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Potentilla glandulosa

• INTRODUCTORY
• DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
• BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• FIRE ECOLOGY
• FIRE EFFECTS
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
• REFERENCES

INTRODUCTORY

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS
	Photo © Ben Legler

Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. arizonica (Rydb.) Keck [29], Arizona cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. ashlandica (Greene) Keck, Ashland cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. ewanii Keck [22], Ewan's cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. glabrata (Rydb.) Keck [28], sticky cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. glandulosa [22,28,75], sticky cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. globosa Keck [22], sticky cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. hansenii (Greene) Keck [22,28], Hansen's cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. micropetala (Rydb.) Keck [28], smallpetal cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. nevadensis (Watson) Keck, Nevada cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. pseudorupestris (Rydb.) Keck [22,28], sticky cinquefoil
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. reflexa (Greene) Keck [22,28,75], sticky cinquefoil

Sticky cinquefoil hybridizes with beach strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) [32].

SYNONYMS:
for Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. glandulosa:

Drymocallis glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb. [72,73]
Potentilla glandulosa var. glandulosa [20]

for Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. glabrata:

Potentilla glandulosa var. intermedia (Rydb.) Hitch. [20,23,35,74]

for Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. micropetala:

Potentilla glandulosa var. micropetala (Rydb.) Welsh & Johnst. [74]

for Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. nevadensis:

Potentilla glandulosa var. nevadensis Watson [12,23]

for Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. pseudorupestris:

Potentilla glandulosa var. pseudorupestris (Rydb.) Breit. [12,15,20,23,35]

for Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp. reflexa:

Potentilla glandulosa var. reflexa [23]

LIFE FORM:
Forb

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
Information on state-level protected status of sticky cinquefoil in the United States and Canada is available at Nature Serve.

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

P. g. subsp.arizonica - Arizona and Utah

P. g. subsp. ashlandica - California and Oregon

P. g. subsp. ewanii - California

P. g. subsp. glabrata - Alberta and British Columbia, south to Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Baja California and east to South Dakota. It does not occur in California.

P. g. subsp. glandulosa - extends from British Columbia south through Idaho, Montana, Nevada and west to the Pacific Coast also found in Baja California

P. g. subsp.globosa - California and Oregon

P. g. subsp. hansenii - California and Nevada

P. g. subsp. micropetala - Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada

P. g. subsp. nevadensis - Montana, Idaho, and Nevada west to the Pacific Coast

P. g. subsp. pseudorupestris - British Columbia and Alberta south to Utah and California

P. g. subsp. reflexa - Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and Baja California

Plants Database provides a distributional map of sticky cinquefoil and its subspecies.

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Sticky cinquefoil is most commonly described as occurring in forests and woodlands throughout its range, but it also occurs in sagebrush and grassland communities [12,18,19,51,58].

Sticky cinquefoil is dominant in the Hood's sedge (Carex hoodii)-sticky cinquefoil potential vegetation type in "cold upland herb" areas of the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and west-central Idaho [55].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM REGENERATION PROCESSES SITE CHARACTERISTICS SUCCESSIONAL STATUS SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT
	Photo by Margo Bors

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available: [12,13,14,22,28,35,72,73].

Sticky cinquefoil is a highly variable perennial forb [1]. Erect stems arise 4 to 24 inches (10-60 cm) from a loosely branched caudex. The mostly basal leaves are pinnately compound and sharply serrate. Leaves and stems are glandular pubescent. Flowers are few to many in a flat-topped cyme. Fruits are glabrous achenes [1,4,12,22,35,41,53,74].

Sticky cinquefoil is generally a non-rhizomatous species [33]. However, rhizomes were described for populations occurring in New Mexico [41], the Great Plains of South Dakota and Wyoming [20], west-central Montana [35], the Intermountain West [12], and the Pacific Northwest [23].

Pollination: Sticky cinquefoil is animal pollinated [52].

Breeding system: No information is available on this topic.

Seed production: Sticky cinquefoil produces "numerous seeds" [74], but studies quantifying seed production are lacking.

Seed dispersal: Sticky cinquefoil has no long-distance dispersal method. Most seeds fall directly beneath the parent plant [33].

Seed banking: Sticky cinquefoil stores seed in the soil [9,33,34,66]. The length of time soil-stored seed remains viable is unknown, but Kramer [33] states that the ability to survive for "long periods" as buried seed is critical for early-seral, non-rhizomatous species such as sticky cinquefoil.

Sticky cinquefoil seed was common in soil samples taken from Douglas-fir/ninebark (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus), grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple (Abies grandis/Acer glabrum), and grand fir/thinleaf huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) habitat types in west-central Idaho. The highest concentration of viable seeds was found in the top 2 inches (5 cm) of soil, but viable seeds were also recovered from the 2- to 4-inch (5-10 cm) depth [33,34]. Sticky cinquefoil germinated from the 0- to 0.8-inch (0-2 cm) layer of a soil sample taken from a mixed conifer stand in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. It was not present in the aboveground vegetation [69].

Sticky cinquefoil seeds germinated from burned and unburned soil samples collected from different community types within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem [9]. See Discussion and Qualification of Fire Effect for further information.

Germination: Sticky cinquefoil seeds are stimulated to germinate by warm temperatures, and germination may be enhanced by a stratification period [4,17,49,64,66]. Sticky cinquefoil germinates on bare soil in full sun and often germinates profusely following scarification resulting from either mechanical treatments or heavy livestock use [64,66]. In a greenhouse, fresh, untreated sticky cinquefoil seeds germinated 9 days after being sown [49].

Germination of sticky cinquefoil seeds was enhanced by 1 month of stratification at 4 °C under wet conditions. Germination tests were conducted on sticky cinquefoil seeds collected in early August in southeastern Montana. Stratification promoted germination of seeds 6 to 12 months old. A 1-month stratification was sufficient, and no improvement resulted from a longer stratification period. Germination improved with seed age for unstratified samples [17]:

Sticky cinquefoil seeds collected from subalpine rangelands in Utah and Montana and scarified with sulfuric acid exhibited 73% germination under alternating temperatures of 63/54 °F (17/12 °C). Germination rate increased to 87% under alternating temperatures of 90/72 °F (32/22 °C) [45].

Seedling establishment/growth: No information is available on this topic.

Vegetative regeneration: Some subspecies of sticky cinquefoil have rhizomes [12,20,23,35,41]. However, no descriptions of vegetative regeneration in sticky cinquefoil were found in available literature.

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Sticky cinquefoil is an early-seral, shade-intolerant species [33,65,66] that establishes and/or increases following fire, logging, and grazing [7,8,19,44,77]. Sticky cinquefoil is not a common component of mature forest vegetation [33]. However, it can persist on old fields for several decades after abandonment [26].

Sticky cinquefoil was prominent the 1st and 2nd year following logging on ponderosa pine-pinegrass-elk sedge (Pinus ponderosa-Calamagrostis rubescens-Carex geyeri) sites in eastern Oregon. It was not abundant prior to logging [19]. Sticky cinquefoil increased in the first 5 years after clearcutting in a northern Sierra Nevada stand dominated by Pacific ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa) on the Challenge Experimental Forest. It was not stated whether it was present in the stand before logging [44]:

Sticky cinquefoil occurred in Douglas-fir/ninebark communities in northern Idaho that had a history of disturbance since 1900, including various combinations of burning, logging, and grazing. The greatest cover and frequency (0.6 and 3.7%, respectively) occurred in areas that were both logged and grazed. Sticky cinquefoil was not reported on sites with no record of disturbance since 1900 [7,8]. In a northwestern Montana subalpine fir/queencup beadlily (Abies lasiocarpa/Clintonia uniflora) habitat type, sticky cinquefoil occurred with an average of 0.5% cover and 6% frequency on "old burns" (35-70 years old) and an average of 0.5% cover and 39% frequency on clearcut sites (15-35 years old) where slash was mechanically piled and burned. It was not observed on clearcut sites where slash was broadcast burned or not treated, and it was not found on undisturbed sites [77].

Sticky cinquefoil was most strongly associated with untreated stands in the stem exclusion stage of development in northeastern Oregon ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests. Sticky cinquefoil frequency was 55% in the stem exclusion stage. Sticky cinquefoil also occurred in stands that were thinned, burned, or thinned and then burned. Six years after thinning and four years after burning, sticky cinquefoil frequency was 26% to 33% on treated sites [76].

Sticky cinquefoil was present in initial communities and continued to increase for at least 62 years after farm lands were abandoned near Woodland Park, Colorado. Frequency was 40%, 55%, and 81% after 5, 10, and 62 years of abandonment, respectively. All sites were dominated by forbs and grasses with a small shrub component [26].

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

FIRE ECOLOGY

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

Sticky cinquefoil is known to store seeds in the soil [9,33,34,66], and seeds have germinated from burned and heated soil samples [9] (see Discussion and Qualification of Fire Effect). Therefore, it may establish from soil-stored seed after fire.

