Bibliography | Managing Semi-Arid Watersheds

Flagstaff Lab

Bibliography

Managing Semi-Arid Watersheds: Bibliography

Climate
Beschta, R. L.	1974	Climatology of the ponderosa pine type in central Arizona	Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 228.	Temperature, precipitation, snowfall, wind, solar radiation, cloud cover, relative humidity and dewpoint, and evapotranspiration are presented. Long-term temperature and precipitation regimes are discussed in relation to climatic trends.
Campbell, R.E., and M.G. Ryan	1982	Precipitation and temperature characteristics of forested watersheds in central Arizona	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-93	Precipitation and temperature characteristics of the woodland and ponderosa pine forest types are described using 23 years of record. Climatic patterns are quite representative of similar vegetation types in Arizona and New Mexico.
Campbell, R.E., and O.G. Stevenson	1977	Solar radiation measurement in northern Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-339	Mean radiation was 67% of extra-terrestrial value. January mean radiation was 272 langleys per day, while the June mean was 736. Measure of transmissivity is related to hours of sunshine, but the relation is not close enough for precise daily predictions.
McAda, D.P.	1978	Indexing solar radiation by clouds for snowmelt modeling	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona	Solar radiation is indexed by opaque and transparent cloud-cover characteristics determined by time-lapse photography. Index values obtained are useful in snowmelt modeling procedures.
McAda, D.P., and P.F. Ffolliott	1978	Solar radiation as indexed by clouds for snowmelt modeling	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 8:175-181	Empirical relationships between commonly obtained cloud-cover characteristics and solar radiation components required in snowmelt modeling are presented. Direct and diffuse solar radiation components are related to coverage of Cumulus and Stratocumulus clouds.
McAda, D.P., and P.F. Ffolliott	1987	Predicting solar radiation from cloud cover for snowmelt modeling	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 17:29-34	Empirical equations relating solar radiation to opaque and transparent cloud cover are incorporated into a computer subroutine for predicting solar radiation. Development of these equations is described.
Solomon, R.M., P.F. Ffolliott, and J.R. Thompson	1976	Correlation between transmissivity and basal area in Arizona ponderosa pine forests	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-318	Transmissivity, that is, solar insolation that is transmitted through the forest overstory, was empirically related to stand basal area of sample plots by a logarithmic transformation. Seasonal variation was not statistically significant.

