Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
Introductory
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Hesperocyparis forbesii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/hesfor/all.html [].
Revisions:
17 October 2013: Scientific name changed from Cupressus forbesii
to Hesperocyparis forbesii; references 37-50 added.
ABBREVIATION :
HESFOR
SYNONYMS :
Callitropsis forbesii (Jeps.) D.P. Little [49]
Cupressus forbesii Jeps. (Cupressaceae) [10,24,40].
Cupressus guadalupensis Wats. var. forbesii (Jeps.) Little [48,48]
NRCS PLANT CODE :
HEFO10
COMMON NAMES :
Tecate cypress
Forbes cypress
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of Tecate cypress is Hesperocyparis
forbesii (Jeps.) Bartel [36,47,50].
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
None [45]
OTHER STATUS :
The California Native Plant Society lists Tecate cypress in Category 1B:
rare or endangered in California [30].
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Tecate cypress is the most widespread of the rare southern California
cypress species [37]. There are about 15 known populations [6,7].
Tecate cypress occurs in four groves in southern California. Three of
the groves are in San Diego County on Guatay Mountain, Otay Mountain,
and Tecate Peak. The fourth is on Sierra Peak in the Santa Ana
Mountains of Orange County [2,12,40]. Isolated groves of Tecate cypress
extend about 150 miles (240 km) south into peninsular Baja California [2].
Tecate cypress is cultivated in Hawaii [46].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
STATES :
CA HI MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
3 Southern Pacific Border
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
SAF COVER TYPES :
255 California coast live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Tecate cypress is a component of the southern interior cypress forest.
This community is a dense, fire-maintained, low forest that forms
even-aged stands surrounded by a matrix of chaparral [11,15]. In San
Vicente, Mexico, Tecate cypress grows with bishop pine (Pinus muricata)
[22]. Tecate cypress is also associated with closed-cone coniferous
woodlands [30,34].
Publications naming Tecate cypress as a community dominant are listed
below.
Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial natural communities of
California [11]
The closed-cone pines and cypress [39]
Vegetation change in chaparral and desert communities in San Diego
County, California [42]
Woody species not previously mentioned but commonly associated with
Tecate cypress include California scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), shrub live
oak (Q. turbinella), Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa),
bigberry manzanita (A. glauca), Otay manzanita (A. otayensis), mission
manzanita (Xylococcus bicolor), hoaryleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus
crassifolius), wedgeleaf ceanothus (C. cuneatus), cupleaf ceanothus (C.
greggi var. perplexans), woolyleaf ceanothus (C. tomentosus var.
olivaceus), chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), lemonade sumac (Rhus
integrifolia), sugar sumac (R. ovata), laurel sumac (Malosma laurina),
toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus
betuloides), California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), rushrose
(Helianthemum scoparium), redberry (Rhamnus crocea), southern bush
monkeyflower (Mimulus longiflorus), Parry nolina (Nolina parryi),
whiteflower currant (Ribes indecorum), San Diego mountain misery
(Chamaebatia australis), hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia), wooly
bluecurls (Trichostema lanatum), bushrue (Cneoridium dumosum), black
sage (Salvia mellifera), white sage (S. apiana), fragrant sage (S.
clevelandii), Munz's sage (S. munzii), heart-leaved pitcher sage
(Lepechinia cardiophylla), fragrant pitcher sage (L. fragrans),
chaparral pea (Pickeringia montana ssp. tomentosa), hairy yerba santa
(Eriodictyon trichocalyx), yerba santa (E. crassifolium), tree poppy
(Dendromecon rigida), chaparral yucca (Yucca whipplei), saw-toothed
goldenbush (Hazardia squarrosa), and Mexican flannelbush
(Fremontodendron mexicanum) [1,7,31,39].
Herbaceous species not previously mentioned but commonly associated with
Tecate cypress include eucrypta (Eucrypta micrantha), bluedick (Brodiaea
pulchella), fire poppy (Papaver californicum), Catalina Mariposa lily
(Calochortus catalinae), Dunn's Mariposa lily (C. dunii), scarlet
delphinium (Delphinium cardinale), star flower (Enastrum sapphirinum),
prickly-phlox (Leptodactylon californicum), California buckwheat
(Eriogonum fasciculatum), golden-yarrow (Eriophyllum confertiflorum),
California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), intermediate cryptantha
(Cryptantha intermedia), and Fremont deathcamas (Zigadenus fremontii)
[1,7,31,39].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
Cypress (Cupressus spp.) wood is generally durable and stable. It is
suitable for a wide range of exterior uses including joinery, shingles,
and boats. Possible interior uses include moulding and panelling [20].
