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Suggested Citations for NorWeST

• Data summaries: Chandler, G.L.; Wollrab, S.P.; Horan, D. L.; Nagel, D. E.; Parkes, S.L.; Isaak, D.J.; Horan, D.L; Wenger, S.J.; Peterson, E.E.; Ver Hoef, J.M.; Hostetler, S.W.; Luce, C.H.; Dunham, J.B.; Kershner, J.L.; Roper, B.B. 2016. NorWeST stream temperature data summaries for the western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0032.

• Model scenarios: Isaak, D.J.; Wenger, S.J.; Peterson, E.E.; Ver Hoef, J.M.; Hostetler, S.W.; Luce, C.H.; Dunham, J.B.; Kershner, J.L.; Roper, B.B.; Nagel, D.E.; Chandler, G.L.; Wollrab, S.P.; Parkes, S.L.; Horan, D.L. 2016. NorWeST modeled summer stream temperature scenarios for the western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0033.

NorWeST State Stream Temperature Maps

NorWeST temperature map for rivers and streams in the western U.S.

NorWeST state temperature map for all Idaho streams

NorWeST state temperature map for western Montana streams

NorWeST state temperature map for all Nevada streams

NorWeST state temperature map for all Oregon streams

NorWeST state temperature map for all Utah streams

NorWeST state temperature map for all Washington streams

NorWeST state temperature map for Wyoming streams

NorWeST state temperature map for California Rivers and Streams

NorWeST state temperature map for Colorado Streams

NorWeST state temperature map for New Mexico streams

NorWeST data applications

Climate-shield cold-water refuges for native trout website: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/ClimateShield.html

The rangewide bull trout eDNA project website: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/BullTrout_eDNA.html

Al-Chokhachy, R., D. Schmetterling, C. Clancy, P. Saffel, R. Kovach, L. Nyce, B. Liermann, W. Fredenberg, and R. Pierce. 2016. Are brown trout replacing or displacing bull trout populations in a changing climate? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 73: doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0293.

Anderson, Heidi E., Albertson, Lindsey K, Walters David M. Water temperature drives variability in salmonfly abundance, emergence timing, and body size. River Research and Applications. 1-10. DOI: 10.1002/rra.3464.

Asarian, J.E. 2017.  GIS Stream Temperature Modeling of Yurok Ancestral Territory.  Prepared by Riverbend Sciences for the Yurok Tribe Environmental Program, Klamath, CA. 39 p. [electronic appendices]

Bowerman, T.E; Keefer, M.L; Caudill, C.C. 2021. Elevated stream temperature, origin, and individual size influence Chinook salmon prespawn mortality across the Columbia River Basin. Fisheries Research, 237, 105874. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2021.105874.

Crozier, LG, et al. 2019. Climate vulnerability assessment for Pacific salmon and steelhead in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0217711.

Dauwalter, D.C., K.A. Fesenmyer, and R. Bjork. 2015. Using aerial imagery to characterize redband trout habitat in a remote desert landscape. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144:1322-1339.

Dunham, J., D. Hockman-Wert, N. Chelgren, and M. Heck. 2015. Rangewide climate vulnerability assessment for threatened Bull Trout. Final report submitted to Department of Interior, Northwest Climate Science Center, Corvallis, OR. [other resources]

EcoAdapt. 2014. A climate change vulnerability assessment for resources of Nez-Perce Clearwater National Forests. Version 3.0. EcoAdapt, Bainbridge Island, WA.

Elliott, J., S.I. Passy, K.L. Pound, G. Merritt, S. Polkowske, and C.A. Larson. 2022. Strong but heterogeneous distributional responses to climate change are projected for temperate and semi-arid stream vertebrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3805

Griffiths, William. 2018. Our last cast: the future of fly fishing in the American West. Washington, D.C.

Howell PJ. 2017. Changes in native bull trout and non-native brook trout distributions in the upper Powder River basin after 20 years, relationships to water temperature and implications of climate change. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12386

Isaak, Daniel J.; Luce, Charles H.; Horan, Dona L.; Chandler, Gwynne L.; Wollrab, Sherry P.; Dubois, William B.; Nagel, David E. 2020. Thermal regimes of perennial rivers and streams in the western United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. doi: 10. 1111/1752-1688.12864.

Isaak, D.J., M.K. Young, D. Nagel, D. Horan, and M. Groce. 2015. The coldwater climate shield: Delineating refugia to preserve salmonid fishes through the 21st Century. Global Change Biology 21:2540-2553.