Economics
Ayer, H.W.	1977	The effects of land use policy on employment	Western Wire 2(3):2-3	Employment impacts are examined in several respects to determine distribution of employment by skill level; effects on neighboring economics resulting from a single, region-wide land use policy; changes in impacts over varying time periods; and patterns of seasonal employment.
Ayer, H.W., and J. Baskett	1978	Elasticities: Supplementary statistics from interindustry studies	Western Journal of Agricultural Economics July 1978:75-79	Elasticities are developed to incorporate both a sector's multiplier impact and its initial relative size to give a better estimator of the sector's importance to a region's economy. A current, empirical example of the difference between multipliers and elasticities, and their use in policy is presented.
Baskett, J.	1976	Economic impacts of United States Forest Service policies on local communities: An interindustry analysis of the Salt-Verde Basin, Arizona	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona	General objective of study is to evaluate the impacts of policy-sensitive sectors on employment in local areas of the Salt-Verde Basin. More specifically, estimates of the direct and indirect impacts on employment in local areas on policies which affect timber cut, grazing, recreation, and retirement settlement.
Boster, R.S.	1970	The value of primary versus secondary data in interindustry analysis in Arizona	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona	An attempt to assess the value of primary versus secondary data in view of the wide variation in collection costs is presented. Results cast doubt on the commonly-held assumption of primary-data supremacy in regional interindustry studies.
Boster, R.S.	1971a	A critical appraisal of the environmental movement	Society of American Foresters, 1970:_______	Although Earth Day in 1970 was considered a failure by its organizers, overall response and participation was considerable. Reflections on initiation of the movement and where it is going are presented.
Boster, R.S.	1971b	A critical appraisal of the environmental movement	Journal of Forestry 69:12-16	Earth Day in 1970 was considered a failure by its organizers although overall response and participation was considerable. Reflections on the environmental movement--where it came from and where it is going are presented.
Boster, R.S.	1971c	Ground water and the environmental movement	Ground Water 9(1):2-4	Importance of water pollution, especially the pollution of ground water, is discussed in the context of the environmental movement of early 1970s. It is stressed that hydrologists have the obligation to make society aware of the linkages between ground-water contamination and surface-water pollution.
Boster, R.S.; Daniel, T.C.	1972	Measuring public responses to vegetation management	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 16:38-43	A set of criteria that might be used to judge techniques designed to quantify scenic beauty is presented. A new approach is described based upon a systematic conceptual model and supported by recent research results from Arizona timberlands, including work on the Beaver Creek watershed.
Boster, R.S., and W. Martin	1972	The value of primary versus secondary data in interindustry analysis: a study in the economics of economic models	Annals of Regional Science, 6(2):35-44	Neither statistical analysis nor projection comparisons showed the aggregative components of one to be better than the other in a case study of two input-output models, one from primary data, one from secondary, The model developed from secondary sources was quite adequate, and vastly less expensive.
Boster, R.S., P.F. O'Connell, and J.C. Thompson	1974	Recreation uses change Mogollon Rim economy	Arizona Review 23(8-9):1-7	An economy based on cattle and wood has changed to one based on second homes, retirement living, and transient recreation. Safeguards are inadequate to prevent environmental degradation associated with rapid population and economic growth. The problems and solutions are equally complex.
Brown, T.C.	1976	Alternatives analysis for multiple use management: A case study	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-176	Presents an application of the multiple use principle using economic analysis to evaluate management alternatives on a mixed conifer watershed. Physical yields of sawtimber, pulpwood, water, and forage, and effects on wildlife habitat and esthetics are estimated for six alternatives reflecting a variety of management emphases.
Brown, T.C.	1981	Tradeoff analysis in local land management planning	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-82	A set of concepts, procedures, and displays is presented to facilitate land management planning at the local level. The emphasis is on tradeoffs (analysis) in the formulation on alteratives, the estimation of the effects of the alternatives, and the comparison of the alternatives.
Brown, T.C.	1987	Production and cost of scenic beauty: examples for a ponderosa pine forest	Forest Science 33:394-410	Psychophysical models of scenic beauty for an all-aged ponderosa pine area are combined with estimates of management costs and physical output values to indicate more efficient input combinations for production of scenic beauty. The scenic beauty models are used to examine tradeoffs between scenic beauty and net present worth from timber, forage, and water yields.
Brown, T.C., and R.S. Boster	1974	Effects of chaparral-to-grass conversion on wildfire suppression costs	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-119	Properly planned, carried out, and maintained chaparral-to-grass conversion should reduce the occurrence of large, expensive wildfires. Dollar values of 'fire benefits' were calculated for 141 convertible areas in Arizona's Salt-Verde Basin. The fire benefit, though not as high as water and forage benefits resulting from conversion, is an important addition to a benefit-cost analysis. While transference of dollar values to other areas is tenuous, the methodology is transferable and can be very useful planning tool.
Brown, T.C., and R.S. Boster	1978	On the economics of timber damage appraisal for public forests	Journal of Forestry 76:777-780	Damage appraisal is the basis for fire-suppression decisions. Where timber is managed for production of maximum site rent, appraisal is a matter of applying standard financial criteria in a 'with and without' procedure. Where the aim is maximum mean annual increment, as it often is on public forests, this procedure may yield seemingly incongruous results. Ignoring 'with and without' in public decisionmaking may result in overexpenditure for fire suppression.
Brown, T.C., and D.R. Carder	1977	Sustained yield of what?	Journal of Forestry 75:722-723	Because effective land management must provide sufficient flexibility for the forest product mix to respond to changing needs, we suggest the focus of sustained yield management be shifted from individual outputs toward managing for a maximum sustained yield of the total value of forest output.
Brown, T.C., P.F. O'Connell, and A.R. Hibbert	1974	Chaparral conversion potential in Arizona. Part II. An Economic Analysis	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-127	Some 139 chaparral areas totaling 332,796 acres meet crown cover, slope, and managerial criteria for conversion. Using fire for conversion, 96 areas have a benefit-cost ration greater than 1; with soil-applied herbicide, 72 areas meet that economic criterion. Other resources should be favorably affected.
Clary, W.P.	1983	Interfacing physical data and economics	In: Proceedings of the Range Economics Symposium and Workshop, August 31-September 2, 1978, Salt Lake City, Utah, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-149 pp.115-119	Four areas of information are presented which are often overlooked when dealing with economic analyses of rangeland activities. These are (1) statistical sampling errors in the physical data, (2) differences in site productivity, (3) lack of a uniform product, and (4) apparent lack of consideration for maximizing land output considering several products or uses.
Ekholm, A.	1977	The impact of tourism in the Flagstaff trade area	Northern Arizona Economic Review 3(4):4	A complete analysis of the input-output interrelationships in the Flagstaff area is presented. The economics model used accounts for the interrelationships of individuals, businesses, and government units in the trade area for the base year of 1973.
Eskandari, A., P. Ffolliott, and F. Szidarovszky	1994	Multicriterion decision-making for sustainable watershed resources management	Pure Mathematics and Applications 5:379-390	Two watersheds in the pinyon-juniper woodlands of north-central Arizona that had been subjected to conversion treatments to affect multiple use values are compared to a third watershed that remained as a control. Multicriterion decision-making techniques were useful in evaluating the two treatments in a multiple use context. The problem confronted is discrete with quantitative and qualitative criteria. The normalized weighting method was used and a sensitivity analysis performed in fnding the most apprpriate treatment.
Eskandari, A., P. Ffolliott, and F. Szidarovszky	1995a	Uncertainty in multicriterion watershed management problems	Technology: Journal of the Franklin Institute 332A:199-307	A Multiple Criterion Decision Making (MCDM) problem, where the payoff values were considered uncertain, is examined. This uncertainty was treated by a special simulation methods, where 100,000 random payoff matrices were genrated, and the best decision alternative selected for each case by the nromalized weighting method. This combination of MCDM methodology and stochastic simulation is the basis for a special expert system which was used in this study and can be applied in similar cases of watershed management. This study shows that simulation provides more realistic decisions and, therefore, is recommended to practitioners when the required data inputs are available.
Eskandari, A., P. Ffolliott, and F. Szidarovszky	1995b	Decision support system in watershed management under uncertainty	In: Mousavi, S. F., and M. Karamooz, M., editors. Regional Conference on Water Resources Management, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, August 28-30, 1995, pp. 155-164	This paper examines the probabilitic model to address watershed management problems. The most frequently used Multiple Criterion Decision Making (MCDM) technique, the distance-based method, was used to determine the suitability of the MCDM technique in solving watershed management pproblems confronted. Results of this study indicaed that the best alternative selection is significantly influenced by the uncertainties of the payoff values in practical problems.
Eskandari, A., P. Ffolliott, and F. Szidarovszky	1995c	Decision support system in watershed management	In: Ward, T.J., ed. 1995. Watershed management: Planning for the 21st century. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 208-217	A decision support system based on multiobjective programming tecnhiques is presented. Application of the system in solving a watershed management problem is also described.
Eskandari, A., P. Ffolliott, and F. Szidarovszky	1995d	Uncertainty and method choice in discrete multiobjective programming problems	Applied Mathematics and Computations 69:335-351	Discrete multiobjective programming problems are examined under uncertain knowledge of the payoff values. Besides mean value analysis, two types of distributions are considered, triangular and uniform probabilty functions. A problem in watershed management illustrates the methodoogy.
Fogel, M., P. Ffolliott, and A. Tecle	1988	Multi-purpose management of forest resources	In: Kent, B.M., and L.S. Davis, tech. coords. The 1988 symposium on systems analysis of forest resources. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-161, pp. 24-29	A framework for applying multicriterion decision-making techniques to the management of southwestern United States ponderosa pine is presented. The procedure consists of stochastic precipitation and temperature models as inputs into simulation models of forest-based products, and decision-making routines that evaluate alternatives considering environmental consequences and recommensurate values.
Kelso, M.M.	1962	Economic of upstream management	Society of American Foresters Proceedings 1962:120-123	People interested in, or responsible for watershed management, must make decisions concerning the following questions - what to produce from the watershed, how much of each to produce, what technical means to produce it, for whom should it be produced, and when should it be produced? This paper considers the answers to these questions in the framework of deciding upon the right choice.
Kelso, M.M., and L. Mack	1964	The value of additional surface water to agriculture in the Salt River Project	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 8:40-47	The value of additional quantities of runoff produced in the Salt-Verde watershed if used for agricultural purposes is examined.
King, D.A., and P.F. Ffolliott	1972	Rate of value increase: A decision guide for timber management	Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 24:13-3, 16	Rate of value increase, an application of the concept of financial maturity, is presented as a guide in deciding when to harvest individual ponderosa pine trees. When values of other products and servies of forests must be considered, knowledge of rates of value increase provide managers with an estimate of the timber opportunity costs of furnishing these other goods and services.
Lloyd, R.D.	1969	Economics of multiple use	Conference on Multiple-Use of Southern Forests Proceedings. 1969:45-54	Multiple-use has been a useful philosophy and policy guide, but an operational system for multiple-use planning and management from an economic viewpoint has not been developed. Now that more of the forest's goods and services are becoming scarce and valuable, management for single products and primary products will have to be replaced with management that involves tradeoffs among competitive products.
Martin, W.E., and G.B. Snider	1980	The value of forage for grazing cattle in the Salt-Verde Basin of Arizona	University of Arizona, Department of Agricultural Economics, Report No. 22, Tucson, Arizona, Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona	Estimates of the current aggregate ad marginal values of water and forage in the Salt-Verde Basin are presented along with the expected changes in these values for a 40-year period.
Miller, R.L.	1969	Progress in developing multiple-use forest watershed production models	Annals of Regional Science 3:135-142	Research is underway on the Salt and Verde rivers watersheds in Arizona to find how to redirect management to produce more water, while providing for expected increases in wildland recreation use, and sustained demand for timber and grazing. Particular attention is paid to development of basic models for analysis and decisionmaking in multiple-use watershed management.
Miller, R.L.	1971	Clearing an alligator juniper watershed with saws and chemicals: A cost analysis	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-183	Manpower, equipment, materials, and vehicle input data were analyzed for jobs involved in conversion of a juniper watershed to herbaceous cover in north-central Arizona. Analysis indicates that costs may be reduced substantially in an operational program through improved organization, changing prescriptions and techniques, and further cost studies.
Miller, R.L, and T.N. Johnsen	1970	Effects of tree and sawyer factors on costs of felling large alligator junipers	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-56	Effects of tree characteristics, working conditions, and sawyer factors on juniper felling times in north central Arizona, and suggested alternatives that can be adopted to improve operational efficiency are presented.
Miller, R.L., and F.R. Larson	1973	A cost analysis of clearing a ponderosa pine watershed	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-231	After a commercial logging operation, cost of felling unmerchantable small trees and windrowing slash was $72.09 per acre. Costs could probably be reduced 40 percent or more by changes in treatment prescription, choice of equipment, and removal of pulpwood and firewood where markets are available.
O'Connell, P.F.	1971	Economic modeling in natural resource planning	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 14:31-38	Little or no management was historically required for non-market products from our forested lands because of the limited demand and plentiful supply. Now, there are more people with more sophisticated wants, more education, more political awareness, more leisure time, and more money to spend. As a result, there are tremendous pressure being applied to manage natural resources not only for market products but also for non-market products as well.
O'Connell, P.F.	1972a	Economics of chaparral management in the Southwest	In: Watersheds in Transition Symposium, Fort Collins, Colorado, June, 1972, American Water Resources Association Proceedings Series 14:260-266	A meaningful quantitative analysis can be made of a proposed chaparral management program. On the Tonto National Forest, for example, several million dollars would be spent on outdoor recreation facilities in water-oriented and ponderosa pine areas before chaparral areas could compete.
O'Connell, P.F.	1972b	Valuation of timber, forage, and water from National Forest lands	Annals of Regional Science 6:1-14	Because some forest products are not sold in the market place, it is difficult to fit their outputs into economic models. Multi-objective atlernatives for identifying relative worth include economic efficiency, regional development, and environmental quality. Economic criteria are logical for timber, forage, and consumptive water.
O'Connell, P.F.	1974	Detailed studies in the Salt-Verde watershed	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 18:52-57	A resume of USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-127 by Brown, T.C., P.F. O'Connell, and A.R. Hibbert. 1974 is presented. Economic benefits of converting chaparral vegetation with fire are discussed.
O'Connell, P.F.	1977	Economic evaluation of non-marked goods and services	In:Hughes, J.M., and R.D. Lloyd. Outdoor recreation, advances in application of economics (proceedings of a National Symposium). USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-2, p. 82-90	State of the knowledge for developing non-market values is summarized, and a discussion of how to evaluate those goods and services that do not fit in an economic framework is presented.
O'Connell, P.F., and R.S. Boster	1974	Demands on national forests require coordinated planning	Arizona Reporter 23:1-7	Alternative uses and increasing resource scarity require a change from basing allocation policies on simple physical characteristics of resources to the use of economic criteria. Production decisions must consider economic demand as well as supply. This Mogollon Rim study in Arizona illustrates use of economic values.
O'Connell, P.F., and H.E. Brown	1970	The use of production functions in multile-use evaluation of land treatments on the Beaver Creek pilot watersheds	American Geophysical Union Transactions 51:753	Abstracts. roduct-product functions for water, timber, and herbage are described. Supplementary, complementary, and competitive stages of the functions are identified and used in subsequent evaluations of alternative watershed management treatments.
O'Connell, P.F., and H.E. Brown	1972	Use of production functions to evaluate multiple use treatments on forested watersheds	Water Resources Research 8:1188-1198	Product-product functions were developed for water, timber, and herbage for five strip cutting atlernatives. They indicate the supplementary, complementary, and competitive outputs obtained from a given expenditure. Outputs and costs were evaluated over a 90-year period.
Poudel, P.K.	1979	Capitalization of environmental benefits into property values: Literature review	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-69	Social benefits derived from public environment improvement projects are one important justification for increasing such projects. Economic theory predicts environmental benefits are capitalized as property values increase. This paper reviews several empirical studies which use differential property values to demonstrate this capitalization.
Tecle, A.	1988	Choice of multicriterion decision-making techniques for watershed management	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	The problem of selecting a multicriterion decision making (MCDM) technique for watershed resources management is investigated. Of explicit concern is the matching of a watershed resources management problem with an apporpriate MCDM technique.
Tecle, A.	1987	Multiobjective forest watershed management	In: Morel-Seytoux, H.J. and T.G. Sanders editors, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual AGU Front Range Branch Hydrology Days, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, April 21-23, Pp 110-125	The impact of alternative forest watershed management practices are examined from a multiobjective viewpoint to select the most satisfying management scheme. The process is demonstrated using the Beaver Creek experimental watershed as a case study. The desired objectives of the experimental study and the alternative treatment schemes performed are arranged into an evaluation matrix of alternatives versus criteria array. Analysis of the matrix using multicriterion decision making techniques results in a complete preference ordering of the alternatives.
Tecle, A., L. Duckstein, and P. Korhonen	1994	Interactive, multiobjective programming for forest resource management	Applied Mathematics and Computation 63:75-93	The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how a balanced forest resource management program may be attained by means of a 'free search' type interactive multicriterion decision making technique. Information from the Beaver Creek experiemental watersheds in north-central Arizona is used to demonstrate the technique.
Tecle, A., M.M. Fogel, and L. Duckstein	1987	Multicriterion forest watershed resources management	In: Forest hydrology and watershed management: Proceedings of the Vancouver symposium. IAHS-AISH Publication 167:617-625	The Beaver Creek experimental watershed is used as a case study consisting of 6 alternative schemes evaluated with respect to 15 noncommensuralbe, discrete criteria, using two types of MCDM techniques--the outranking types of ELECTRE I and II, and the distance-based type of compromise programming. The result is a complete or partial ranking of nondominated alternatives.
Tecle, A., M.M. Fogel, and L. Duckstein	1988	Choice of multicriterion decision making model for forest watershed resources management	In: Kent, B.M., and L.S. Davis, tech. coords. The 1988 symposium on systems analysis in forest resources. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-161, pp. 59-67	An algorithm for selecting a multicriterion decision making (MCDM) technique for forest watershed resources management is modeled as a multicriteriona problem. The procedure involves evaluation of feasible alternative MCDM techniques with respect to different sets of choice criteria. A particular technique is used to analyze the problem leading to a preference ranking of the alternative MCDM techniques.
Tecle, A., M.M. Fogel, and L. Duckstein	1988	Multicriterion analysis of forest watershed management alternatives	Water Resources Bulleting 24:1169-1178	The impacts of alternative forest watershed management practices are examined from a multicriterion viewpoint in order to select the most satisfactory management scheme. The selection process is carried out using two types of multicriterion decision making technique and is demonstrated using the Beaver Creek experimental watershed in Arizona.
Tecle, A., F. Szidarovszky, and L. Duckstein	1995	Conflict analysis in multi-resource forest management with multiple decision-makers	Nature & Resources 31:8-17	Quantitative methods, based on game theory, are used to model multi-resource management problems as illustrated by a case study on the Beaver Creek experimental watershed in north-central Arizona. Six forest resources management objectives and their interactions are examined. The outcome is a compromise solution that is expected to be satisfactory to all inte est groups involved.
Turner, J.M.	1974	Allocation of forest management practices on public lands	Annals of Regional Science 8:72-88	Describes a process for integrating product yields, costs, and values into a planning framework which broadly defines management practices on national forest lands.
Turner, J.M., and F.R. Larson	1974	Cost analysis of experimental treatments on ponderosa pine watersheds	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-116	A regression model predicts thinning and piling costs as a function of the degree of timber basal area removed in southwestern pine stands. Thinning costs are related to basal area removed noncommercially, while piling costs are related to total basal area removals.
Wong, P., J. Barriga, and D.R. Carder	1976	Methods for estimating traffic volumes and compositions on national forests roads	In: ________ Low-Volume Roads. National Research Council, Transportation Research Board Special Report 160 National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., p. 257-266	Concepts of traffic volume sampling and analysis are discussed in terms of porbability theory and statistical inference. Modeling techniques were developed to estimate travel generated by recreation, logging, and administration under alternative management strategies.
Worley, D.P.	1961	Objectives and methods of economics evaluation on the Beaver Creek watershed project	Western Agricultural Economics Research Council Conference Proceedings, Report 9:123-129	Discusses important watershed studies underway on the Cononino National Forest in Arizona, with emphasis on multiple use.
Worley, D.P.	1962	Some problems in range economics research	American Society of Range Management, Arizona Section, Proceedings 1962:37-38	How economics research differs from research in the physical fields in method and content is shown. Illustrations are presented that show the kinds of problems toward which an economist might direct his effort.
Worley, D.P.	1965	The Beaver Creek pilot watershed for evaluating multiple use effects of watershed treatments	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-13	A discussion is presented of the 275,000-acre watershed in north central Arizona where costs and benefits of intensive multiple use land management are being evaluated as a part of the Arizona Watershed Program.
Worley, D.P.	1966	Economic evaluation of watershed management alternatives of the Beaver Creek Watershed - Arizona	New Mexico Water Conference Proceedings 11:58-65	An economic evaluation to estimeate the advantages and disadvantages of alternative management practices to increase water yield is discussed. The evaluation must analyze the effects of the alternatives on other resources as well as direct and indirect benefits and costs of the increased water.
Worley, D.P., and R.L. Miller	1964	A procedure for upstream watershed economic evaluation	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 8:36-39	The Arizona watershed development program is described. Because water is a prime need from continued economic development, the watershed management program is designed to research ways and means to increase water quantity, to evaluate identified approaches on pilot test areas, to extend the research and testing results to estimate the outcome on the river basin scale, to develop economic background about the basin, and to estimate the benefits and costs of instituting the program on the river basin.
Worley, D.P., G.L. Mudell, and R.L. Williamson	1965	Gross job time studies - an efficient method for analyzing forestry costs	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-54	A special cost study method is described. The method is a flexible, field-efficient, formal system of data collection capable of answering a number of pertinent cost questions.

