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Catalog
of Long Term Research Conducted by the Northeastern Research Station
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Catalog #56
| Title: |
Effect of Lime, Fencing,
and Herbicides on Establishment and Growth of Regeneration
on Problem Sites
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| Objective: |
To determine:
1) if soil aluminum, deer, and/or shade/allelopathy are affecting
development of forest regeneration;
2) the effect of lime on growth rates of seedlings and residual
trees; and
3) the effect of lime on soil aluminum and the availability
of soil nitrogen and phosphorous. |
| Year Established: |
1985 |
| Year Completed: |
1996 |
| Site Description: |
Susquehannock State Forest, Potter County, PA. The four stands
(blocks) have reasonably uniform topographic configuration,
similar soils throughout, and relatively homogeneous with regard
to species composition, structure, and stocking. Black Diamond
Area: lat: ~N41deg 42min 30sec, long: ~ W78deg 01min 30sec.
Cherry Springs Area: lat: ~N41deg 39min 15sec, long: ~W77deg
49min 15sec. |
| Statistical Design: |
Split Plot with randomized complete blocks. 8 treatments will
be replicated 4 times in problem stands that lack adequate advance
regeneration. Main plot size is 0.9 acres for fencing and herbicide,
and 0.5 acres for lime. The 9 subplots were systematically located
on a 37' grid to evaluate for regeneration. The subplots are
circular and 0.001-acre in size (3.72' radius). |
| Likelihood of Locating Study Areas: |
100% |
| Experimental Treatments: |
All stands were cut to 40-50% relative density, depending
upon existing conditions, leaving uniform stands of similar
species and size classes. Herbicide application is made with
mist blowers during the last two weeks of August to insure adequate
kill. Treatments were applied during 1985. The 8 treatments
are: 1) fenced, no lime, no herbicide; 2) fenced, lime, no herbicide;
3) fenced, no lime, herbicide, 4) fenced, lime, herbicide; 5)
unfenced, no lime no herbicide; 6) unfenced, lime, no herbicide;
7) unfenced, no lime herbicide; 8) unfenced, lime, herbicide. |
| Sampling Methods: |
Soils: Prior to treatments, 64 baseline samples (2 depths
X 32 plots) were analyzed for pH, buffer capacity, phosphorous,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, aluminum, total soluble
salts, organic matter, and texture. Subsequent samples are a
composite of 6 subsamples taken in 2.5 cm increments to a depth
of 15 cm from each 0.5-acre plot. Soil samples are collected
annually during September for 1986-1989 and again in 1993.
Black & White Photographs and colored slides will be taken
from 2 permanent picture points in each plot prior to treatment
(August 1985) and annually thereafter for the duration of the
study. The picture points were marked with a brass mine check
attached to the steel stakes identifying the easel point location.
Lime application is at a rate of 10 tons per acre (5 tons of
lime per 0.5-acre plot). Regeneration measurements are recorded
annually during late August/early September. After initial cutting,
all residual trees were marked and measured for d.b.h. All residual
trees were measured for d.b.h. and vigor. Flower counts and
seed crops determine the effect of lime on flowering and seed
production. Annually, flower and seed crop estimates are made
for only sugar maple and black cherry trees that were codominant
or dominant before cutting. |
| Variables and Sampling Frequency: |
Independent: lime (10 tons per acre), herbicide (Roundup at
2 lbs per acre ai), fencing (5-strand, high-voltage electric
fence), reduction in stocking to 40 to 50% relative density.
Dependent: Number seedlings, species of seedling, seedling
height growth and dominance class (1986, 1987, 1988, 1989,
1993); residual tree diameter growth, residual tree vigor,
soil P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Al, Na, pH (1986, 1987, 1988, 1989,
1993); flower and seed crop estimates (1989, 1990, 1992, 1993);
foliar nutrient contents (1994).
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| QA/QC Practices: |
Safety regulations were followed with all herbicide use. Herbicide
applications will not be attempted when there is a rain probability
exceeding 30%. In event that rain occurs within 6 hours after
a plot has been treated, it will be retreated. |
| Data Storage: |
Raw data by plot reside on DG and tally sheets are kept with
written instructions and detailed maps to each stand. Annually,
the raw data are transformed using the REGEN1 program in DG
Info. System. Summarized data by plot and by stand reside in
a DG-based program that can output to ASCII text files. |
| Global Change Research Applications: |
Studies of Ecosystem Processes |
| Data Availability: |
unknown |
| Publications and Reports: |
Study plan. 1985. Lew Auchmoody. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Auchmoody, L.R.; Walters, R.S. 1988. Impact of deer browsing,
understory competition, and soil Aluminum on forest regeneration
in Pennsylvania. Journal of Pennsylvania Academy of Science
62(1): 39. Abstract.
Auchmoody, L.R.; Walters, RS 1988. Impact of deer browsing,
understory competition, and soil Aluminum on forest regeneration
in Pennsylvania. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 290. Abstract.
Auchmoody, L.R.; Lilja, P. 1989. Impact of forest liming
on growth rates, vigor, and flowering and seed production
of Allegheny hardwoods. Agronomy Abstracts p. 298. Abstract.
Auchmoody, L.R.; Lilja, P. 1990. Impact of forest liming
on vigor and diameter growth rates of Allegheny hardwoods.
Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 63: 207. Abstract.
Stanosz, G.; Auchmoody, L.R. 1989. Relationship of seedling
height and Dolomitic lime application to Black Cherry Leafspot
severity in northern Pennsylvania. Phytopathology 79(10):
1143-1144. Abstract.
Long, R.P., Horsley, S.B.; Lilja, P. 1994. Impact of forest
liming on growth and vigor of Allegheny hardwoods. In: Abstracts:
air pollution & multiple stresses: 16th international
meeting for specialists in air pollution effects on forest
ecosystems; 1994 September 7-9; Fredericton, NB. Fredericton,
NB: Canadian Forest Service: 38. Abstract.
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| Contact: |
Stephen Horsley, USDA, Forest Service, P.O.
Box 267, Irvine, PA. 16329. (814) 563-1040 |
| Cooperation: |
Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry |
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