Fire regimes: Sticky cinquefoil occurs in a wide variety of habitat types which experience widely different fire frequencies and severities. The fire regime for the Hood's sedge-sticky cinquefoil potential vegetation type in cold upland herb areas of the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and west-central Idaho is categorized as having stand-replacement fires with fire-return intervals ranging from 35 to over 100 years [55]. The fire regime for the lower montane zone in the Northeastern Plateaus bioregion of California, where sticky cinquefoil is common after fire, is characterized as having low- to moderate-severity surface fires with "short" to "short-medium" fire-return intervals for individual ponderosa pine and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) forests [59]. Cool and moist alpine and subalpine grasslands and meadows of the Pacific Northwest, where sticky cinquefoil can occur, have average fire-return intervals of about 350 years. When fires do occur they are generally stand replacing [36].

The following table provides fire regime information that may be relevant to sticky cinquefoil. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

FIRE EFFECTS

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Sticky cinquefoil commonly occurs after fire [6,7,8,59,68,77]. It likely sprouts from the caudex after fire and may also establish from soil-stored seed (see Seed banking).

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
Sticky cinquefoil typically survives and may increase after fire.

Sticky cinquefoil persists after fire, although cover and frequency may decrease after high-severity burns. Mean frequency and cover of sticky cinquefoil were not significantly different (P<0.10) among unburned, low-intensity burned, and high-intensity burned treatments after selective logging and broadcast burning in a Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type in northern Idaho. Mean frequency (and cover), averaged over 3 postfire years were: 5.6% (0.4%), 5.1% (0.4%), 0.6% (0%) on unburned, low-intensity burned, and high-intensity burned sites, respectively. A complete summary of this study is provided in the Research Project Summary by Armour and others 1984 [2,3]. Similar results were reported after thinning and burning treatments in ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests in northeastern Oregon. Sticky cinquefoil was most strongly associated with untreated control plots, with 55% frequency and 0.5% average cover. It had similar frequency and cover among burn-only plots (33% frequency, 0.5% cover), thin-only plots (26% frequency, 1.2% cover), and thinned and burned plots (27% frequency, 0.4% cover). Burning was conducted in late fall and was of low severity. Measurements were taken 4 years after burning. For further information on the effects of thinning and burning treatments on sticky cinquefoil and 48 other species, see the Research Project Summary of Youngblood and others' [76] study.

Sticky cinquefoil may be more abundant on burned sites in later postfire years. A chronosequence study conducted in the Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) zone in Utah revealed that Potentilla glandulosa subsp. glabrata cover and frequency were slightly lower on sites burned the previous year versus unburned sites. On sites burned 2, 9, and 18 years prior, cover and frequency were slightly higher than on unburned sites [46]. Sticky cinquefoil occurred on burned sites in a Douglas-fir/ninebark community in northern Idaho that had a history of disturbance since 1900; it was not reported on undisturbed sites [7,8]. In a northwestern Montana subalpine fir/queencup beadlily habitat type, sticky cinquefoil occurred with an average of 0.5% canopy cover and 6% frequency on wildfire study sites that were classified as "old burns" (35-70 years old) and an average of 0.5% canopy cover and 39% frequency on clearcut sites (15-35 years old) where slash was mechanically piled and burned. It was not observed on clearcut sites where slash was broadcast burned or not treated, and not found on undisturbed sites [77].

Sticky cinquefoil frequency increased slightly on control, thin-only, thin and burn, and burn-only treatments conducted in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests in the Lubrecht Experimental Forest, Montana, 2 years after burning and 3 years after thinning. The smallest increase was in the control while the largest increase was on the thinned and burned sites. Percent cover was low on all sites. Burning was executed in the spring, and fires were categorized as low- to moderate-severity [48]. For a more detailed summary of this study, see Metlen and others 2006.

Sticky cinquefoil was present in prefire vegetation and not found in the first postfire year after a late summer, high-severity prescribed fire in a Douglas-fir stand in south-central Idaho. It was present in the second postfire year [40], suggesting that it may have established via delayed germination from the soil seed bank or from off-site seed sources.

Lyon's Research Paper (Lyon 1971) provides further information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant species including sticky cinquefoil.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES
• OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Throughout western North America, sticky cinquefoil is utilized by mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, and Rocky Mountain goats [25,30,44,54,56,60,62,64,65].

Sticky cinquefoil has greater importance for small mammals. It is a preferred food for the western harvest mouse, deer mouse, cactus mouse, California mouse, Pacific kangaroo rat, and little pocket mouse in California coastal sage scrub communities [47]. In Idaho, sticky cinquefoil has some importance as forage for the Idaho ground squirrel [16].

Palatability/nutritional value: General palatability of sticky cinquefoil ranges from fair to poor [61]. Its flowering tops are considered most palatable. Leaves and stems are less palatable because of an acrid taste, presumably caused by tannic acids [25].

OTHER USES:
No information is available on this topic.

OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Sticky cinquefoil is considered a weed species in ponderosa pine ranges used for cattle grazing in Colorado [11].

Potentilla glandulosa: REFERENCES

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