Erosion
Baker, M. B., Jr., L. F. DeBano, and P. F. Ffolliott	1995	Soil loss in pi?on-juniper ecosystems and its influence on site productivity and desired future conditions	In: Shaw, D. W., E. F. Aldon, and C. LoSapio, tech. coords. 1995. Desired future conditions for pinyon-juniper ecosystems. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-258, pp. 9-15	A conceptual framework for describing erosional processes in the pinyon-juniper type is presented with a discussion of the impacts of soil losses on site productivity. Erosion and site productivity information is also related to expected changes in the desired future condition of pinyon-juniper woodlands.
Boster, R.S., and L.R. Davis	1972	Soil-loss considerations in chaparral-to-grass conversions	In: Csallany, S.C., T.G. McLaughlin, and W.D. Striffler, eds., Watersheds in Transition Symposium, Fort Collins, Colorado, June, 1972, American Water Resources Association Proceedings Series 14, p. 243-250	Chaparral conversions can be designed with minimal initial sediment loss; vegetative conversions can save soil over time. Properly planned conversions would cause negligible to nonexistent off-site sediment impacts.
Dong, C.	1996	Effects of vegetative manipulations on sediment concentrations in northern-central Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona	Effects of manipulations are analyzed within the framework of sediment rating curves. Partitioning the sediment-streamflow data into runoff generation mechanisms and hydrograph stage helped to describe the effects in many instances.
Gabbert, W.A., and P.F. Ffolliott	1985	Prediction of nutrient and heavy metal transport capacities of suspended sediment	In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Watershed Management in the Eighties. American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver,Colorado, April 30-May 1, 1985, pp. 215-219	A computerized prediction technique to estimate the impacts of land management practices on physical and chemical characteristics oif transported sediment is described. A hypothetical examples is also presented to illustrate that predictions of nutrient and heavy metal transport capacities can be obtained with inputs of ons-site data or default values.
Gosz, J.R., C.S. White, and P.F. Ffolliott	1979	Nutrient and heavy metal transport capabilities of sediment in the southwestern United States	Final Report for Eisenhower Consortium Grant #255	Methodology for characterizing adsorbing capacity of different types of sediments and their potential for transporting nutrients are discussed along with differences in the chemistry and transport capacity of sediments with respect to geologic source and vegetation type.
Gosz, J.R., C.S. White, and P.F. Ffolliott	1980	Nutrient and heavy metal transport capabilities of sediment in the southwestern United States	Water Resources Bulletin16:927-933	Results of preliminary test to compare sediment samples from a ponderosa pine community on each of basalt, sandstone, limestone, and granite bedrock parent material are presented. A comparison of a pine and mixed conifer community on basalt parent material is also included.
Hansen, E. A.	1966	Suspended sediment concentrations as related to watershed variables in central Arizona	American Society of Civil Engineers, Hydraulics Division, Madison, Wisconsin, August 1966. (Mimeograph)	Some factors related to suspended sediment concentration in a semi-arid region are presented. Data used were collected over a 7-year period on the Beaver Creek Watershed in north-central Arizona.
Heede, B.H.	1984	Overland flow and sediment delivery: an experiment with small subdrainage in southwestern ponderosa pine forests (Colorado, USA)	Journal of Hydrology 72:261-273	Overland flow and sediment delivery were insignificant on 14 small subdrainages in the pine type. Sediment sources were roads and erosion pavements but sediment from undisturbed forest floor areas was practically nil. Most erosion pavements were believed to be the result of selected timber harvest 42 years ago and hypotheses on their development are proposed.
Heede, B.H.	1988	The influence of vegetation and its spatial distribution on sediment delivery from selected Arizona forests and woodlands	In: Erosion control: stay in tune, proceedings of the 19th International Erosion Control Association conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 25-26, 1988, p. 383-392	Overland flow and sediment delivery processes in ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, pinyon-juniper, and chaparral watersheds show that spatial distribution of vegetation is more important than vegetation type for erosion control. Sediment delivery was practically nonexistent where buffer strips grew below nonwooded areas.
Lopes, V.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1992	Erosion-sedimentation processes on upland watersheds in dryland environment: An initial conceptual development	In: Proceedings of the Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division, America Association for the Advancement of Science, Sixty-Eighth Annual Meeting, Tucson, Arizona, May 17-21, 1991, p. 30.	(Abstract) The results from an analysis of streamflow sediment yield from snwomelt runoff events, and the initial efforts in developing a conceptual modeling framework are presented. Data sets representative of upland ponderosa pine watersheds in northern Arizona were used in this paper.
Lopes, V.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1993	Sediment rating curves for a clearcut ponderosa pine watershed in northern Arizona	Water Resources Bulletin 29:369-382	Analysis of suspended sediment concentration and streamflow discharge relationships from a ponderosa pine watershed recovering from a clearcut treatment is presented. Variability associated with seasonal effects is reduced by considering streamflow generating mechanisms.
Lopes, V.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1995	Effects of forest harvesting practices on streamflow-sediment relationships for southwestern ponderosa pine watersheds	In: Ward, T. J., ed. 1995. Watershed management: Planning for the 21st century. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 64-72	Effects of forest harvesting practices on suspendend sediment-streamflow relationships are described. A clearcut watershed produced the highest suspended sediment concentrations. Higher suspended sediment concentrations were observed during the rising-stage than for similar flows on the falling-stage of the hydrographs.
Lopes, V.L., P.F. Ffolliott, G.J. Gottfried, M. B. Baker, Jr.	1996	Sediment rating curves for pinyon-juniper watersheds in north-central Arizona	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 26:29-33	Analysis of suspended sediment concentration-streamflow discharge relationships for two pinyon-juniper watersheds subjected to vegetative conversion treatments, and a control watershed representing untreated conditions is presented. Comparisons among the watersheds provide a basis for determining the effects of the conversion treatments on sedimentation processes.
Ward, T.J.	1983	Interpretation and analysis of Beaver Creek sediment research data*	Final Report Prepared by New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Tempe, Arizona	Sediment concentration and yield data for nine ponderosa pine watershed in north central Arizona are presented. Most runoff and sediment yields occur during winter snowmelt; summer runoff and sediment yields is nonexistent except for infrequent large, high intensity thunderstorm events.
Ward, T.J., and M.B. Baker, Jr.	1984	Sediment from managed pine watershed in northern central Arizona	Reprinted from Proc. of the Specialty Conference. Sponsored by Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE [Flagstaff, AZ., July 24-26, 1984]. p. 552-558	Data from the last 20 years indicate an initial, marked increase in sediment yield following treatment which is related to the degree of management activity and the intensity of runoff.
Wigdor, Y.	1994	Applicability of selected sediment transport equations to pinyon-juniper woodlands	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona	None of 8 sediment transport formulas tested accurately predicted the sediment discharges measured on three pinyon-juniper watersheds in north-central Arizona. However, a logarithmic correction factor was developed to adjust the predictions obtained from the formulas to represent the actual measurements.
Wigdor, Y., V.L. Lopes, and P.F. Ffolliott	1996	Comparison of sediment discharge predictions for small watersheds in the southwestern United States	International Journal of Sediment Research 11:22-33	Streamflow-sediment discharges from three pinyon-juniper watersheds were used to test the applicability of two total-load formulas, those developed by Yang and Engelund-Hansen. The comparison shows that the formulas over-predicted sediment discharges in ephemeral streams under the sediment supply-limited conditions studied. A logarithmic relationship adjusted the sediment discharges computed by the formulas to provide satisfactory predictions of sediment-transport rates.

Fire
Beaulien, J.T.	1975	Effects of fire on understory plant populations in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Determination of the nature and extent of fire-caused changes is herbage production and species composition is presented.
Campbell, R.E., M.B. Baker, Jr., P.F. Ffolliott, F.R. Larson, and C.C. Avery	1977	Wildfire effects on a ponderosa pine ecosystem	USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-191	Where the 1972 fire was intense, it killed 90% of the small trees and 50% of the sawtimber. Initially high water yields have declined each year toward prefire levels, successional changes provided up to 1,650 pounds per acre of herbage production compared to about 515 pounds per acre in unburned forest.
Davis, J.R.	1965	A survey of an intentional burn in Arizona ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-41	Results of a 100-acre burn are presented including information on burning conditions, fire intensity and effects on understory trees.
Davis, J.R., P.F. Ffolliott, and W.P. Clary	1968	A fire prescription for consuming ponderosa pine duff	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-115	A prescribed fire set to burn a specific quantity of pine litter in north central Arizona is described. This objective is accomplished along with thinning of the overstory from below, increased seedling germination, and temporary reduction of fire hazard.
DeBano, F.L., M.B.Baker, Jr., and P.F. Ffolliott	1995	Effects of prescribed fire on watershed resources: A conceptual model	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest. 22-25:39-44	A simple conceptual model is develop relating fire severity to watershed and soil response for vegetation and climatic conditions found in southwestern United States.
DeBano, L. F., M. B. Baker, Jr., P. F. Ffolliott, and D. G. Neary	1996	Fire severity and watershed resource response in the Southwest	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 26:39-43	Further development of a conceptual model of the effects of fire severities on postfire hydrologic responses is described. Examples of applications in ponderosa pine forests and chaparral and other southwestern vegetative types is also presented.
Ffolliott, P. F.	1990	Opportunities for fire management in the future	In: Krammis, J. S., tech. coord. Effects of fire in management of southwestern natural resources. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-191, pp. 152-167	Confierous forests, pinyon-juniper woodlands and chaparral, and desert shrub and grassland communities are considered in this review. Opportunities include reductions of fuel loads, disposal of slash, preparation of seedbeds, thinning of stands, increasing herbaceous production, improving wildlife habitats, changing hydrologic characteristics, and improving esthetics. Concerns and constraints to the use of fire must also be considered.
Ffolliott, P. F., and D. P. Guertin	1990	Prescribed fire in Arizona ponderosa pine forests: A 24-year case study	In: Krammis, J. S., tech. coord. Effects of fire in management of southwestern natural resource. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-191, pp. 250-254	Effects of the fire on litter accumulations on the forest floor, needle deposition, tree mortality, forest density, seedling survival, and herbage production are described. Change in the fire hazard also evaluated.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.P. Clary, and F.R. Larson	1976	Fire scene: 11 years after	Progressive Agriculture Arizona 28:12-13	A small prescribed fire on the Coconino National Forest in Arizona reduced fire hazard and timber density. Fire-killed branches and trees have since contributed greatly to new fuel levels. Basal area levels are still too high.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.P. Clary, and F.R. Larson	1977	Effects of a prescribed fire in an Arizona ponderosa pine forest	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-336, 4 p.	A prescribed fire consumed nearly three-fourths of the total forest floor. Eleven years later, forest floor depth was two-thirds that of the prefire level. More pine seedlings started on the burned areas than under adjacent unburned stands and herbage production increased, but not to levels adequate for grazing.
Kruse, W.H.	1972	Effects of wildfire on elk and deer use of a ponderosa pine forest	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-226	Elk and deer response to condition following a wildfire in north-central Arizona is described.
Lowe, P.O.	1975	Potential wildlife benefits of fire in ponderosa pine forests	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona	Benefits and damages (losses) resulting from fire are described in terms of an index that could be used in the analysis of postfire values. Flows of benefits or losses, called time-trend response function, are converted to annuities for this purpose.
Lowe, P.O., P.F. Ffolliott, J.H. Dieterich, and D.R. Patton	1978	Determining potential wildlife benefits from wildfire in Arizona ponderosa pine forests	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-52	An index of benefits from wildfire that converts the flows of benefits or losses after fire to annuities is described. By assuming values for wildlife use, these changes can be interpreted in terms of dollars to describe the total impact of wildfire on the wildlife resource.
Pearson, H.A., Jr., R. Davis, and G.H. Schubert	1972	Effects of wildfire on timber and forage production in Arizona	Journal of Range Management 25(4):250-253	A severe May wildfire decimated an unthinned ponderosa pine stand; an adjacent thinned stand was relatively undamaged. Radial growth increased on burned trees with less than 60 percent crown kill. Burning initially stimulated growth and nutrient value of herbaceous vegetation in both stands. Seeded areas produced most herbage after 2 years.
Sims, B.D.	1979	Effect of fire on water quality in an Arizona ponderosa pine forest	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona	Effects of a controlled burn on fluoride, calcium, magnesium, pH, and other water quality constituents are described and compared with similar information obtained following a wildfire. Equations are presented to predict postfire changes in some of these constituents in relation to fire intensity, time since the burn, and precipitation in postfire storm events.
Sims, B.D., G.S. Lehman, and P.F. Ffolliott	1981	Some effects of controlled burning on surface water quality	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 11:87-90	Preburn and post burn water samples were collected from surface runoff plots near Tucson, Arizona, to provide insights to the effects of controlled burning. While some changes in dissolved chemical concentrations occurred immediately after the fire, these changes were not detrimental in terms of water quality standards for drinking and irrigation water.
Wells, C.G., R.E. Campbell, L.F. DeBano, C.E. Lewis, R.L. Fredridsen, E.C. Franklin, R.C. Froelich, and P.H. Dunn	1979	Effects of fire on soil: A state-of-knowledge review	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-7	Summary of information about the effects of fire on soil properties are presented along with more specific data for certain important forests, brush, and range types.

