Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
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| Chihuahuan pine. Creative Commons image by VARIOS. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus leiophylla. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/pinleic/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
PINLEIC
PINLEI
SYNONYMS :
Pinus chihuahuana Engelm. [32,47,56]
NRCS PLANT CODE :
PILE
PILEC
COMMON NAMES :
Chihuahuan pine
yellow pine
pino real
TAXONOMY :
The scientific name of Chihuahuan pine is Pinus leiophylla Scheide &
Dieppe var. chihuahuana (Engelm.) Shaw. [17,39,67,70] (Pinaceae).
Chihuahuan pine has three needles per bundle. The typical variety, ocote
blanco (Pinus leiophylla Scheide & Dieppe var. leiophylla Shaw) has
five needles per bundle [22,39]. This review presents information on
Chihuahuan pine.
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Chihuahuan pine is found in the mountains of southeastern Arizona and
southwestern New Mexico [17,22,34,35,39]. The main part of its range
extends southward along the Sierra Madre Occidental to southern Mexico
[32,35,40,70].
 |
| Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [67] [2018, January 29]. |
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
STATES :
AZ NM MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
7 Lower Basin and Range
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
SAF COVER TYPES :
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
R3OCWO Madrean oak-conifer woodland
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Chihuahuan pine commonly occurs in mixed forests and woodlands composed
of evergreen conifers and oaks (Quercus spp.) [15,38,48]. It occurs in
or just above the Madrean evergreen woodlands and pygmy conifer-oak
woodlands [10,51]. Chihuahuan pine extends upward in elevation into the
mixed pine (Pinus spp.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests
[2,38,43].
Pine-oak woodlands have a diagnostic understory of evergreen oaks with
emergent pines over 16.4 feet (5 m) tall such as Chihuahuan pine and
Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) [12,18,49,51,72]. These woodlands are
climax over a wide area from southern Arizona to Mexico [41].
Chihuahuan pine occurs as scattered individuals in pine forests, often
with Arizona pine (Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica), interior ponderosa
pine (P. p. var. scopulorum), and Apache pine (P. engelmannii) [22,26,42].
Chihuahuan pine is the principal tree in the Chihuahuan pine series
[1,9,20,24,38,50]. Minor climax species or codominants with Chihuahuan
pine in some areas are Arizona pine, Mexican pinyon, Arizona cypress
(Hesperocupressus arizonica), and junipers (Juniperus spp.) [25,38,59,72].
Chihuahuan pine is subdominant in Apache pine/silverleaf oak (Quercus
hypoleucoides) habitat types and white fir (Abies concolor) forests
[38,50].
Chihuahuan pine is found as scattered individuals in encinal oak
woodlands such as Arizona white oak (Q. arizonica)-silverleaf oak and
Arizona white oak-Emory oak (Q. emoryi) community types [13,20,29,
32,59]. It is a characteristic species in Mexican blue oak (Q.
oblongifolia) communities [42].
Infrequently, Chihuahuan pine occurs in interior chaparral community
types such as pointleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens)-silverleaf
oak and pointleaf manzanita-Toumey oak (Q. toumeyi) [59].
Chihuahuan pine is a common tree in riparian associations in various
communities such as the Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) series and
Arizona cypress associations [12,19,49,54,64].
Chihuahuan pine is listed as a dominant or indicator species in the
following publications:
(1) Classification of the forest vegetation on the National Forests of
Arizona and New Mexico [1]
(2) Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona
south of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [9]
(3) A digitized computer-compatible classification for natural and
potential vegetation in the Southwest with particular reference to
Arizona [16]
(4) Forest habitat types south of the Mogollon Rim, Arizona and New
Mexico [19]
(5) Preliminary classification for the coniferous forest and woodland
series of Arizona and New Mexico [38]
(6) A series vegetation classification for Region 3 [49].
Species associated with Chihuahuan pine but not previously mentioned in
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION include Arizona madrone (Arbutus arizonica),
Arizona walnut (Juglans major), thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp.
tenuifolia), pinyon ricegrass (Piptochaetium fimbriatum), and longtongue
muhly (Muhlenbergia longiligula) [19,38,59,64,65].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
Although of minor commercial importance due to its limited distribution,
Chihuahuan pine is used for lumber [22,26,37,39,68]. The best grades of
Chihuahuan pine are as good as ponderosa pine for commercial purposes
[30]. The wood of Chihuahuan pine is durable but not strong, soft to
hard, light, and straight-grained [39,55,70].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
In oak-juniper-pinyon woodland of southeastern Arizona, 36 breeding bird
species foraged for insects on Chihuahuan pine and Mexican pinyon
needles; this level of use was higher than would have been expected from
random foraging patterns [4,5].