Tecate cypress has been cut for fenceposts [2,40]. Cypress shelterbelts
provide good firewood. Most cypress species develop a large proportion
of heartwood which splits well, dries quickly, and is clean burning.
Cypress wood is moderately fast burning because of its medium density.
As cypress woods are prone to sparking, they are recommended only for
enclosed fires [20].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Rodents and deer consume cypress seedlings [40]. Cypress are considered
undesirable forage for livestock, although young plants are occasionally
browsed [40]. Tecate cypress forests are considered prime habitat for
the San Diego coast horned lizard [31].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
Tecate cypress forests provide cover for mountain lions and golden
eagles [31].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Tecate cypress has been used in watershed rehabilitation to help prevent
soil erosion [26]. In interior California and near the coast, Tecate
cypress is used for hedges and windbreaks for citrus orchards [40].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Tecate cypress is considered rare throughout its range [30].
Grazing and trampling by livestock are detrimental to cypress seedlings.
Fire followed by intensive grazing could eliminate a cypress grove [1,2].
Strip mining for underlying clay deposits has destroyed a large portion
of the Sierra Peak Tecate cypress grove. Continuation of these
operations could eliminate this grove [2,38]. Most southern California
Tecate cypress groves are threatened by fire and development [10,31].
Tecate cypress seedlings are susceptible to damping-off fungi [39].
Tecate cypress has a low susceptibility to coryneum canker (Coryneum
cardinale), which can kill trees. Fungicides are effective in
preventing the spread of the disease but cannot eradicate it once
infection has begun [13,40].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Tecate cypress is a native, evergreen tree with a bushy growth form.
Most trees are multitrunked, generally without a dominant leader
[10,25,40]. Tecate cypress generally grows from 20 to 23 feet (6-7 m)
tall, but can be as tall as 33 feet (10 m) [10,40]. On sites with a
high cypress seedling density, Tecate cypress can be dwarfed and may
only reach heights of 3 to 6 feet (1-2 m) at maturity [33,39]. Mature
leaves are 0.06 inch (1.5 mm) long, although they can be up to 0.4 inch
(10 mm) long on vigorous shoots [40]. Ovulate cones are solitary and up
to 1.2 inches (30 mm) long. Staminate cones are 0.12 to 0.16 inch (3-4
mm) long [10,24,40]. The bark is nonfibrous, exfoliating, and only
about 0.4 inch (1 cm) thick [10,40]. Tecate cypress forms a
well-defined taproot and numerous laterals the first year [13,40]. It
can survive in a vigorous condition to an age of about 90 years [41].
The oldest known Tecate cypress tree is located in the Sierra Peak grove
and is 209 years old [39].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Tecate cypress reproduces exclusively from seed. Cone production is
abundant. Staminate cones are produced on trees that are 6 to 7 years
old [40]. Ovulate cones are produced on trees that are 5 to 7 years of
age or older, but production is sporadic until age 30 [7,40]. Maximum
cone production occurs on trees that are 40 to 50 years old [7,14,41].
The cones require 2 years to mature [1]. The cones of California
cypress are closed; they usually persist on the tree until opened by the
heat of a fire or from desiccation due to age [13,39]. The cones open,
however, when mechanically detached from the tree, with the resinous
seals breaking as the cones dry. In 1964, 167 unopened Tecate cypress
cones were collected from Sierra Peak; 2 years later, 58 percent of the
cones had opened and shed seeds while 42 percent remained unopened.
Most of the unopened cones had slightly separated scales with trapped
seeds. The trapped seeds probably lost their viability because of
desiccation. Attached cones have remained closed for over 8 years.
Sierra Peak Tecate cypress cones, some of them estimated to be 25 to 30
years old, were seen partially enveloped by exfoliating bark [39].
Seeds are shed gradually over several months after the cones open [39].
Seeds shed from detached cones rarely result in seedling establishment,
usually due to lack of a suitable seedbed [1]. Seed dispersal is
primarily by wind and rain [39].
Cypress seeds require bare mineral soil for germination and
establishment. Seedling mortality is high on shaded sites with abundant
litter because of damping-off fungi [1,39]. Seedlings are sensitive to
excessive moisture [40].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Tecate cypress occurs on coarse, rocky, clay or sand soils. Parent
materials include sandstone, granite, and conglomerate [1,40]. Soils
are usually well drained. Tecate cypress is commonly found on dry
slopes, exposed hillsides, and ridgetops, but also grows along
streambanks and arroyos [7,10,21]. It is generally found at elevations
from 1,500 to 5,000 feet (450-1500 m), but occurs at 8,000 feet (2,425
m) on Guatay Mountain [1,10,24].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Site requirements for cypress seedlings are typical of those for pioneer
conifers. Seedlings are shade intolerant and survive best in full
sunlight on bare mineral soil [1,39]. The primary period for Tecate
cypress population expansion is during the first 1 or 2 postfire years
[41]. According to Armstrong [1], cypress trees of southern California
are sensitive to lack of light, losing their foliage when growing in
shade.
Chaparral species inhibit the establishment of cypress seedlings on
most sites due to competition. However, many chaparral species are less
able to compete on infertile soils where Tecate cypress is often found.
On these sites, shrubs are stunted and sparse [1,2].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Tecate cypress growing in the Eddy Arboretum in Placerville, California,
sheds pollen in October and November [13]. On Tecate Peak, male
strobili are mature by mid-October. Pollination occurs in late summer
and fall, 6 months after other southern California cypress species [1].
Seeds mature 15 to 18 months after pollination. Ovulate cones remain
closed until opened by heat or age [1,39].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Tecate cypress is a fire-adapted, fire-dependent species [7,39,42]. It
exhibits adaptations that indicate "strict dependence on fires of a
particular frequency". These adaptations include serotinous cones,
resinous foliage that is highly flammable when dry, thin bark, and a
mixed chaparral habitat that ensures heavy fuels and a fuel ladder into
the canopy when trees are at their reproductive peak (age 40+ years).
Before this age, the biomass of the community is lower, and there is
considerably less dead material in and under the canopy. At about age
40 years, the cypress begin completely overtopping the shrub species,
limiting the availability of light to the shrubs. This period, when the
base of the cypress canopy is at about the same level as the top of the
shrub canopy, is the time of greatest flammability in the stand. At 80
postfire years, stand flammability may decrease because a closed-canopy
stand of Tecate cypress, almost devoid of an understory, develops
[7,44].
Cypress trees of southern California have serotinous cones that persist
on trees for years [17,44]. Some Tecate cypress cones remain on trees
for over 8 years [39]. Cone opening in the California cypress species
is erratic and almost negligible except when cones are exposed to
extreme heat; then it is rapid and uniform [44]. When opened by the
heat of a fire, the seeds fall on exposed mineral soil [17,40]. Most
seed falls in the first months following fire [44]. When fires occur in
late summer and fall and are followed by winter rains, seed is
disseminated on moist, bare mineral substrates. These are optimum
conditions for cypress seed germination [39]. Successful Tecate cypress
reproduction is generally restricted to burned sites [19,42,43] or to
washes where seeds have germinated after water dispersal [1].
According to Armstrong [1], Tecate cypress has had an average interval
between fires of 25 years during the last century, with a range of 15 to
63 years [1,39]. However, Keeley [14] estimated natural fire frequency
from 50 to 100 years for Tecate cypress communities based on
reproductive rate data [1,7,41].
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Most fires probably kill Tecate cypress. Some large trees could
probably survive surface fires; however, most large trees in burned
areas are located on bare or rocky sites that may have been left
unburned [39]. Cypress thickets in California are conducive to crown
fires, which kill most trees. Some trees survive when fires are patchy
[39]. At the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in southern California on
October 8, 1943, a severe fire killed one lot of Tecate cypress trees.
Several other lots were partially lost to the fire [40].
Cones of the California cypress species open as the resin melts and
boils. Rapid charring of the thick cone scales extinguishes the flames,
leaving seeds unburned [1]. Five months after an October 1965 fire on
Tecate Peak, charred cones retained only 50 percent of seed [39].
 |
|
 |
| Burned Tecate cypresses covered in ash, just after the Otay Mountain Wildfire had passed; background is obscured due to smoke. Photos by Joyce Schlachter, courtesy of the San Diego Wildfires Education Project. |
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Tecate cypress trees release large quantities of seed after fire [40].
