Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
Introductory
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Betula populifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/betpop/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
BETPOP
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
BEPO
COMMON NAMES :
gray birch
grey birch
white birch
wire birch
fire birch
oldfield birch
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for gray birch is Betula
populifolia Marsh. [22]. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties,
or forms.
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
See OTHER STATUS
OTHER STATUS :
In Maryland gray birch is known from only three or four contiguous
stations or populations within the boundaries of the state. In Delaware
gray birch is listed as being extinct [3,33].
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
The range of gray birch extends west from Nova Scotia to southern
Ontario, and south to New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. Disjunct
populations occur in northern Ohio, Virginia, and western North Carolina
[6,9,22,33].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - Birch
STATES :
CT DE IN ME MD MA NH NJ NY NC
OH PA RI VT VA NB NF NS ON PE
PQ
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
NO-ENTRY
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
5 Balsam fir
19 Gray birch - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
97 Atlantic white-cedar
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Gray birch is listed as a common associate of the aspen-birch (Populus
spp.-Betula spp.) and the beech-birch-maple (Fagus spp.-Betula spp.-Acer
spp.) communities in the northeastern hardwood forest, but it is not an
indicator of any particular habitat type [21].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
Gray birch is easily worked with tools and is an excellent wood for
turning. It is used for woodenware such as spools, clothespins, and
novelties. Gray birch is much less valued than paper birch (B.
papyrifera) because of its small size, short life, and limited
distribution. Its wood is often used for fuel, and stands can be cut
for firewood at comparatively frequent intervals because of its ability
to regenerate quickly [7,17].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Beavers and porcupines chew on the bark and wood of gray birch.
Sapsuckers feed on the sap, and songbirds such as the pine siskin and
chickadee feed on the seeds. The ruffed grouse eat the male catkins and
buds [7,26]. The twigs provide winter browse for snowshoe hare, moose,
and white-tailed deer [30].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
In Maine, gray birch provides hiding cover for the bobcat and hare [23].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Its status as a pioneer species and its adaptability to disturbed sites
indicate that gray birch is a good hardwood species for use in
revegetating mine spoils and other disturbed areas. It has been planted
successfully on acid coal mine spoils in Pennsylvania [35].
Propagation: Gray birch can be propagated by grafting of cuttings.
Cuttings from seedlings root sooner and at higher rates, although no
percentages have been given [6,19].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
The pleasing form, white bark, graceful slender branches, and delicate
foliage make gray birch an attractive tree for ornamental purposes. Its
desirability is lessened only by its short life and liability to storm
injury [7]. Gray birch also has some value as a "nurse tree" for the
more valuable pines that require protection to become established
[17].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Gray birch is not a valued timber species due to its small size and
limited distribution [17]. It is short-lived and does not compete with
more desirable commercial trees in any part of its range [14]. With the
exception of injury caused by leaf miner, gray birch is free from
diseases. It is often seriously injured by ice and snow [7].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Gray birch is a fast-growing, short-lived, deciduous tree commonly
attaining heights of 20 to 30 feet (6-9 m) [5]. Its short, slender,
contorted branches form a narrow pyramidal crown. The alternate leaves
occur singly or in pairs on thin, gray twigs. The leaves are long and
pointed with double-toothed margins. The male flowers are borne on
yellow catkins hanging from the twigs. The female catkins are erect on
the stems which develop into drooping, stalked cones with many small
nutlike winged seeds. The trunk is dark, rough, and irregularly broken
by shallow fissures. The roots are shallow [6,7,9,17].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Seed production and dissemination. Gray birch reproduces mainly by
seed. It begins producing seed at 8 years of age with abundant seed
crops every year. The seed crops germinate readily. The light, winged
seeds are dispersed by the wind and some seeds travel great distances
[1,10]. Gray birch is a prolific seed producer and will form a seed
bank in the soil [14,18].
