Resources

Browse through our virtual library of publications that address the value of ecosystem services. Check back with us frequently as we continue to develop this page to include other helpful resources.

By Category

Ecosystem Services: general

Markets and market development

Conservation finance

Valuation and metrics

Spatial analysis and conservation planning

Policy and decision-making

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Ecosystem Services: General

• The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity in the United States: Final Report, Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.3 (U.S. Climate Change Science Program 2008)
• Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions (Wallace 2007)(PDF, 0.2 MB)
• Valuing Ecosystem Services (Barbier and Heal 2006)
• Where Is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the XXI Century (The World Bank 2006)(PDF, 0.7 MB)
• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Research Needs (Carpenter et al. 2006)
• Living Beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human Well-being (Statement of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board)
• Global Consequences of Land Use (Foley et al. 2005)(PDF, 0.4 MB)
• Payments for environmental services: Some nuts and bolts (Wunder 2005)(PDF, 0.8 MB)
• Ecosystems and Their Services, Chapter Two: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment (2003)(PDF, 0.2 MB)
• Paying for Environmental Stewardship (Shilling and Osha 2003)
• The New Economy of Nature: The Quest To Make Conservation Profitable (Daily and Ellison 2002)
• Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems (Ecological Society of America 1997)(PDF, 0.5 MB)
• Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems (Daily 1997)

Markets and Market Development

• Emerging Markets for Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Panama Canal Watershed (Gentry et al. [eds.] 2007)(PDF, 0.6 MB)
• Markets for Ecosystem Services - New Challenges and Opportunities for Business and the Environment (IUCN and WBCSD 2007)(PDF, 1.3 MB)
• Markets for the Environment (Choices Magazine 2005, page 49)(PDF, 1.4 MB)
• Creating Markets for Ecosystem Services: Notes from the Field (Salzman 2005)
• For Services Rendered: The current status and future potential of markets for the ecosystem services provided by tropical forests (Scherr, White, and Khare 2004)(PDF, 0.9 MB)
• Making Environmental Markets Work: Lessons from Early Experience with Sulfur, Carbon, Wetlands, and Other Related Markets (Bayon 2004)(PDF, 0.2 MB)
• Markets for ecosystem services: Applying the concepts (Whitten et al. 2003)(PDF, 0.2 MB)
• Making markets work for forest communities (Scherr, White, and Kaimowitz 2003)
• Developing Markets For the Ecosystem Services of Forests (Powell, White, and Landell-Mills 2002)(PDF, 0.3 MB)
• Silver Bullet or Fools' Gold: A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor (Landell-Mills and Porras 2002)
• Creating Markets for Ecosystem Services (Murtough, Aretino, and Matysek 2002)
• Can Ecological Markets Help Develop a Conservation Economy in Puerto Rico? (PDF, 34.6 MB)

Conservation Finance

• From Walden to Wall Street: Frontiers of Conservation Finance (Levitt, ed. 2005)
• Investing in Nature: Case Studies of Land Conservation in Collaboration with Business (Ginn 2005)
• Conservation Capital: Sources of Private Funding for Land Conservation (Ingerson 2004)
• Capital Markets and Sustainable Forestry: Investment Opportunities (Best and Jenkins 1999)
• Economic returns from the biosphere (Chichilnisky and Heal 1998)

Valuation and Metrics

• Defining, Valuing, and Providing Ecosystem Goods and Services (Brown, Bergstrom, and Loomis 2007)(PDF, 3.8 MB)
• What are Ecosystem Services? (Boyd and Banzhaf 2006)(PDF, 0.3 MB)
• Environmental Benefits Transfer: Methods, Applications and New Directions - Benefits Transfer S.I. (Ecological Economics, Volume 60, Issue 2, pp. 335-482 (1 December 2006)
• Counting Canada's Natural Capital: Assessing the Real Value of Canada's Ecosystem Services (Anielski and Wilson, 2005)(PDF, 4.0 MB)
• Aggregate measures of ecosystem services: can we take the pulse of nature? (Meyerson et al. 2005)(PDF, 0.5 MB)
• How much is an ecosystem worth? assessing the economic value of conservation (Pagiola, von Ritter, and Bishop 2004)
• The Value of Natural Capital in Settled Areas of Canada (Olewiler 2004)(PDF, 0.7 MB)
• Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature (Balmford et al. 2002)(PDF, 0.3 MB)
• Economic Value of Forest Ecosystem Services: A Review (Krieger et al. 2001)(PDF, 0.9 MB)
• The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value (Daily et al. 2000)
• The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital (Costanza et al. 1997)(PDF, 0.5 MB)

Spatial Analysis and Conservation Planning

• Mapping the Economic Costs and Benefits of Conservation (Naidoo and Ricketts 2006)
• Conservation Planning for Ecosystem Services (Chan et al. 2006)
• The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California (Kremen et al. 2004)(PDF, 0.3 MB)

Policy and Decision-Making

• Ecosystem Services: A Guide for Decision Makers (World Resources Institute 2008)
• Markets for Ecosystem Services: A Potential Tool for Multilateral Environmental Agreements (Duraiappah 2007)(PDF, 0.3 MB)
• Restoring Nature's Capital: An Action Agenda to Sustain Ecosystem Services (World Resources Institute 2007)
• Economic Values without Prices: The Importance of Nonmarket Values and Valuation for Informing Public Policy Debates (Loomis 2005, Choices Magazine)(PDF, 0.4 MB)
• Ecosystem Services and Government Accountability: The Need for a New Way of Judging Nature's Value (Boyd and Banzhaf 2005)
• Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making (National Research Council 2004)