GIS
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1978a	Error processing systems for integrated resource data	In: Lund, H.G., V.J. LaBau, P.F. Ffolliott, and D.W. Robinson, tech. coords. Integrated inventories of renewable natural resources: Proceedings of the workshop. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-55, pp. 328-331.	A land use planning tool is presented that has the ability to check data points in associated data bases for inconsistancies. Products produced from data which has been checked for errors have greater verity.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1978b	Should an organization use existing data or collect new?	In: _______ Proceedings of a Workshop on Computer Systems in the Field. Sponsored jointly by Society of American Foresters and Iowa State University Ames, pp. 128-138	An approach is presented that allows land management organizations to determine whether to use existing or new data for a given project.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1981a	Ecosystem response simulation as an aid in computer assisted utility corridor siting	In: _______ Symposium on environmental concerns in rights-of-way management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Electric Power Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 16-18, 1979, pp. 2-1-2-7	Siting of a utility corridor requires consideration of economic, socio-political, engieering, and environmental factors. Ecosystem component simulators have been developed to assist planners in addressing the environmental concerns. Their application is discussed, in addition to a computer system used for corridor selection from compositing of geographic data.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1981b.	Surface area corrections applied to a resource map	Water Resources Bulletin 17:1079-1082	A techniques is presented, utilizing a topographic map, for computing the difference in the horizontal planar area of a watershed and the actual surface area, and yielding a prediction of the actual surface area. Spatial variations in the magnitude of the difference in the two areas are displayed on computer generated maps.
Rasmussen, W.O., P.F. Ffolliott, and G. Halfter	1981	Storage, manipulation, and display of geographic multi-resource data for La Michilia Biosphere Reserve in Mexico	In: Lund, H.G., M. Caballero, R.H. Hamre, R.S. Driscoll, and W. Bonner, eds. Arid land resource inventories: Developing cost-efficient methods. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-28, pp. 528-533	A multi-topic geographic data management system in which the location of site-specific data can be stored, manipulated, and displayed to predict management outcomes is described. Descriptions of vegetation, topography, climate, geology, soils, and land capability are included in the system.
Rasmussen, W. O., J. L. Thames, and P. F. Ffolliott	1980	Predicting the spatial variation in erosion	In: ________ Symposium on making watershed management work. American Society of Civil Engineers, Boise, Idaho, July 21-23, 1980, pp. 781-789	A technique for estimating the spatial and total erosion is presented. This technique uses the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to predict soil erosion before and after a management change. The computer model uses commonly available data as inputs, with the output displayed in printer maps, perspective plots, and other graphic formats.
Rasmussen, W. O., R. N. Weisz, P. F. Ffolliott, and D. R. Carder	1980	Planning for forest roads - a computer-assisted procedure for selection of alternative corridors	Journal of Environmental Management 11:93-104	Application of a computer-oriented tool to insure appropriate consideration of environmental constraints in the transportation planning process is described. Scenic beauty estimators are used to illustrate how environmental parameters can be explicitly taken into account in the location of road corridors.

Geology
Benfer, J.A. and S.S. Beus	1968	The relationship of cinders to runoff in the Beaver Creek watersheds*	Final Report Prepared by Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona	A study to determine the relationship between cinder distribution and runoff on small watersheds in north central Arizona is described based on a limited amount of data. Tentative results indicate that greater runoff occurs in watersheds having greater cinder cover; cinder cover appears to enhance rather than reduce runoff potential.
Beus, S.S.	1968	Gravity data from the Beaver Creek Watersheds, Coconino County, Arizona*	Final Report Prepared by Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona	Gravity measurements indicate a general trend of decreasing values or decreasing density of rocks from south to north on the watershed. Abnormally low values found are associated with cinder cones and suggest they are predominantly composed of pryroclastic fragments and have minor or no basaltic plugs beneath.
Beus, S.S., R.W. Rush, and D. Smouse	1966	Geologic investigation of experimental drainage basins 7-14, Beaver Creek Watershed, Coconino County, Arizona*	Final Report Prepared by Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona	Descriptions and interpretation of geologic features that might effect runoff and sedimentation within the watershed region are presented.
Emmons, P.J.	1977	Relationship between seismic velocity, degree of weathering, and seepage potential: Watershed 17, Beaver Creek watershed, Coconino County, Arizona	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona	Use of seismic refraction to determine water loss areas to deep seepage on a ponderosa pine watershed was evaluated in north central Arizona.
Ffolliott, P.F., D.L. Fishers, and D.B. Thorud	1972	A physiographic survey of the ponderosa pine type on the Salt-Verde River Basin	Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 200, University of Arizona, Tucson	Information presented includes slope and aspect relationships, elevational characteristics, rock types (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic), and geologic formations. Additionally, information summarizing ownership patterns is given.
McCabe, K.W.	1971	A geo-botanical study of Stoneman Lake, Wet Beaver Creek experimental drainage basin, Coconino County, Arizona	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.	An investigation of Stoneman Lake is presented which includes lake sediments, volcanic features nad vegetation. Stoneman Lake basin is estimated to have collapsed about 300,000 years ago. Using carbon 14 dating to age the sediments, an age of 3940 years B.P., and a sedimentation rate of about 1000 years per foot is determined. An oxidizing and dry condition has existed throughout the period of known history and the advent of man is marked by a sharp increase in sedimentation rate and by the introduction of plants and anmials which are not native to the area.
McCain, R.G.	1976	Relationship between water loss from stream channels and gravity and seismic measurements: Beaver Creek watershed 7, Coconino County, Arizona	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona	Suspected water loss zones through highly porous and fractured bedrock zones in north central Arizona were examined using gravity and seismic velocity measurements to see if these techniques can be used to verify and map the aerial distribution of water loss areas.
Rush, R.W.	1965	Report of geologic investigations of six experimental drainage basins, Beaver Creek Watershed, Yavapai County, Arizona*	Final Report Prepared by Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona	Descriptions and interpretation of geologic features that might effect runoff and sedimentation within the watershed region in north central Arizona are presented.
Rush, R.W. and D. Smouse	1968	Geologic investigation of experimental drainage basins 15-18 and Bar M Canyon, Beaver Creek Watershed, Coconino County, Arizona*	Final Report Prepared by Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona	Descriptions and interpretation of geologic features that might effect runoff and sedimentation within the watershed region in north central Arizona are presented.
Scholtz, J.F.	1968	Geology of the Woods Canyon drainage basin, Coconino County, Arizona	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona	A description and interpretation of the geology of Woods Canyon watershed in north central Arizona is presented to assist in future analysis of runoff and sedimentation from the basin.
Scholtz, J.F.	1969a	The Beaver Creek volcanics: a new formation, Coconino-Yavapai Counties, Arizona	Geological Society of America ?????.	Summarizes findings of previous reports and names and defines the volcanic unit of the Beaver Creek Drainage Basin as a separate and distinct formation.
Scholtz, J.F.	1969b	Evidence for revision of the name Hickey Formation east of the Verde Valley, Coconino County, Arizona	Journal of Arizona Academy of Science 5:182-183	The oldest lavas of the Beaver Creek Watershed in north central Arizona lie above and intertongue with the Verde Formation. These lavas are necessary younger than the Hickey Formation and cannot be considered to be a part of the formation.
Scholtz, J.F.	1969c.	Investigation of low-stage transmission losses in stream channels on watersheds 7, 9, 11, and 12; Beaver Creek experimental drainage basin, Coconino County, Arizona*	Final Report Prepared by Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona	Measurements and description of transmission losses occurring within the watershed areas in north central Arizona are presented.
Thompson, J.R., Jr.	1968	Geology of Wet Beaver Creek Canyon, Yavapai County, Arizona	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona	The stratigraphic and structural trends in Wet Beaver Creek Canyon are presented. The study indicates that the Mogollon Rim is an erosional escarpment rather than a single fault scarp. Springs are controlled by the joint systems and planes of weakness in the sedimentary rock units rather than by the major fault systems.

