Life History and Disturbance Response of Halesia carolina (Carolina Silverbell )

Family: Styracaceae
Guild: opportunistic, moderate growth, moist-site tolerant, understory tolerant
Functional Lifeform: Small deciduous tree
Ecological Role: An understory tree that is found in moist soils along streams, river bluffs and ravine slopes. It is an associate of a large number of hardwood species and occasionally some conifers.
Lifespan, yrs (typical/max): up to 100yrs
Shade Tolerance: tolerant
Height, m: 6-12m, to 30m on a few mountain sites
Canopy Tree: yes
Pollination Agent: insects
Seeding, yrs (begins/optimal/declines): ?/25/?
Mast Frequency, yrs: 1yr
New Cohorts Source: seeds or sprouts
Flowering Dates: spring
Flowers/Cones Damaged by Frost: yes
Seedfall Begins: fall-winter
Seed Banking: 2yr+
Cold Stratification Required: yes
Seed Type/Dispersal Distance/Agent: winged/100m/wind
Season of Germination: spring
Seedling Rooting System: from roots and greenwood cuttings, also air layering

Establishment Seedbed Preferences
Substrate: loamy, rich, slightly acidic
Light: variable
Moisture: moist required
Temperature: neutral

Disturbance Response
Fire:
Exotics: