Computer application models were developed to simulate various changes that could occur through time based on different land management actions in the ICBEMP area. An example is the Vegetation Dynamics Development Tool, a model that allows for non-spatial examination of the role that management activities (such as timber harvest, livestock grazing, prescribed fire) and landscape disturbance (such as insect and disease infestation, wildfire) have on vegetation succession. These models helped analysts formulate predictions concerning the possible short- and long-term effects of management alternatives upon vegetation.