Chihuahuan pine seeds are eaten by thick-billed parrots [68].
Chihuahuan pine is codominant with Arizona walnut in open riparian
communities in southeastern Arizona, which acorn woodpeckers use for
nesting [52].
Mexican spotted owls are yearlong residents of oak-pine forests, in
which Chihuahuan pine occurs [27].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Chihuahuan pine was planted with 37 other pine species in trials on
sandhill sites in northwestern Florida. It did not survive [14].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Chihuahuan pine was evaluated for suitability as a timber tree at the
Wind River Arboretum in Wyoming. It was winter-killed after 5 years [60].
Different Chihuahuan pine habitat types have differing productivity.
Types located in well-watered positions such as on lower slopes or
alluvial terraces achieve maximum productivity at 80 years. Drier
habitat types reach maximum productivity at about 100 years [50].
Equations to estimate understory production have been developed for the
oak-pine forests in which Chihuahuan pine occurs [26].
Sampling methods that classify riparian communities to which Chihuahuan
pine belongs are discussed in the literature [65].
Chihuahuan pine was included in a breeding program that studied pollen
production at the Eddy Arboretum in California. Chihuahuan pine produced
pollen during May for 1 year [21].
Chihuahuan pine is susceptible to Huachuca Mountain dwarf mistletoe
(Arceuthobium gillii ssp. gillii). Dwarf mistletoe infection of Chihuahuan
pine causes reduced growth rates, increased mortality, and reduced seed production,
and predisposes Chihuahuan pine to attack by insects and fungi [31].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Chihuahuan pine is a native, small to medium, monoecious tree that grows
35 to 60 feet (10.7-18.3 m) tall and 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) in trunk
diameter [30,34,39,55,70]. Large branches form a narrow crown. The
bark of Chihuahuan pine is 0.9 to 1.5 inches (2.3-3.8 cm) thick [30,55].
The evergreen needles are in bundles of three, are 2 to 4.7 inches (5-12
cm) long, and persist for 3 or more years [22,30,34,57,70]. The cones
are 1.5 to 2.7 inches (3.8-7 cm) long and persist for 5 or more years
[30,34,39]. The seeds of Chihuahuan pine are 0.13 inch (0.33 cm) long
with large (0.33 inch [0.84 cm]) wings [70].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Chihuahuan pine sprouts from cut stumps or from the root crown [10,39,45,55].
The minimum seed-bearing age of Chihuahuan pine is 28 to 30 years [35].
It has persistent, serotinous and semiserotinous (delayed dispersal)
cones that may remain closed for 5 or more years [20,57,68]. Reports of
cone crop size are variable. While some cones mature every year,
Chihuahuan pine produces large seed crops about every other year [30];
however, Krugman and Jenkinson [35] report that intervals between large
seed crops are 3 to 4 years. Cone and seed collection and seed
germination procedures are discussed in the literature [35].
The small seeds of Chihuahuan pine weigh an average of 0.003 ounce (0.01
g) and are wind dispersed [66]. Recruitment is often sparse in
undisturbed stands which may be partly due to closed cones that delay
seed dispersal [30]. Birds consume Chihuahuan pine seeds, but it is not
known whether they facilitate Chihuahuan pine dispersal and establishment
[45].
Chihuahuan pine seedlings are sensitive to intense light and heat [30].
Deep litter reduces Chihuahuan pine seedling emergence [6]. In a study
that evaluated relative drought resistance, Chihuahuan pine established
beneath nurse plants such as older trees and shrubs, and beneath logs
and boulders [7,30].
Near the lower elevation limit of this species, Chihuahuan pine seedlings
occur in relatively moist microsites. Just below the lowest elevational
limit, Chihuahuan pine seedlings die from water stress [7]. Chihuahuan
pine seedlings were less drought tolerant than Mexican pinyon seedlings
and more drought tolerant than Apache pine seedlings [8].
