Horsebrushes provide critically needed ground cover and erosion protection on dry sites that are otherwise often sparsely vegetated [22].

OTHER USES:
No information

OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
No information

Tetradymia nuttallii: References

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3. Billings, W. D. 1994. Ecological impacts of cheatgrass and resultant fire on ecosystems in the western Great Basin. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Kitchen, Stanley G., compilers. Proceedings--ecology and management of annual rangelands; 1992 May 18-22; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 22-30. [24248]

4. Britton, Carlton M.; Wright, Henry A. 1983. Brush management with fire. In: McDaniel, Kirk C., ed. Proceedings--brush management symposium; 1983 February 16; Albuquerque, NM. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 61-68. [521]

5. Burkhardt, Wayne J.; Tisdale, E. W. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology. 57: 472-484. [565]

6. Butler, Bret W.; Reynolds, Timothy D. 1997. Wildfire case study: Butte City Fire, southeastern Idaho, July 1, 1994. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GRT-351. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 15 p. [27526]

7. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; [and others]. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5. Asterales. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 496 p. [28653]

8. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

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10. Evans, Raymond A.; Young, James A. 1973. Competition within the grass community. In: Youngner, V. B.; McKell, C. M., eds. The biology and utilization of grasses. New York: Academic Press. In: Yurich, Steve, Regional Forester. The use of herbicides in vegetation management. Environmental Statement, Final. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1. Appendix C.]. [7966]

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21. Manning, Sara J.; Groeneveld, David P. 1990. Shrub rooting characteristics and water acquisition on xeric sites in the western Great Basin. In: McArthur, E. Durant; Romney, Evan M.; Smith, Stanley D.; Tueller, Paul T., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management; 1989 April 5-7; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-276. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 238-244. [12856]

22. McArthur, E. Durant; Blauer, A. Clyde; Plummer, A. Perry; Stevens, Richard. 1979. Characteristics and hybridization of important Intermountain shrubs. III. Sunflower family. Res. Pap. INT-220. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 82 p. [1571]

23. McArthur, E. Durant; Stevens, Richard. 1986. Composite shrubs. Unpublished manuscript on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 155 p. [7342]

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27. Paysen, Timothy E.; Ansley, R. James; Brown, James K.; [and others]. 2000. Fire in western shrubland, woodland, and grassland ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-volume 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 121-159. [36978]

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29. Ralphs, Michael H.; Schen, David C.; Busby, Fee. 1975. Prescribed burning--effective control of sagebrush and open juniper. Utah Science. 36(3): 94-98. [1931]

30. Ralphs, Michael H.; Schen, David C.; Busby, Frank E. 1976. General considerations necessary in planning a prescribed burn. In: Use of prescribed burning in western woodland and range ecosystems: Proceedings of the symposium; 1976 March 18-19; Logan, UT. Logan, UT: Utah State University, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station: 49-53. [1932]

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