Hydrology
Aldon, E.F	1958	A wet year on Beaver Creek	Arizona Wildlife-Sportsman 29:22.23	Describes watershed management experiments in three vegetation types. Other components of hydrologica cycle are also being studied.
Anderson, R.J.	1980	Relationship between rainfall and storm runoff for selected Arizona watersheds	MS Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah	Examines use of runoff curve numbers and runoff fraction as models for predicting rainstorm runoff volume from pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine watersheds in north central Arizona.
Avery, C.C., and M.B. Baker, Jr.	1980	Evaluating hydrologic responses to forest activities	In:Symposium on watershed Management, Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, Watershed Management Symposium, Irrigation and Drainage Division, pp. 485-493	Hydrologic models can provide useful assistance in reaching the goal of wise land use. Three basic types of models are defined and within each type a range of varying model complexity. Subjective guidelines are provided along with an annotated list of some currently available hydrologic models.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1981	Hydrologic regimes of three vegetation types across the Mogollon Rim	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 11:5-12	Preliminary analyses of the hydrologic regimes of the pinyon-juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest type in north-central Arizona are characterized base on 22 years of record.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1982a	Hydrologic regimes of forested areas in the Beaver Creek watershed	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-90	Hydrologic regimes of the pinyon-juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest type in north-central Arizona are characterized base on 22 years of record. Winter precipitation is most important to streamflow production. Mean annual peak discharge is higher in the woodland type and more frequent in the summer than those in the pine type.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1982b	Influence of clearing ponderosa pine on timing of snowmelt runoff	Western Snow Conference 50:20-26	Snowmelt regimes on two pine watersheds in north central Arizona are analyzed and the influence of clearing the forest overstory on the timing of concentrated winter-spring runoff is described.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1987	Diversity in streamflow response from upland basins in Arizona	In: Troendle, C.A., M.R. Kaufmann, R.H. Hamre, and R.P. Winokur, Technical Coordinators. Management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of research: proceedings of a technical conference; July 6-9, 1987, Silver Creek, CO., USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-149, p. 211-215	Although water yield from a basin is a function of a number of factors, soil depth is foremost in explaining hydrograph differences from the study area. The most attenuated hydrograph was in the chaparral vegetation type, which has the greatest soil depth, while the most responsive or peaked hydrographs were in the pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine types, which have soil depths of 3 feet or less.
Baker, M.B., Jr., H.E. Brown, and N.E. Champagne, Jr.	1971	Hydrologic performance of the Beaver Creek watersheds during a 100-year storm	American Geophysical Union Transactions 52:828	Results of a major storm which struck the watershed are presented. The recurrence interval for the flood runoff ranged between 100 and 200 years for the pine watersheds. Estimates of treatment effects are determined graphically, based on the relationship between peak discharge and 60-minute precipitation intensity.
Beschta, R.L.	1974	Streamflow hydrology and simulation of the Salt River Basin in central Arizona	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	A continuous simulation streamflow model is evaluated and used to study winter streamflow from the Salt River Basin. This watershed ranges in elevation from 2,200 to 11,500 feet, and is associated with a diversityt of watershed, vegetation, climatic, and hydrologic characteristics.
Brown, H.E.	1965	Characteristics of recession flows from small watersheds in a semiarid region of Arizona	Water Resources Research 1:517-522.	Recession flows from small watersheds in north central Arizona are described and differentiated on the basis of watershed precipitation and vegetative cover.
Decker, J.P., and C.M. Skau.	1964	Simultaneous studies of transpiration rate and sap velocity in trees	Plant Physiology 39:213-215	Relationship between sap flow velocity and transpiration rates in conifer species in north central Arizona are presented. Sap velocity and actual transpiration rate, are found to be closely correlated for intact trees.
Ffolliott, P. F.	1991	Winter course of transpiration in Arizona ponderosa pine trees	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 21:77-79	A heat pluse veolicty meter that measure sap movement was used to determine whether transpiration occurs. Sap movement was detected in all of the 10 sample trees in the weekly measurements, with the exception of when 3 of the trees were frozen at the sampling points.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1990	Forest hydrology and watershed management in the world	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and D.P. Guertin, eds. Proceedings of a workshop: Forest hydrological resources in China - An analytical assessment. U.S. Department of State, Publication 9829, pp. 22-54	A review of forest hydrology and watershed management research in three geographic-climatic regions of the world is considered. Specifically, an overview of research programs in temperate regions, humid tropical forest, and drylands is presented. Research programs are grouped into catchment experiments, process studies, and computer simulation modeling.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1993	Process studies in forest hydrology: A worldwide review	In: _______ Pre-Conference Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 20- 22, 1993, pp. 52-53.(Abstract)	A review of process studies conducted in the temperate regions, humid and sub-tropical forests, and drylands of the world is presented.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1996	Process studies in forest hydrology: A worldwide review	In: Singh, V.P., and B. Kumar, editors. Surface-Water Hydrology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 1-18	A review of process studies conducted in the temperate regions, humid and sub-tropical forests, and drylands of the world is presented. Water balance components considered are interception, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. The role of process studies in improving operational watershed management is stressed.
Ffolliott, P.F., and V.L. Lopes	1993	Process studies in watershed hydrology: A worldwide review	In: _________ Proceedings of the First International Seminar of Watershed Management. University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico, November 17-18, 1992, pp. 87-104	Results of studies from the Beaver Creek watersheds are presented. Interception, evapotranspiration, and infiltration are the processes considered.
Ffolliott, P.F., M.M. Fogel, and J.L. Thames	1982	Hydrological characteristics of the Lower Colorado River Basin	In: ________ Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydrological Aspects of Mountainous Watersheds. University of Roorkee, Roorkee (UP), India, November 4-6, 1982, pp. IX-35- IX-40	Integrated hydrologic characteristics are presented in relation to the land resource base and future situations withrespect to water resource allocations. It appears that future water demands will likely exceed known inputs, requiring the augmentation of water supplies.
Haddad, M.S	1990	The effects of watershed treatments on the relationship between runoff peak and volume for the Beaver Creek Watershed, Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Relationship between runoff peak and volume is examined on watersheds in north central Arizona using least square, linear regression, and coefficient analyses to evaluate effects of vegetation treatments.
Hawkins, R.H	1976	Runoff curve numbers for northern Arizona watersheds*	Final Report Prepared by Utah State University, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Observed or realized curve numbers from watershed runoff data are determined so they may be applied to management and other decision making matters.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, and M.A. Stevens	1976	Morphology of cobble streams in small watersheds	Journal of Hydraulic Division, American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 102, HY8, pp. 1101-1117.	The equations describing the basic physical processes in small watershed channels sculptured in cobble material have been employed in this study to drive the hydraulic geometry equations. Both downstream and at-a-station relations are developed.
Reich, B., H.B. Osborn, and M.B. Baker, Jr	1979	Tests on Arizona's new flood estimates	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 9:65-74.	A method for estimating regional flood frequency is used to determine how well it applies to two clusters of small watersheds, one in rangeland of southeastern Arizona and the other in a ponderosa pine forest in north central Arizona. Results indicate that the use of the generalized regional curve may underestimate flood peaks.
Salvvcci, G.	1990	Beaver Creek data, Final Report*	Prepared by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A summary of climate, soil, vegetation, and hydrologic data is compiled for three unaltered watersheds (Watersheds 2, 4, and 18) in north central Arizona.
Skau, C.M.	1960	Some hydrologic characteristics in the Utah juniper type of northern Arizona	PhD Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan	Preliminary determinations of the disposition of precipitation falling in juniper stands on the Beaver Creek Watershed is presented and the exploration of some of the factors controlling the disposition process is made.
Skau. C.M.	1961	Some hydrologic influences of cabling juniper	USDA Forest Service Research Note 62.	Information on the influences of cabling juniper in north central Arizona are reported. Pits created by cabling, and vegetation debris left on the ground help reduce the amount of surface water flow.
Skau, C.M.	1964	Interception, throughfall, and stemflow in Utah and alligator juniper cover types of northern Arizona	Forest Science 10:283-287.	Interception as related to gross precipitation and canopy density is measured for Utah and alligator juniper types in north central Arizona. A suitable equation for predicting throughfall for a range of storm sizes and vegetation densities is included.
Skau. C.M., and R.H. Swanson	1963	An improved heat pulse velocity meter as an indicator of sap speed and transpiration	Journal of Geophysical Research 68:4743-4749.	Improved instrument is stable from -50o to 80o C. Multipoint and continuous sampling are feasible modifications. V is closely related to volume flow through stems and vapor loss from tent-enclosed trees. Effects of light, irrigation, soil drying, and leaf wetting on V agree with accepted concepts.
Sulaiman, W.N.	1981	An analysis of recession flows from different vegetation types	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Recresion flows are analyzed with a set of mathematical functions to deteminre the most appropriate model. Differences among vegetative types are also reported.
Sulaiman, W.N., and P.F. Ffolliott	1981	An analysis of recession flows from different vegetation types. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 11:43-46	A generalized mathematical model suitable for the analysis of recession flows from watersheds in Arizona is presented. Constant values in the model are compared to determine significant differences.	A generalized mathematical model suitable for the analysis of recession flows from watersheds in Arizona is presented. Constant values in the model are compared to determine significant differences.
Thorud, D.B., and P.F. Ffolliott	1971	The 1970 Labor Day storm - a composite report	Arizona Watershed Symposium 15:46-55.	A preliminary report of the 1970 Labor Day Storm is presented. The meteorological event, hydrological event, and estimated losses and damages are summarized. The widespread and unprecedented losses and damages caused by the storm were considered unparalleled.
Thorud, D.B., and P.F. Ffolliott	1972	The Labor Day storm of 1970 in Arizona	Western Snow Conference 40:37-42.	A report of the 1970 Labor Day Storm is presented. The meteorological event, hydrological event, and estimated losses and damages are summarized. The losses and damages caused by the storm were considered unparalleled.
Thorud, D.B., and P.F. Ffolliott	1973	A comprehensive analysis of a major storm and associated flooding in Arizona	Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 202.	A final report of the 1970 Labor Day Storm is presented. The meteorological event, hydrological event, and estimated losses and damages are summarized. The losses and damages to human, cultural, and natural resources caused by the storm were difficult to ascertain, although actual expenditures exceeded $8.2 million in the initial 18 months after the storm.
Waring, R.H., J.J. Rogers, and W.T. Swank	1976	Water relations and the hydrologic cycle	In: Ecosystem Analysis, IBP Synthesis Volume, Cambridge University Press.
Waring, R.H., J.J. Rogers, and W.T. Swank	1981	Water relations and hydrologic cycles	In: Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems, IBP 23, Cambridge University Press. p. 205-264.	Two objectives of this chapter are to 1) describe the processes or groups of processes affecting water movement and storage on a watershed, and 2) demonstrate the general application of the hydrologic processes by assembling them into a simulation model and applying this model to three extremely different kinds of forested watershed where streamflow data were available.