Humphrey [33] suggested that a 100-year drought from 1869 to 1956 was
responsible for high Chihuahuan pine mortality during the 1950's in
southeastern Arizona.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Chihuahuan pine grows in climates that range from semiarid with bimodal
precipitation to temperate-subhumid with most precipitation falling in
summer [12,62,69].
Chihuahuan pine is common on upland slopes, mesas, canyon bottoms,
alluvial terraces, and intermittent washes [9,10,62]. Chihuahuan pine
occurs at elevations from 4,920 to 7,800 feet (1,500-2,377 m) throughout
its range [9,39,69].
Chihuahuan pine occurs on soils of varying textures ranging from sandy to
clayey sand with gravel [69]. Soils are often shallow and cobbly
[9,10]. Parent materials are igneous, rhyolite, basalt, or schist [10,69].
Along a moisture gradient from mesic to xeric sites in Arizona,
Chihuahuan pine was not present at the most mesic or xeric ends of the
gradient. It had 50 to 100 stems per hectare at the midmesic point [71].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Chihuahuan pine is climax in pine-oak woodlands and forests [9,12].
Young Chihuahuan pine is shade tolerant beneath oaks and junipers.
Depending on the site characteristics, Chihuahuan pine may become
dominant and replace the oaks and junipers [20]. It is seral in white
fir forests [38]. Chihuahuan pine becomes shade intolerant after it is
about 20 feet (6.1 m) tall [30,68].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Chihuahuan pine requires 3 years for cones to mature [17,22,30,53,57].
Reproductive buds are initiated in the summer of the first year [53,57].
Pollination occurs in spring or early summer of the second year
[35,53,70]. Fertilization occurs the following spring. Seeds mature in
the fall of the third year [30,35,53]. Some seeds may disperse December
through January [35].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Chihuahuan pine has fire-associated regeneration [6]. It endures and
regenerates after fire due to abundant seed production, delayed seed
release from some serotinous cones, and sprouting potential, even in
mature trees [10,45]. When pine-oak woodland is burned, fire-enduring
species such as Chihuahuan pine survive to become dominant since the less
tolerant species are eliminated [10].
Fire frequencies in Chihuahuan pine forests have not been studied.
Stand-replacing fires may encourage the growth of competing vegetation;
oak and alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana) sprout, and manzanita
(Arctostaphylos spp.) and ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.) seeds germinate
after stand-replacing fires [20].
Chihuahuan pine grows in oak-pine woodlands; these are probably
fire-tolerant, fire-maintained communities, although their fire regime
is not well understood [62]. Chihuahuan pine occurs in the oak-pine
forest and adjacent conifer gallery forest in Rhyolite Canyon in the
Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona. Historically, surface fires
occurred every 1 to 38 years [63]. Based on the fire scars of
cooccurring Apache pine, the mean fire interval from 1655 to 1924 was
12.5 years in the lower canyon area [62]. In this and similar areas,
fire intervals increased with livestock grazing and the subsequent
reduction in surface fuels [63].
Fire is characteristic of interior ponderosa pine forests. Fires from
these communities may extend downward into mixed pine or oak-pine
forests in which Chihuahuan pine occurs. In the Rincon Mountains close
to the northern latitudinal limits of Chihuahuan pine, the estimated mean
fire intervals from 1757 to 1983 for Arizona pine communities ranged
from 1 to 13 years, based on fire-scarred trees [3].
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
taxon may occur by entering the plant name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
The immediate effects of fire on Chihuahuan pine were not described in
the literature. Chihuahuan pine saplings and pole trees are probably
top-killed by fire and may be killed by severe fires. Mature trees with
thick bark are probably unaffected by most fires. Fire generally opens
serotinous and semiserotinous cones, and seed is released. Root crowns
protected from fire by soil and surviving stumps probably sprout.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Chihuahuan pine established quickly from seed in recently burned oak
woodlands in Arizona [46]. Establishment may be delayed if moist and
protected microsites provided by nurse plants or other cover are not
available following severe fire.
Regeneration rates are increased by vigorous sprouting of surviving
Chihuahuan pine.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Fire suppression has created crowded, stunted Chihuahuan pine stands with
high amounts of tree litter and dead fuel in oak-pine communities of
Arizona. Increased grazing has removed light surface fuels such as
grasses. The potential for severe fire hazard exits in these
communities [44].
Dwarf mistletoe infection in Chihuahuan pine may increase fire hazard
conditions partly due to increased numbers of dead trees [31].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana
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