Seedling establishment occurs primarily in the first growing season
following fire [15,43]. A large number of Tecate cypress seedlings were
found growing on Sierra Peak 5 months after a November 1948 fire.
Seedlings were observed on Tecate Peak 3 months after an October 1965
fire. Five months after the fire the following densities (per acre)
were recorded [1,39]:
burned site unburned site
Tecate cypress trees 10,048 (dead) 15,232 (live)
Tecate cypress seedlings 576 (live) 0
Investigations made on Tecate Peak since the October 1965 fire indicate
that this grove may be diminishing in size. Prefire density as
determined from fire-killed trees was 3,872 mature trees per hectare.
The 1970 density of cypress seedlings on burned sites was 384 per
hectare, with adjacent unburned thickets having an average density of
6,093 trees per hectare [39].
On a 1976 burn in a 34-year-old Tecate cypress stand on Otay Mountain,
seedling density decreased from a prefire level of 2.88 per square
foot (32/sq m) to 1.6 per square foot (18/sq m) [41]. The following
photographs show Tecate cypress's response to fire after the 2003 Otay
Mountain Fire.
 |
|
 |
| Burned Tecate cypresses with cones, and a Tecate cypress seedling, 2 years after the Otay Mountain Wildfire. Photos by Joyce Schlachter, courtesy of the San Diego Wildfires Education Project. |
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Although fire is important for releasing seed and preparing seedbeds for
Tecate cypress establishment, fires occurring too frequently in Tecate
cypress groves may destroy them by eliminating reproduction. Up to a
point, reproductive success increases with an increase in the fire-free
interval [42], but fire must occur before tree senesce or the trees fail
to reproduce.
Cone production begins at an early age and cones accumulate on trees;
because of greater productivity and accumulated cone crops, postfire
seedling establishment is greater in stands over 50 years of age at the
time of burning than in stands less than 50 years [42]. Data from three
studies were combined to estimate the rate of Tecate cypress first-year
seedling density as a percentage of prefire stem density. By about 36
years of age, Tecate cypress reproduction density, if the stand is
burned, can equal or exceed that of the original stand [7]:
Stand age (yrs.) Reproductive rate (%) Source
10 negligible [41]
19 0.1 [1]
20 2.9 [41]
20 26.5 [1]
30 15.7 [41]
36 1206.5 [7]
39 1387.3 [7]
63 1400.0 [41]
Fires at intervals of less than 35 to 40 years would be likely to reduce
stand density [7].
Zedler [41] suggested that Tecate cypress populations on Tecate Peak and
Otay Mountain have declined because of increased numbers of human-caused
fires. Stands burned after 21 and 28 years have marked declines in
density [41]. Stands 28 and 34 years old did not reestablish vigorously
enough to maintain prefire densities. Zedler [41] stated that the
necessary fire-free interval is greater than 40 years, and therefore
longer than the current 25-year fire interval reported by Armstrong [1].
On north-facing slopes of Tecate Peak, two stands burned in 1880, 1944,
and 1975 [41]. One stand (Smuggler's Canyon) also burned in 1965.
Estimated Tecate cypress densities are shown below:
Smuggler's Canyon Bigrock Stand
Year Time since cypress Time since cypress
last fire (yrs.) trees/sq m* last fire (yrs.) trees/sq m*
1943 no data no data 63 (1.0)
1945 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (>14.0)
1965 11 > 1.4 no data no data
1966 0.5 (0.04) no data no data
1972 7 0.03 28 8.9
1976 1 0.02 1 1.4
* Figures in parentheses are estimates based on extrapolation from other
stands of similar age; estimates of density are conservative.
In the past 67 years the fire frequency on Tecate Peak has gone from
one fire every 40+ years to one fire every 15 years in some areas. In
the same period, the average extent of Tecate cypress has dropped from
260 acres (105 ha) to 74 acres (31 ha) [42]. On the Smuggler's Canyon
site, Tecate cypress has been reduced in less than 35 years from a
dominant to a minor vegetational component [41]. The decline in density
has not been as drastic in the Bigrock Stand because of one less fire in
1965 [41].
Dunn [7] has proposed the following fire frequency categories and
subsequent responses by Tecate cypress:
high (1-25 years)- elimination of Tecate cypress from plant community
moderate (26-39 years)- unlikely to maintain present range of Tecate cypress
low (40+ years)- maintenance of Tecate cypress population
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SPECIES: Hesperocyparis forbesii
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