Instrumentation
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1986	A supercritical flume for measuring sediment-laden streamflow	Water Resources Bulletin. 22(5): 847-851.	After 25 years of operation, this supercritical flume has provided more than 350 station-years of reliable streamflow data, even under freeze-thaw conditions experienced at elevations of 1,500 to 2,100 m, in Arizona. The flume works well where considerable sediment and other debris can be expected.
Brown, H.E.	1962	The canopy camera	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-72.	Development and construction of a 180-degree-hemispherical camera is outlined. Potential uses of the photographs in analyzing natural resources are also discussed.
Brown, H.E.	1969	A combined control-metering section for gaging large streams	Water Resources Research 5:888-894.	A new gage design was developed to measure flow in excess of 1000 cfs, but with sufficient precision for long-term hydrologic investigations. Field rating up to 705 cfs are presented.
Brown, H.E., E.A. Hansen, and N.E. Champagne, Jr.	1969	A system for measuring total sediment yield from small watersheds	American Geophysical Union Transactions 50:615, Abstracts.	Abstract of Water Resources Research 6:818-826, Brown, H.E., E.A. Hansen, and N.E. Champagne, Jr. 1970. A system for measuring total sediment yield from small watersheds. Water Resources Research 6:818-826.
Brown, H.E., E.A. Hansen, and N.E. Champagne, Jr.	1970	A system for measuring total sediment yield from small watersheds	Water Resources Research 6:818-826.	Design and calibration data are presented for sediment measuring installations using a low dam and basin to trap coarse sediments and a series of splitters that collect a portion of the suspended sediment leaving the basin. Calibration data are presented to characterize sampler performance, and a procedure is outlined for calculating total sediment yield.
Brown, H.E., and D.P. Worley	1965	Some applications of the canopy camera in forestry	Journal of Forestry 63:674-680.	Special wide-angle photographs are used to describe a point on the ground in terms of the vegetation and topography surrounding it. Areal extent and distribution of the canopy in relation to the photo point can be made and photos provide a means for interpreting canopy effects on direct solar radiation.
Chamberlain, A.R.	1957	Preliminary model tests of a flume for measuring discharge of steep ephemeral streams*	Final Report CER No. 57ARC12, Prepared by Civil Engineering Department, Colorado Agricultural and Mining College, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A number of open channel flow measuring devices are reviewed to find one that functions satisfactorily in sediment-laden ephemeral streams on steep slopes in north central Arizona. A trapezoidal Venturi flume is selected and results of scale model tests are presented.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1965	A multiple BAF angle gage	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-43.	Construction of an intercept angle gage that allows a choice of different basal area factors (BAFs) in point sampling is described. Biltmore and hypsometer graduations can be stamped on the gage to provide an all-purpose timber cruising instrument.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1990	Manual on watershed instrumentation and measurements	ASEAN-US Watershed Management Project, College, Laguna, Philippines.	This manual presented standards, procedures, and practices that are designed to minimize the major sources of error commonly associated with the collections of hydrological and climatological data sets. Quantification of rainfall, streamflow, sediment, water quality, and climate is considered.
Hansen, E.A.	1966	Field test of an automatic suspended-sediment pumping sampler	Transactions American Society of Agricultural Engineers 9:738-741, 743.	An individual-sample bottling system is described that is portable and that can be operated on perennial or ephemeral streams with either a-c or d-c electricity. Concentration of sediments at the lower intake is nearly the same as the average concentration in the vertical over the range of discharges and concentrations sampled.
Larson, F.R.	1974	Formulating conversion tables for stick-measure of Sacramento precipitation storage gages	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-276.	These gages are usually built to specifications by local sheet metal companies where quality control is limited. Mathematical models for estimating precipitation in constructed gages are presented and calibration techniques are described.
Pearson, H.A., D.C. Morrison, and, W.K. Wolke	1969	Trick tanks: Water developments for range livestock	Journal of Range Management 22:359-360.	Trick tanks with large rain collectors may provide water for livestock at half the cost of hauling, with an added benefit of shelter.
Robinson, A.R.	1959	Trapezoidal measuring flumes for determining discharge in steep ephemeral streams. Final Report CER59ARR1. Prepared by Colorado State University*	Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Correlations of model flume studies and field measurements are presented and recommendations relative to future field measurements and general operation of the flumes are made.
Robinson, A.R.	1960	Model study of a trapezoidal flume for measurement of stream discharge*	Final Report CER59AR57 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Results of 1:6 scale model test are presented and cover effects of slope of the structure, upstream approach geometry, degree of roughness in the upstream channel, deposits of material in the structure, use of complete and modified flume construction, and downstream submergences.
Robinson, A.R.	1961	Study of the Beaver Creek measuring flumes. Final Report*	CER61ARR10 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Results of a 1:2 scale model study and analyses of additional field measurements are presented. A standard rating curve developed using all available data is presented.
Robinson, A.R., and A.R. Chamberlain	1958	Trapezoidal flumes for open channel flow measurement. Final Report*	CER58ARR39 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Findings of a research and development program concerned with trapezoidal flumes conducted in the Colorado State University Hydraulics Laboratory are discussed. A review of past work on measuring flumes in general and on trapezoidal flumes in particular are presented.
Robinson, A.R., and A.R. Chamberlain	1960	Trapezoidal flumes for open channel flow measurement*	Transactions of American Society Agricultural Engineers 3:120-128.	Findings of a research and development program concerned with trapezoidal flumes conducted in the Colorao State University Hydraulics Laboratory are discussed. A review of past work on measuring flumes in general and on trapezoidal flumes in particular are presented.

Inventory Methods
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1969	Multiproduct timber inventory*	Forest Products Journal 19:31-36.	The timber inventory described recognizes and measures the basic stem characteristics and defect features influencing quantity and quality for most primary products. Timber inventory data obtained are used in conjunction with standard methods of volume estimation, scaling, and grading.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1969	Multiproduct timber inventory	In: ________ 21st Annual Meeting of the Forest Products Research Society, July, 1967, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 12 p.	An inventory system is described that attempts to characterize timber quality and the suitability of standing timber for a wide variety of primary products.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1970	Evaluating product potential in standing timber	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-57.	The timber inventory described recognizes and measures the basic stem characteristics and defect features influencing quantity and quality for most primary products. Stem features measured on sample trees include form defects, scar defects, and know or limb characteristics. Estimates of volume suitable for a primary product and quality of the timber in terms of existing grading or quality classification systems are also obtained.
Clary, W.P.	1964	A method for predicting potential herbage yield on the Beaver Creek pilot watersheds	In: Forage Plant Physiology and Soil-Range Relationships. American Society of Agronomy. ASA Special Publication 5:244-250.	Soil sampling units are used with some success to predict site quality of grassland communities. Importance of working within geographic conditions is stressed.
Clary, W.P.	1969	Increasing sampling precision for some herbage variables through knowledge of the timber overstory	Journal of Range Management 22:200-201.	Precision of estimates for herbaceous understory can be doubled by using auxiliary information about timber overstory to obtain a regression estimate. Estimate improvements can be made in total herbage production, total perennial grass production, and total forage consumed.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1965	Determining growth of ponderosa pine in Arizona by stand projection	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-52.	A procedure for estimating the growth rates from one sampling of a forest by applying a stand table projection methods is described. A stand table of growing stock, average annual rates of diameter growth, and height measurements to adjust volume tables are required to apply the method. Sampling intensities are presented to assist in designing inventories to collect the necessary information.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1978	A multifunctional inventory approach to multiple use analysis	In: Lund, H.G., V.J. LaBau, P.F. Ffolliott, and D.W. Robinson, editors. Proceedings, Integrated Inventories of Renewable Natural Resources. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-55. pp. 395-402.	A multifunctional inventory synthesized for multiple use evaluations through applications of relevant research findings is described. Relationships between natural resources products and uses that are difficult to measure and direct measurements for forest overstory characteristics, which can be relatively easy to obtain through standard mensuration procedures, are highlighted.
Ffolliott, P.F., and R.L. Barger	1965	A method of evaluating multiproduct potential in standing timber. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-15	The method described will remove observer bias from stand quality inventories; provide a record of frequencies of occurrence of stem features that affect product quality and yield; characterize and quantify suitability of the timber resource for a broad range of products; furnish adequate multiproduct quality and yield information for management and decisionmaking; and provide a continuing basis for such decisions through time.	The method described will remove observer bias from stand quality inventories; provide a record of frequencies of occurrence of stem features that affect product quality and yield; characterize and quantify suitability of the timber resource for a broad range of products; furnish adequate multiproduct quality and yield information fore management and decisionmaking; and provide a continuing basis for such decisions through time.
Ffolliott, P.F., and R.L. Barger	1971	New approach to estimating timber products	Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 23:11-13.	A timber inventory is presented to identify and measure basic stem characteristics in standing trees. The information obtained is interpreted in terms of basic product requirements, and present grading and quality classification systems to estimate suitability of the timber for a variety of primary products.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.P. Worley	1965	An inventory system for multiple use evaluations	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-17.	A multiple basal area factor (BAF) inventory flexible enough to describe a forest so multiple use interpretations can be made from known relations of product yields to the inventory description of resources on the tract is presented. Basal area was selected as the inventory basis because it is easily determined in the field; easily converted to other expressions; and many multiple use relations have already been developed with basal area as the independent variable. It use is illustrated by hypothesizing forest management methods for a watershed in norther-central Arizona.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.P. Worley	1973	Forest stocking equations: Their development and application	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-102.	Equations relating proportions of a forest stocked to minimum basal area levels can be defined by regression analysis. Equations can be used to help evaluate land treatment potential, determine treatment feasibility, and set operating priorities.
Garrett, L.D.	1982	Interdisciplinary research for multiresource forest management: an example	In: Russel, M.G., editor. Enabling interdisciplinary research: perspectives from agriculture, forestry, and home economics. University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication 19, pp. 147-152.	Multiresource management research in southwestern ponderosa pine and pinyon-juniper types is attempting to provide management guidelines using multiresource inventory, analysis, modeling and user interaction. Descriptions are provided for inventories and data base management systems being used and for a model of the land management planning process being tested.
Garrett, L.D.	1983	Multiresource research and its implications to management: the Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserve	In: Patton, D.R., et al., technical coordinators. Wildlife and range research needs in northern Mexico and southwestern United States, workshop proceedings, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-36, pp. 40-44.	Research project is designed to create management guidelines utilizing integrated multiresource inventory and analysis techniques. Interim evaluations of multiresource responses to management treatments in ponderosa pine and pinyon-juniper types have been completed. Results are described which include single and multiresource treatment responses and analytical models.
Garrett, L.D., J.J. Rogers, and J.M. Prosser	1982	Multiresource inventory and analysis system: Gaining maximum benefit for land managers	In: Brann, F.B., L.O. House, IV, H.G. Lund, editors, In-place resource inventories: principles and practices, Proceedings of a national workshop, Orono, Maine, August 9-14, 1981, Society of American Foresters, pp. 1011-1017.	Multiresource management research in southwestern ponderosa pine and pinyon-juniper types is attempting to provide management guidelines using multiresource inventory, analysis, modeling and user interaction. Descriptions are provided for inventories and data base management systems being used and for a model of the land management planning process being tested.
Ilch, D.M.	1967	Researchers also contribute to management improvement	USDA Forest Service, Division of Administrative Management, Management Notes 19, pp. 17-19.	Not all of the improvement ideas fall in the inventive equipment category. Some are detailed, complex procedures designed to yield better information for decision-making. A specific example is the inventory system developed for making multiple-use evaluations on Beaver Creek watersheds.
Larson, F.R., and C.O. Minor	1968	A comparison of stand density measurements for ponderosa pine in the Southwest	Arizona Forestry Notes No. 4, School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University.	Comparisons of expressions of stand density for even-aged young-growth pine stand are made and preferred expressions best related to growth rate are identified.
Larson, F.R., K.E. Moessner, and P.F. Ffolliott	1971	A comparison of aerial photo and ground measurements of ponderosa pine stands	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-192.	Ground estimates of cubic-foot volume and basal area were significantly correlated with photo estimates. Differences in results due to plot size (1/5 or 1 acre) or photo scale (1:15,840, 1:6,000, or 1:3,000) were minor. The 1/5-acre plots on 1:6,000 scale tested were the most efficient to measure, however.
Larson, F.R., P.F. Ffolliott, and K.E. Moessner	1974	Using aerial measurements of forest overstory and topography to estimate peak snowpack	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-267.	Where slope steepness and aspect vary widely and forest overstory size and density classes are intermixed, only topographic attributes need to be measured. On nearly level sites with homogeneous size and density classes, forest overstory attributes must be measured. All tested photo scales were satisfactory.
Lund, H.G., V.J. LaBau, P.F. Ffolliott, and D.W. Robinson, technical coordinators	1978	Integrated inventories of renewable natural resources: Proceedings of the workshop.	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-55.	The purpose of the workshop was to promote efficient, objective, and timely inventory systems through integrated inventories. Topics covered included information requirements, need for integrating inventories, land classification systems, remote sensing, data processing, and information systems.
Senn, R.A., Jr.	1976	A descriptive inventory of ponderosa pine on national forests in the Salt-Verde Basin, Arizona	USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-26.	Inventories of ponderosa pine are described in terms of distribution, density, and productivity.
Worley, D.P.	1966	A forest inventory approach to multiple use analysis	Society American Foresters 1966:138-142.	Results of studies on watersheds in north central Arizona show that an inventory can be designed for estimating multiple use products responses to various management alternative. Estimates can be used as a basis for selecting among alternative management options, or as a basis for multiple use coordination.

Modeling
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1975	Modeling management of ponderosa pine forest resources	In: Proceedings of the 1975 watershed management symposium, Logan, Utah, August 11-13, American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation and Drainage Division, pp. 478-493.	Manipulating forest on volcanic soils in Arizona showed that: water yield increases of 0.6 inch are realistic; harvestable timber growth can be increased, even with reduced basal area; understory plant growth and deer and elk habitat can be improved; and economic returns can be increased, even when environmental factors are emphasized.
Baker, M.B., Jr., and D.R. Carder	1976	An approach for evaluating water yield and soil loss models*	Earth Sciences Symposium Proceedings, Fresno, California, November 11. 42 p.	State-of-the-art models are identified and procedures for comparatively testing these models are described. Information is useful in judging or selecting which models best meet user needs in light of specific decision-making situations and constraints.
Baker, M.B., Jr., and J.J. Rogers	1983	Evaluations of water balance models on a mixed conifer watershed	Water Resource Research 19:486-492.	Three models of differing degrees of complexity were evaluated using data from a mixed conifer watershed in east-central Arizona. Evaluations provide information that help managers judge which models, if any, are most suited to their needs.
Bojorquez-Tapia, L.A.	1987	Multiple-resource modelling in the forest and woodland ecosystems of Arizona	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Modifications of available models is described. Applications are presented to illustrate their usefulness to managers and decisionmakers. Potentials for application in Mexico are also discussed.
Bojorquez-Tapia, L.A., P.F. Ffolliott, and D.P. Guertin	1990	Multiple-resource modeling as a tool for conservation: Its applicability in Mexico	Environmental Management 14:317-324.	The use of multiple-resource modeling in land-use planning and environmental assessment is proposed. Applications of MICROSIM, a set of modeling software for microcomputers, in the montane forests of nortwestern Mexico are illustrated.
Brown, T.C., and T.C. Daniel	1984	Modeling forest scenic beauty: concepts and application to ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-256.	Models relate near-view scenic beauty of pine stands in the Southwest to variables describing physical characteristics. Models suggest that herbage and large pine trees contribute to scenic beauty, while numbers of small and intermediate-sized trees and downed wood detract from scenic beauty. Areas of lower overstory density and less tree clumping were preferred.
Clary, W.P. and C.E. Jensen	1981	Mathematical hypothesis for herbage production potential on pinyon-juniper areas	USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-279.	A theorized form of the relation between potential herbage production and annual precipitation, original tree cover, soil nitrification level, and presence or absence of limestone soil is developed and tested on a small data set from north-central Arizona.
Ffolliott, P. F.	1985	Application of multiple-resource modeling in watershed management	Working Paper for the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal.	A group of computer simulation models developed originally for application in the southwestern United States is described. Procedure for extraplating the framework of the models elsewhere is also presented.
Ffolliott, P.F., D.P. Guertin, and W.O. Rasmussen	1988	A model of snowpack dynamics in forest openings	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 18:1-6.	Formulation and application of a model to estimate the impacts of creating forest openings on snowpack dynamics are described. The model links to another model that depicts snowpack changes following reductions in forest densities by thinning.
Gabbert, W.A.	1982	Simulation of nutrient and heavy metal transport capacity of suspended sediment	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	A computer simulation model is presented to estimate the impacts of alternative land management practices on nutrient and heavy metal losses in transported sediments from forested watersheds, including representative Beaver Creek watersheds. Geology and vegetation are the primary predictors of the concentrations of chemical constituents.
Gabbert, W. A., P. F. Ffolliott, and W. O. Rasmussen	1982	SEDCON: A model of nutrient and heavy metal losses in suspended sediment	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 12:111-116.	A model to predict acid-digestible and extractive nutrients in suspended sediments is described. Knowledge of forest types and geology is necessary to interrogate the model.
Gieske, M.H., and R.S. Boster	1971	DAMID, A discounting analysis model for investment decisions	USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-200.	A computer program discounts benefit and cost flows over time for up to 10 user-determined interest rates, and permits combining flows of differing lengths. Outputs include discounted values of individual costs or benefits, a summed net present value for and an entire project, and interpolated values for years for which no data are supplied.
Heidt, J.D., D.A. Jameson, R.L. Barger, and B.J. Erickson	1971	Determining timber conversion alternatives through computer analysis	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-74.	Computer program MULTI accepts basic field inventory data, calculates gross board-foot and cubic-foot volumes, grades or classifies for a number of specified primary products, adjusts gross volume for visual defects, and calculates standard error. Output tables give adjusted net volume per acre, by grade and size class, for each product independently.
Jasinski, M.F.	1989	Physically-based parameterization of spatially variable soil and vegetation using satellite multispectral data for mesoscale hydrology	DS Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.	Reports results of efforts to formulate and test a physically-based reflectance model that characterizes the spatial variability of multispectral images obtained over semivegetated landscapes. Several sites on Beaver Creek were used in this study.
Larson, F.R., P.F. Ffolliott, W.O. Rasmussen, and D.R. Carder	1979	Estimating impacts of silvicultural management practices on forest ecosystems	In: ____________ Best Management Practices for Agriculture and Silviculture, Proceedings of the 1978 Cornell Agriculture Waste Management Conference p. 281-294.	A prototype family of computer simulation models, called ECOSIM, is being developed to help forest managers and land-use planners estimate the impact of silvicultural management practices on forest ecosystems.
Li, R.M., D.R. Carder, D.B. Simons, and L.Y. Shiao	1977	Mathematical modeling of sediment yield from forest logging roads	In:___________ Proceedings of First International Conference on Mathematical Modeling, St. Louis, MO., pp. ____.	A guide is presented for assessing relative quantities of sediment yield from surface erosion on roads considering alternative route locations, cross section road gradients, type of surfacing, and spacing of cross drains. This method is useful in selecting the design alternative which produces the least sediment rather than determining how much sediment will be produced.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, and D.R. Carder	1976a	Mathematical modeling of overland flow soil erosion	In: ______ Soil Erosion: Prediction and Control. Soil Conservation Society of America, Special Publication No. 21., pp. ______.	An unsteady overland flow soil erosion model is developed to simulate sediment outflow hydrographs and land form evolution processes on a sandy soil surface.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, and D.R. Carder	1976b	Computer simulation of storm water and sediment hydrographs from small watersheds	In: ________ Proceedings of the 1976 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Washington, D.C. 7 p.	Model formation and test results for a numerical computer model using formulations of basic physical processes to determine water and sediment hydrographs and yields from small watershed.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, and K.G. Eggert	1976	Process model of infiltration and subsurface flow routing	Final Report CER76-77 RML-DBS-KGE 20 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A simple infiltration model considering unsteady rainfall is presented and combines the predictive advantages of a nonlinear, physically based approach with the classical tabular method for estimating water available for runoff from rain events. A subsurface flow routing model is also developed based on the Green-Ampt scheme and a simple finite difference formulation of the Dupuit approximation. The scheme is shown to be unconditionally stable, and suitable for inclusion in a more complex watershed model.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, and R.K. Simons	1977	A mathematical model for evaluating on-site soil erosion	Final Report CER76-77 RML-DBS-RKS 40 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	An unsteady overland flow soil erosion model is presented. The model simulates water and sediment outflow hydrographs and considers the physical processes of interception, infiltration, and soil detachment by raindrop splash and by surface runoff. Routing of water and sediment is accomplished by using a four-point implicit formulation of the kinematic approximation.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, and M.A. Stevens	1975b	On overland flow water routing	In: ___________ Proceedings of the National Symposium on Urban Hydrology and Sediment Control [Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, July 28-31], pp. _____.	A generalized analytical solution to the kinematic wave approximation is developed to route overland flow with time-variant but spatially uniform rainfall.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, and M.A. Stevens	1976	Morphology of cobble streams in small watersheds	Journal of Hydraulic Division, American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 102, HY8, p. 1101-1117.	As an extension of previous work on stable channels design, the basic equations describing threshold channel shape are employed to derive the hydraulic geometry equations of a stream in coarse alluvium. Both downstream and at-a-station relationships are developed. Theoretical results agree with field observations.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, T.J. Ward, and C.J. Orvis	1979	Hydraulic model study of flow control structures. Final Report	CER78-79RML-DBS-TJW-CJ051 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Results of laboratory studies on steep channel (5 percent to 25 percent bed slope) and gravel bed sediment transport indicate that a form of Meyer-Peter, Muller sediment transport equation is applicable for steep gravel bed streams. However, the coefficients should be calibrated using measured data.
Li, R.M., D.B. Simons, T.J. Ward, and K.S. Steele	1977	Hydraulic model study of flow control structures. Final Report	CER 77-78 RML-DBS-TJW-KSS 15 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Results of laboratory studies on steep channel (5 percent to 25 percent bed slope) and gravel bed sediment transport indicate that a form of Meyer-Peter, Muller sediment transport equation is applicable for steep gravel bed streams. However, the coefficients should be calibrated using measured data.
Lopes, V.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1992	Modeling sediment processes on small watersheds: A conceptual framework. I. Broad shallow flow processes	Iternational Journal of Sediment Research 7:21-44.	A conceptual modeling framework for developing process-based mathematical models of sediment generation, transport, and deposition onbroad shall flow areas is presented. This framework applies to hydrologic conditions represented by the Beaver Creek watersheds.
Lopes, V.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1993a	A conceptual framework for modeling sediment processes in upland watersheds	In: Pre-Conference Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 20-22, 1993, pp. 59. (Abstract)	A modeling framework is presented as a basis for developing numerical models of sediment processes on upland watersheds. Sediment processes are described in terms of both broad and shallow flow areas and concentrated flow systems. Basic assumptions and governing equations are presented.
Lopes, V.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1993b	Modeling sediment processes on small watersheds: A conceptual framework. II. Concentrated flow processes	International Journal of Sediment Research 8:1-23.	A conceptual modeling framework is presented for developing sediment process models by concentrated flow systems on small watersheds. This framework applies to hydrologic conditions represented by the Beaver Creek watersheds.
Lovely, C.J.	1976	Hydrologic modeling to determine the effect of small earthen reservoirs on ephemeral streamflow	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	The USDAHL-74 model is use to simulate effects of small water reservoirs on streamflow in north central Arizona. Winter and spring runoff is reduced 2.6 to 10.7 percent for the four years studied.
McGurk, B.J.	1982	A comparison of four rainfall-runoff methods	PhD Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.	The relative accuracies of four models to predict runoff volume from watersheds in the intermountain west of the United States are compared.
O'Connell, P.F.	1970	Economic modelling in natural resource planning	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 14:31-38.	The role economics can play in putting multiple use principles into practice on national forest lands is discussed.
Simons, D.B., and R.M. Li	1975	Watershed segmentation by a digital computer for mathematical modeling of watershed response. Final Report	CER75-76DBS-RML9 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A model to segment a watershed into overland flow and channel units is presented. An additional program is developed to combine small grid units into larger response units. Flow is routed from overland flow units to channel units, and then to the selected watershed outlet.
Simons, D.B., and R.M. Li	1976	Procedure for estimating model parameters of a mathematical model. Final Report	CER75-76DBS-RML22 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Systematic and reliable methods for estimating model parameters are reviewed and recommendations are presented.
Simons, D.B., and R.M. Li	1980	Modeling of sediment nonpoint source pollution from watersheds	In: Overcash, M.R., and J.M. Davidson, editors. Environmental impact of nonpoint source pollution. ____________, pp. 341-373.	Various models developed at Colorado State University for estimating sediment yield from watersheds are discussed; physical process simulation models are emphasized. Models account for physical processes of raindrop splash, overland flow erosion, channel erosion, and movement of different sediment size fractions.
Simons, D.B., D.R. Carder, and R.M. Li	1977	Principle and application of mathematical modeling of watershed and river systems	In: ___________ Proceedings of the First International Conference on Mathematical Modeling. [St. Louis, MO.], pp. ______.	Various principles used in modeling watershed and river system responses are reviewed. Applications of these modeling techniques are also presented.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and K.G. Eggert	1977a	Simple water routing and yield model using a small programmable calculator. Final Report	CER76-77-DBS-RML-KGE52 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A simple watershed model is developed based on physical rather than empirical principles for use in a small programmable calculator.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and L.Y. Shiao	1976	Preliminary procedural guide for estimating water and sediment yield from roads in forests. Final Report	CER76-77DBS-RML-LYS21 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A guide is presented for assessing relative quantities of sediment yield from surface erosion on roads considering alternative route locations, cross section road gradients, type of surfacing, and spacing of cross drains. This method is useful in selecting the design alternative which produces the least sediment rather than determining how much sediment will be produced.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and L.Y. Shiao	1977	Formulation of road sediment model. Final Report	CER76-77DBS-RML-LYS50 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Formulation of a physical process model that simulates surface erosion from roads is presented. Many processes in this model are similar to those in a watershed surface erosion model. The model has been tested using limited on-site soil erosion data.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and B.E. Spronk	1978	Storm and water and sediment runoff simulation for a system of multiple watersheds. Vol. I, Water Routing and Yield. Final Report	CER77-78DBS-RML-BEST47 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and M.A. Stevens	1975	Development of models for predicting water and sediment routing and yield from storms on small watersheds. Final Report	CER74-75DBS-RML-MAS24 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Prediction models are developed to estimate water and sediment yields from a broad spectrum of source areas and watersheds. These models are then tested on study areas within the Beaver Creek drainage and on watersheds in other parts of the nited States having different climates, soils, and vegetation.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and T.J. Ward	1977	Simple procedural method for estimating onsite soil erosion. Final Report	CER76-77RML-DBS-TJW38 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A simplr procedure for evaluating erosion rates based on classification of storm size, soil characteristics and vegetation cover densities is presented. The model has been tested utilizing a numerical model and field data.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and T.J. Ward	1978a	Estimation of parameters that describe channel geometry for watershed modeling. Final Report	CER77-78DBS-RML-TJW12 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A methodology is presented for estimating important channel geometry parameters. The recommended field techniques are applicable to ephemeral streams but may not be useful for some perennial channesl. Test area was on the Beaver Creek drainage in north-central Arizona.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and T.J. Ward	1978b	Equation and computer programs that develop design tables for estimating road sediment yield. Final Report	CER77-78DBS-RML-TJW40 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Equations that can be used to generate design values to assess sediment yield from forest roads are presented. These equations, based on physical processes, provide a realistic alternative to existing regression type equations, particularly when assessing impacts resulting from natural or man-made alterations.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, T.J. Ward, and L.Y. Shiao	1978	Simple road sediment yield model. Final Report	CER77-78DBS-RML-TJW-LYS41 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	The theory and formulation of a mathematical model to estimate water and sediment yield from roadways is presented. Model applicability is tested with erosion plot data and model se for evaluating various roadway design factors is demonstrated.