Isaak, D.J., K. Ramsey, J. Chatel, D. Konnoff, R. Gecy, and D. Horan. 2018. Climate change, fish, and aquatic habitat in the Blue Mountains. Pages 25-52 in Halofsky, J.E.; Peterson, D.L., eds. 2016. Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the Blue Mountains. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-939. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

Isaak, Daniel J.; Ver Hoef, Jay M.; Peterson, Erin E.; Horan, Dona L.; Nagel, David E. 2017. Scalable population estimates using spatial-stream-network (SSN) models, fish density surveys, and national geospatial database frameworks for streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 74: 147-156.

Isaak, Daniel J.; Wenger, Seth J.; Young, Michael K. 2017. Big biology meets microclimatology: Defining thermal niches of ectotherms at landscape scales for conservation planning. Ecological Applications. doi: 10.1002/eap.1501.

Isaak, Daniel J.; Young, Michael K.; Luce, Charles H.; Hostetler, Steven W.; Wenger, Seth J.; Peterson, Erin E.; Ver Hoef, Jay M.; Groce, Matthew C.; Horan, Dona L.; Nagel, David E. 2016. Slow climate velocities of mountain streams portend their role as refugia for cold-water biodiversity. PNAS. 113(16): 4374-4379.

Isaak, Daniel J.; Young, Michael K.; Tait, Cynthia; Duffield, Daniel; Horan, Dona L.; Nagel, David E.; Groce, Matthew C. 2018. Effects of climate change on native fish and other aquatic species [Chapter 5]. In: Halofsky, Jessica E.; Peterson, David L.; Ho, Joanne J.; Little, Natalie, J.; Joyce, Linda A., eds. Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the Intermountain Region [Part 1]. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-375. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 89-111.

LeMoine, Michael T, Lisa A. Eby, Chris Clancy, Leslie G. Nyce, Mike Jakober and Dan J Isaak. 2020. Landscape resistance mediates native fish species distribution shifts and vulnerability to climate change in riverscapes. Global change biology DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15281

Mandeville, C.P., F.J. Rahel, L.S. Patterson, and A.W. Walters. 2019. Integrating fish assemblage data, modeled stream temperatures, and thermal tolerance metrics to develop thermal guilds for water temperature regulation: Wyoming case study. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10169.

Myrvold, K.M., B. Kennedy. 2017. Increasing water temperatures exacerbate the potential for density dependence in juvenile steelhead. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0497.

Palmer, J. 2017. Cold water fish refuges: EPA’s Columbia River cold water refuges project. The Water Report newsletter. 164:1-8.

Peterson D., S. Bernall, K. Bouwens, K. Breidinger, J. DosSantos, D. Grupenhoff, W. Fredenberg, R. Kreiner, S. Moran, B. Naples, L. Nelson, R. Ryan, and D. Schmetterling. 2015. Strategic modeling to assist conservation of bull trout in the Lower Clark Fork River. Abernathy Fish Technology Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Longview, WA.

Rinnan, D. 2018. Population persistence in the face of climate change and competition: A battle on two fronts. Ecological Modelling 385:78-88.

Rubenson, E.S., and J.D. Olden. 2019. An invader in salmonid rearing habitat: current and future distributions of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in the Columbia River Basin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0357.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10. 2021. Columbia River Cold Water Refuges Plan. January 7, 2021. EPA-910-R-21-001. WEBSITE.

Ver Hoef, J., E.E. Peterson, and D.J. Isaak. 2017. Review of spatial statistical models for stream networks. Pages x – x in Handbook of Environmental and Ecological Statistics. A. Gelfand, M. Furentes, J. Hoeting, and R. Smith, editors. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Westley P., A. Dittman, E. Ward, and T. Quinn. 2015. Signals of climate, conspecific density, and watershed features in patterns of homing and dispersal by Pacific salmon. Ecology 96:2823–2833.

Williams J.E., D.J. Isaak, J. Imhof, D.A. Hendrickson, and J.R. McMillan. 2015. Cold-water fishes and climate change in North America. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09505-1.

Williams, J.E., Rummel, S., Lemon, J., Barney, M., Smith, K., Fesenmyer, K. and Schoen, J., 2016. Engaging a community of interest in water quality protection: Anglers monitoring wadeable streams. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 71(5), pp.114A-119A.

Young MK, Isaak DJ, McKelvey KS, Wilcox TM, Bingham DM, Pilgrim KL, et al. (2016) Climate, demography, and zoogeography predict introgression thresholds in salmonid hybrid zones in Rocky Mountain streams. PLoS ONE 11(11): e0163563. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163563.

Young, Michael K.; Isaak, Daniel J.; Spaulding, Scott; Thomas, Cameron A.; Barndt, Scott A.; Groce, Matthew C.; Horan, Dona; Nagel, David E. 2018. Climate vulnerability of native cold-water salmonids in the Northern Rockies Region [Chapter 5]. In: Halofsky, Jessica E.; Peterson, David L.; Dante-Wood, S. Karen; Hoang, Linh; Ho, Joanne J.; Joyce, Linda A., eds. Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the Northern Rocky Mountains [Part 1]. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-374. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 87-127.

Supporting Research

Hamlet, A. F., P. Carrasco, J. Deems, M. M. Elsner, T. Kamstra, C. Lee, S.Y. Lee, G. Mauger, E.P. Salathe, I. Tohver, and L.W. Binder. 2010. Final project report for the Columbia Basin Climate change scenarios project. Retrieved from http://warm.atmos.washington.edu/2860/report/

Hamlet, A.F., M.M. Elsner, G.S. Mauger, S.Y. Lee, I. Tohver, and R.A. Norheim. 2013. An overview of the Columbia Basin Climate Change Scenarios Project: Approach, methods, and summary of key results. Atmosphere Ocean 51:392-415.

Isaak, D.J., E. Peterson, J. V. Hoef, S. Wenger, J. Falke, C. Torgersen, C. Sowder, A. Steel, M.J. Fortin, C. Jordan, A. Reusch, N. Som, P. Monestiez. 2014. Applications of spatial statistical network models to stream data. WIREs Water 1 doi: 10.1002/wat2.1023

Hostetler, S.W.; Alder, J.R.; and Allan, A.M. 2011. Dynamically downscaled climate simulations over North America: Methods, evaluation and supporting documentation for users: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1238. 64 p.

Isaak, D.J., Luce, C.H., Chandler, G.L., Horan, D.L. and Wollrab, S.P., 2018. Principal components of thermal regimes in mountain river networks. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences. 22: 6225-6240.

Isaak, D.J., Luce, C.H., Horan, D.L., Chandler, G.L., Wollrab, S.P. and Nagel, D.E., 2018. Global Warming of Salmon and Trout Rivers in the Northwestern US: Road to Ruin or Path Through Purgatory?. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 147:566-587. DOI:10.1002/tafs.10059.

related poster: Global warming of salmon and trout rivers in the northwestern U.S.: Road to ruin or path through purgatory?

related briefing paper: Fishing for Climate Data: How Recent Research is Helping to Forecast Changes in Salmon and Trout Habitat

Isaak, Daniel J.; Luce, Charles H.; Rieman, Bruce E.; Nagel, David E.; Peterson, Erin E.; Horan, Dona L.; Parkes, Sharon; Chandler, Gwynne L.  2010. Effects of climate change and wildfire on stream temperatures and salmonid thermal habitat in a mountain river network. Ecological Applications. 20(5): 1350-1371.

Isaak, Daniel J.; Rieman, Bruce E. 2013. Stream isotherm shifts from climate change and implications for distributions of ectothermic organisms. Global Change Biology. 19:742-751.

Isaak, D.J., Wenger, S.J., Peterson, E.E., Ver Hoef, J.M., Nagel, D.E., Luce, C.H., Hostetler, S.W., Dunham, J.B., Roper, B.B., Wollrab, S.P. and Chandler, G.L., 2017. The NorWeST Summer Stream Temperature Model and Scenarios for the Western US: A Crowd‐Sourced Database and New Geospatial Tools Foster a User Community and Predict Broad Climate Warming of Rivers and Streams. Water Resources Research 53:9181-9205.

Isaak, D.J., S. Wollrab, D. Horan, and G. Chandler. 2012. Climate change effects on stream and river temperatures across the Northwest U.S. from 1980 – 2009 and implications for salmonid fishes. Climatic Change 113:499-524.

Leasure, D.R., Wenger, S.J., Chelgren, N.D., Neville, H.M., Dauwalter, D.C., Bjork, R., Fesenmyer, K.A., Dunham, J.B., Peacock, M.M., Luce, C.H. and Lute, A.C., 2019. Hierarchical multi-population viability analysis. Ecology 100:e02538-e02538.

Peterson E.E. and Ver Hoef J.M. 2014. STARS: An ArcGIS toolset used to calculate the spatial information needed to fit spatial statistical models to stream network data. Journal of Statistical Software 56(2):1-17.  

Peterson, E.E., and J. M. Ver Hoef. 2010. A mixed-model moving-average approach to geostatistical modeling in stream networks. Ecology 91:644-651.

Seixas, G.B., Beechie, T.J., Fogel, C. and Kiffney, P.M., 2018. Historical and Future Stream Temperature Change Predicted by a Lidar‐Based Assessment of Riparian Condition and Channel Width. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 54:974-991.

Tohver, I., A.F. Hamlet, and S-Y. Lee. 2014. Impacts of 21st century climate change on hydrologic extremes in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Journal of the American Water Works Association 1-16. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12199.

Ver Hoef, J. M., and E. E. Peterson. 2010. A moving average approach for spatial statistical models of stream networks. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 105:6–18.

Ver Hoef, J. M., E. E. Peterson, and D. M. Theobald. 2006. Spatial statistical models that use flow and stream distance. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 13:449–464.

Ver Hoef J.M., Peterson E.E., Clifford D., and Shah R. 2014. SSN: An R package for spatial statistical modeling on stream networks. Journal of Statistical Software 56(3):1-45.

Wenger, S.J., C.H. Luce, A.F. Hamlet, D.J. Isaak, and H.M. Neville. 2010. Macroscale hydrologic modeling of ecologically relevant flow metrics. Water Resources Research 46, W09513, doi:10.1029/2009WR008839.

Wilcox, T.M., Young, M.K., McKelvey, K.S., Isaak, D.J., Horan, D.L. and Schwartz, M.K., 2018. Fine‐scale environmental DNA sampling reveals climate‐mediated interactions between native and invasive trout species. Ecosphere 9:e02500. 

Statistical techniques used for NorWeST temperature models described at SSN & STARS: Tools for Spatial Statistical Modeling on Stream Networks.

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Posters and Presentations

Isaak, D, S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. V. Hoef, C. Luce, D. Nagel, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, and S. Wollrab. 2015. NorWeST stream temperature model: Data structure, covariates, and applications. EPA Region 10 webinar. February 11.

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Nagel, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, S. Wollrab. 2015. Development and application of NorWeST stream temperature climate scenarios for the Pacific Northwest. North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative webinar, January 27.

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Nagel, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, S. Wollrab. 2014. Idaho applications of the NorWeST stream temperature database, model, and climate scenarios. Idaho Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Idaho Falls, ID, February 11-13.

Isaak, D., J. Ver Hoef, and E. Peterson. 2014. New information from old stream data through applications of spatial statistical network models. Atlantic Salmon Conference. Orono, ME, January 9. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Eugene, OR, February 25-28. Idaho Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Idaho Falls, ID, February 11-13. Water quality workshop: Monitoring, assessment, and management. Boise, ID, February 4-6.

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Nagel, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, S. Wollrab. 2014. Provisional Oregon stream temperature database for the NorWeST regional archive and modeled stream climate scenario maps. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Eugene, OR, February 25-28.

Isaak, D. 2013. Rapid emergence of massive temperature monitoring networks in streams and rivers across North America. American Geophysical Union meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 9 - 13.

Related Article:

• Inexpensive sensors ushers in nationwide boom in stream temperature monitoring - Environmental Monitor

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Nagel, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, S. Wollrab. 2012. NorWeST: A regional stream temperature database and model for high-resolution aquatic vulnerability assessments and decision support across the Northwest U.S. Presentation given at 3rd Annual Pacific Northwest Climate Science Conference, Boise, ID; Northwest Biological Assessment workgroup meeting, Boise, ID; U.S. Forest Service Region 6 meeting, Eugene, OR; American Geophysical Union, fall meeting. San Francisco, CA, December 3 – 7. Published abstract #B33E-0571.

Related Posters:

• The NorWeST Regional Stream Temperature Model For High-Resolution Climate Vulnerability Assessments
• Toward a regional stream temperature model through integration of multi-agency temperature databases using spatial statistical models

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. V. Hoef, C. Luce, D. Nagel, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, and S. Wollrab. 2013. Applications of the NorWeST regional stream temperature model to improve conservation and monitoring of aquatic resources. Region 1 USFS, Missoula, MT, March 19-21.

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. V. Hoef, C. Luce, D. Nagel, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, and S. Wollrab. 2013. Use of NorWeST for regionally consistent status and trend assessments of stream temperature. Northwest Water Quality Modelers Meeting. Lacey, WA May 7 – 8.

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, B. Rieman, C. Luce, E. Peterson, and B. Roper. 2012. Climate change effects on coldwater stream ecosystems: how climate concerns are driving development of better decision support tools and improving resource management. National webinar co-hosted by the USFWS National Conservation Training Center and the National Wildlife Federation. January 18.

Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, J. Kershner, B. Roper, D. Nagel, D. Horan, G. Chandler, S. Parkes, S. Wollrab. 2013. Progress on the NorWeST stream temperature climate scenarios for the Northwest U.S. Pacific Northwest Climate Science Conference. Portland, OR, September 4 – 5.

Nagel, D., Isaak, D., Horan, D., Chandler, G., Parkes, S., Wenger, S., Wollrab, S., Dunham, J., and Hockman-Wert , D. 2013. High Resolution Geospatial Stream Temperature Data for the Northwest U.S. A User’s Guide for the NorWeST Regional Database and Model. Western Division American Fisheries Society Meeting, Boise, ID, April 15-18.

Ver Hoef, J., E. Peterson, and D. Isaak. 2012. Spatial statistical models on stream networks. NOAA, Monster Jam Seminar. Seattle, WA. (PDF | Large 1-hour MMV video file)

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NorWeST and Related Briefing Papers

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