Vegetative reproduction. Gray birch sprouts from the stump when cut or
following fire. Sprouting usually occurs when young trees have been cut
in the spring leaving stumps of about 2 inches (5 cm) in height [17].
Stump sprouts can be a valuable seed source since sprouts alone are
usually not numerous enough to adequately reproduce mature gray birch
stands [1,7].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Gray birch is found on a wide variety of sites. It grows best on moist,
well-drained soil along streams, ponds, lakes, and swamps but also grows
on dry sandy or gravelly soil. Gray birch grows on inorganic soils of
rocky slopes and hillsides, but its growth is usually retarded on these
sites [6,8,17].
Common tree associates of gray birch are blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica),
black oak (Quercus velutina), red oak (Q. borealis), eastern hophornbeam
(Ostrya virginiana), American holly (Ilex opaca), black cherry (Prunus
serotina), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and aspen (Populus
tremuloides). Common understory associates include hobblebush (Viburnum
alnifolium), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), witch hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana), bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica), and Canada serviceberry
(Amelanchier canadensis) [22,27,29,36].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Obligate Initial Community Species.
Gray birch is a pioneer species. It is an early seral species in
oldfield succession or following clearcutting in northern hardwood
forests. Gray birch is shade intolerant and eventually gives way to a
fir-spruce (Abies spp.-Picea spp.) forest community [12,18]. On
undisturbed sites, climax succession is toward a maple-beech forest
community [18].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Gray birch flowers between April and May; the fruit ripens from
September to October. The seed is dispersed from October through the
middle of winter [2].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Fire, which can help establish gray birch, can also be quite damaging.
The thin bark of gray birch is very flammable, so the tree is easily
injured by fire [4,31]. Starker [32] lists gray birch as low in
resistance to fire, ranking it 17th out of 22 fire-resistant hardwoods
in the northeastern United States. Gray birch is able sprout from the
root crown after aboveground portions are killed by fire [13].
Gray birch's abundant wind-dispersed seed is important in colonizing
burns. Also, gray birch is likely to accumulate abundant seed in the
soil. Seedling establishment following fire is probable from such seed
banks.
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
Secondary colonizer - on-site seed
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Gray birch is usually top-killed by low- to moderate-severity fires.
During periods of drought when organic soils can become extremely dry, a
hot, slow-moving ground fire can burn all the organic matter and consume
the shallow roots, thus killing the tree [4,31].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Gray birch will sprout from the stump following fire [1,25].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Betula populifolia
REFERENCES :
1. Bjorkbom, John C. 1972. Stand changes in the first ten years after
seedbed preperation for paper birch. Res. Pap. NE-238. Upper Darby, PA:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest
Experiment Station. 10 p. [15618]
2. Brinkman, Kenneth A. 1974. Betula L. birch. In: Schopmeyer, C. S.,
technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States.
Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service: 252-257. [46]
3. Broome, C. Rose; Reveal, James L.; Tucker, Arthur O.; Dill, Norman H.
1979. Rare and endangered vascular plants of Maryland. Newton Corner,
MA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 64 p. [16508]
4. Brown, James H., Jr. 1960. The role of fire in altering the species
composition of forests in Rhode Island. Ecology. 41(2): 310-316. [5935]
5. Catling, P. M.; Spicer, K. W. 1988. The separation of Betula populifolia
and Betula pendula and their status in Ontario. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research. 18: 1017-1026. [9319]
6. Chapman, William K.; Bessette, Alan E. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the
Adirondacks. Utica, NY: North Country Books, Inc. 131 p. [12766]
7. Collingwood, G. H. 1937. Knowing your trees. Washington, DC: The
American Forestry Association. 213 p. [6316]
8. DeHond, Patricia E.; Campbell, Christopher S. 1989. Multivariate
analyses of hybridization between Betula cordifolia and B. populifolia
(Betulaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany. 67: 2252-2260. [9361]
9. Duncan, Wilbur H.; Duncan, Marion B. 1988. Trees of the southeastern
United States. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 322 p.
[12764]
10. Edwards, Thomas I. 1932. Temperature relations of seed germination.
Quarterly Review of Biology. 7: 428-443. [10910]
11. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
12. Filip, Stanley M.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1971. Trees and shrubs of the
Bartlett Experimental Forest, Carroll County, New Hampshire. Res. Pap.
NE-211. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 20 p. [13635]
13. Flinn, Marguerite A.; Wein, Ross W. 1977. Depth of underground plant
organs and theoretical survival during fire. Canadian Journal of Botany.
55: 2550-2554. [6362]
14. Frank, Robert M.; Blum, Barton M. 1978. The selection system of
silviculture in spruce-fir stands--procedures, early results, and
comparisons with unmanaged stands. Res. Pap. NE-425. Upper Darby, PA:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest
Experiment Station. 15 p. [8772]
15. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
16. Gratkowski, H. 1974. Brushfield reclamation and type conversion. In:
Cramer, Owen P., ed. Environmental effects of forest residues managment
in the Pacific Northwest: A state-of-knowledge compendium. Gen. Tech.
Rep. PNW-24.Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific NorthwestForest and Range Experiment Station: I-1 to
I-31. [6418]
17. Hosie, R. C. 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7th ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian
Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p. [3375]
18. Houle, Gilles. 1991. Regenerative traits of tree species in a deciduous
forest of northeastern North America. Holarctic Ecology. 14(2): 142-151.
[14474]
19. Kays, Jonathan S.; Canham, Charles D. 1991. Effects of time and
frequency of cutting on hardwood root reserves and sprout growth. Forest
Science. 37(2): 524-539. [17757]
20. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
21. Leak, William B.; Solomon, Dale S.; Filip, Stanley M. 1969. A
silvicultural guide for northern hardwoods in the northeast. Res. Pap.
NE-143. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 34 p. [10976]
22. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native
and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952]
23. Litvaitis, John A.; Sherburne, James A.; Bissonette, John A. 1986.
Bobcat habitat use and home range size in relation to prey density.
Journal of Wildlife Management. 50(1): 110-117. [8387]
24. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
25. Martin, J. Lynton. 1955. Observations on the origin and early
development of a plant community following a forest fire. Forestry
Chronicle. 31: 154-161. [11363]
26. Newton, Michael; Cole, Elizabeth C.; Lautenschlager, R. A.; [and
others]. 1989. Browse availability after conifer release in Maine's
spruce-fir forests. Journal of Wildlife Management. 53(3): 643-649.
[8401]
27. Ogden, J. Gordon, III. 1962. Forest history of Martha's Vineyard,
Massachusetts. I. Modern and pre-colonial forests. American Midland
Naturalist. 66(2): 417-430. [10118]
28. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
29. Rudolf, Paul O. 1990. Pinus resinosa Ait. red pine. In: Burns, Russell
M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North
America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 442-455. [13246]
30. Shaw, Samuel P. 1969. Management of birch for wildlife habitat. In: The
birch symposium: Proceedings; 1969 August 19-21; Durham, NH. Res. Pap.
NE-146. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 181-183. [15355]
31. Starker, T. J. 1932. Fire resistance of trees of northeast United
States. Forest Worker. 8(3): 8-9. [81]
32. Starker, T. J. 1934. Fire resistance in the forest. Journal of Forestry.
32: 462-467. [82]
33. Tucker, Arthur O.; Dill, Norman H.; Broome, C. Rose; [and others]. 1979.
Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Delaware. Newton Corner,
MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 89 p.
[16518]
34. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
35. Vogel, Willis G. 1981. A guide for revegetating coal minesoils in the
eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-68. Broomall, PA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest
Experiment Station. 190 p. [15576]
36. Walters, Russell S.; Yawney, Harry W. 1990. Acer rubrum L. red maple.
In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators.
Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 60-69.
[13956]
FEIS Home Page
