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Treatment of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils
Table 18 compares each of the technologies discussed in this report. The applicability of each technology for use in cold, wet, and remote regions is rated on a scale of one to three. The rating criteria for operating in the cold (below 0 °C) are:
1—Operates in cold temperatures with minimal difficulty
2—Additional controls required to operate in cold temperatures
3—Inappropriate in cold temperatures
For operating in wet conditions, the rating criteria are:
1—Minimal controls required to operate when the soil moisture content is high
2—Additional controls required (covering)
3—Inappropriate in wet conditions
The rating criteria for remote operation are:
1—Requires minimal equipment and minimal operation and maintenance (O&M) visits
2—Requires minimal equipment and frequent O&M visits
3—Requires extensive equipment or an extended stay at the site
Other factors are required to make a proper selection of the type of treatment technology or technologies for contaminated soil. Cost is an obvious factor. Time is another factor. For instance, treatment of contaminated soil by barometric pumping will take longer than if the soil was excavated and treated above grade by thermal desorption.
The purpose of this report is to help the Forest Service engineers choose a treatment technology that will reduce the level of petroleum contamination in contaminated soils. The goal of any soil restoration effort is to reduce the risk contamination poses to human health and the environment. It is difficult to reduce the mass of soil contamination in remote regions that receive comparatively high amounts of precipitation, where temperatures that can drop as low as –12 °C, and cold temperatures are sustained for several months. Each of the technologies discussed in this report has been successfully used in Alaska.
| Conditions | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cost estimating factors | Cold | Wet | Remote |
| EX SITU | |||
| Excavation and proper disposal | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Incineration | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Thermal desorption | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Soil washing | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Vapor extraction | 2 | 2 | 2 or 1* |
| Composting | 2 | 1 | 2 or 1* |
| Landfarming | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| IN SITU | |||
| Soil vapor extraction | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Barometric pumping | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Bioventing | 2 | 1 | 3 or 1** |
| * A rating of 1 applies if wind-actuated exhaust fans are used. | |||
| ** A rating of 1 applies if barometric pumping is used to supply oxygen to the subsurface. | |||
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