Simulation Techniques
Rogers, J.J., M.B. Baker, Jr., J.M. Prosser, and B. Kulongowski	1979	ECOSIM II-A system for simulating onsite effects of silvicultural management alternatives. Final Report	Prepared by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Submitted to the Southeastern Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Rogers, J.J., J.M. Prosser, and L.D. Garrett	1981	Modeling onsite multiresource effects of silvicultural management prescriptions	In: Vodak, M.C., W.A. Leuschner, and D.I. Navon, editors. Proceedings of IUFRO Forest Management Symposium, [Blacksburg, VA., August 18-20, 1980]. Publ. FWS-1-81, January, pp. _____.	An interactive model called ECOSIM is presented that simulates the effects of silivicultural prescriptions on forest growth, mortality, yield, stand structure, herbage production, forest floor accumulation and decomposition, fuel bed description, water and sediment yield, wildlife habitat, and near-view scenic quality. Calibration, testing, and evaluation of the model is currently being done.
Rogers, J.J., J.M. Prosser, and L.D. Garrett	1982	ECOSIM: A prototype system for estimating multiresource outputs under alternative forest management regimes	In: Corcoran, T. and W. Heij, co-editors, Proceedings IVII IUFRO World Congress, Working Party Planning and Control of Forest Operations S3.04.01. [Kyoto, Japan, Sept. 6-17, 1981]. Life Sci. and Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. of Maine, Orono. Misc. Rep. 264. p. 122-127.	An interactive model is presented that is currently being tested to estimate multiresource outputs from southwestern forests and woodlands under alternative management regimes.
Simons, D.B., R.M. Li, and K.G. Eggert	1977b	Storm water and sediment runoff simulation for upland watersheds using analytical routing techniques	Vol. I, Water Routing and Yield, Final Report CER 77-78, DBS-RML-KGE16 Prepared by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.

Multiresource Management
Baker, M.B., Jr., and H.E. Brown	1974	Multiple use evaluations on ponderosa pine forest land	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 18:18-25.	A resume of USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-129 by Brown, H.E., M.B. Baker, Jr., J.J. Rogers, W.P. Clary, J.L. Kovner, F.R. Larson, C.C. Avery, and R.E. Campbell, 1974 is presented (see below). Opportunities for increasing water yields and other multiple use values on ponderosa pine forest lands are discussed.
Brown, H.E.	1965	Preliminary results of cabling Utah juniper, Beaver Creek watershed evaluation project	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 9:16-20.	The cabling treatment of a juniper watershed in north-central Arizona is described along with its effects on various watershed products.
Brown, H.E., M.B. Baker, Jr., J.J. Rogers, W.P. Clary, J.L. Kovner, F.R. Larson, C.C. Avery, and R.E. Campbell	1974	Opportunities for increasing water yields and other multiple use values on ponderosa pine forest lands	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-129.	Multiple use productivity is described, with special emphasis on the Beaver Creek Pilot Watershed in north-central Arizona. Changes in productivity and environmental quality are described following livestock grazing and various levels of forest thinning and clearing. Preliminary analytical procedures allow the user to estimate the tradeoffs in production and environmental quality.
Clary, W.P.	1974	Pinyon-juniper control--does it pay?	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 18:26-29.	A resume of USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-128 by Clary, W.P., M.B. Baker, Jr., P.F. O'Connell, T.N. Johnsen, Jr., and R.E. Campbell, 1974 is presented (see below). Effects of pinyon-juniper removal on natural resource products and uses in Arizona are considered.
Clary, W.P.	1975a	Present and future multiple use demands on the pinyon-juniper type	In: The pinyon-juniper ecosystem: A symposium, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, pp. 19-26.	Because of increasing pressures for livestock grazing, wildlife, and wood products, optimum management should result in shifting mosaic of activities, with each site managed for the product or product mix for which it is best suited.
Clary, W.P.	1975b	Multiple use effects of manipulating pinyon-juniper	In: Proceedings of the 1975 watershed management symposium, Logan, Utah, American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation and Drainage Division, pp. 469-477.	Mechanical methods of pinyon-juniper removal are not likely to increase water-yields; herbicidal treatment may. Herbage yields increase after all treatments; deer response is generally neutral. The more successful conversion projects about break even financially.
Clary, W.P.	1977	Producer-consumer biomass on forested and norforested Arizona fescue range	Abstract of Papers, 30th Annual Meeting, Society for Range Management, Portland, Oregon, p. 9.	Investigations in north-central Arizona that illustrate differences in plant and animal biomass on forested and nonforested fescue range are presented.
Clary, W.P.	1978	Producer-consumer biomass in Arizona ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-56.	Managed ponderosa pine forests in central Arizona support above-ground biomass of approximately 60,000 to 80,000 kg/ha. Consumer biomass is only about 8 to 12 kg/ha. Livestock dominate, followed by elk, deer, insects, and small mammals. Forest openings have much less green foliage than the forest, but support three to five times the herbivore biomass per hectare because of the predominance of herbaceous plants.
Clary, W.P.	1987	Herbage production and livestock grazing on pinyon-juniper woodlands	In: Everett, R.L., compiler, Proceedings of the Pinyon-juniper Conference, January 13-16, 1986, Reno, Nevada. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-215. pp. 440-447.	Broad comparisons of published data suggest that grazed plant communities may have substantially less herbage production than ungrazed plant communities. Continuous season-long grazing at proper stocking rates appears to produce the heaviest calf weights in summer rainfall areas, but no information is available from other parts of the woodlands.
Clary, W.P., M.B. Baker, Jr., P.F. O'Connell, T.N. Johnsen, Jr., and R.E. Campbell	1974	Effects of pinyon-juniper removal on natural resource products and uses in Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-128.	Results of pilot treatments to increase water and forage yields by removing pinyon-juniper trees are presented. Herbicide treatments are more effective than mechanical removal of trees, but even on the more productive sites, costs and benefits are about even. Effects on other resources are about neutral.
Clary, W. P., P. F. Ffolliott, and F. R. Larson	1984	Producer-consumer biomass in montane forests on the Arizona Mogollon Plateau	The Great Basin Naturalist 44:627-634.	A commpilation of producer-consumer biomass is presented for two forests stands. Ponderosa pine dominated stands appear to be near the lower end of the biomass range of commercial forest types.
Clary, W.P., W.H. Kruse, and F.R. Larson	1975	Cattle grazing and wood production under different ponderosa pine basal areas	Journal of Range Management 28:434-437.	Beef gain potential was maximum at zero basal area, and was one-third less when ponderosa pine was present at basal areas of 20 square feet per acre. The combined economic value of grazing and saw-log production would be maximum in stands having a basal area of about 45 to 60 square feet per acre.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1980	UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program: Interdisciplinary and international collaboration on environmental research in temperate forests	The 140th National Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco, California, January 3- 8, 1980, AAAS Publication 80-2, p. 33. (Abstract)	Research of MAB Project II are reviewed. International activities include binational studies on La Michilia and the Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserves.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1983a	Moderator's comments: Research on biosphere reserves	In: Patton, D.R., J. de la Puente-E., P.F. Ffolliott, S. Gallina, and E.T. Bartlett, technical coordinators. Wildlife and range research needs in northern Mexico and southwestern United States: Workshop proceedings. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-36, pp. 32-33.	Research possibilities on biosphere reserves throughout the world in general, and the Beaver Creek and La Michilia Biosphere Reserves in particular are identified. Examples of collaborative research activities on the latter biosphere reserves are also presented.
Ffolliott, P. F.	1983b	Multiresource management on the Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserve, United States	Programme on the Man and the Biosphere (MAB), Newsletter for Project 2 5:11-15.	The multiresource management program on Beaver Creek serves the people of the southwestern United States in particular. However, many of the planning methods and results are generally designed to be useful to managers throughout the United States and elsewhere.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1992	Multiple values of woodlands in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico	In: Ffolliott, P.F., G.J. Gottfried, D.A. Bennett, V.M. Hernandez, A. Ortega-Rubio, and R.H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: Perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-218, pp. 17-23.	Silvicultural characteristics of tree species, wood products, livestock production, wildlife resources, watershed management, and recreation and tourism are reviewed. History of land use and current multiple use perspective is presented.
Ffolliott, P.F., and M.B. Baker, Jr	1977	Characteristics of Arizona ponderosa pine stands on sandstone soils	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-44.	Physiographic, hydrologic, and biotic characteristics are described. General comparisons are also made between these characteristics and those for ponderosa pine forests on volcanic soils.
Ffolliott, P.F., and E.T. Bartlett	1991	Dry forests of North America: Opportunities for multiple use resource management	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and W.T. Swank, eds. People and the temperate region: A summary of research from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program. U.S. Department of State, Publication 9838, pp. 41-44.	Research and educational focus of the binational USA-Mexico program is presented in terms of accomplishments attained. Management implications of research findings in both countries are discussed.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1985	Forest resources: Multiple use concept	In: Report of the FAO/Finland Training Course in Forestry and Watershed Management for Asia and the Pacific Region, Katmandu, Nepal, May 19-31, 1985. FAO, Rome Italy, pp. 81-87.	The multiple use concept suggests that forest management decisions should not be restricted only to wood products, but should also consider food, water, forage, and wildlife. Application of this concept on the Beaver Creek watersheds is presented.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1986	Multiple use: Achieving diversified and increased income within a watershed management framework	In: Strategies, approaches and systems in integrated watershed management. FAO Conservation Guide 14, pp. 114-123.	Different forms of multipple use and the means of evaluating multiple resource alternatives are presented in this paper. Pilot projects of multiple use planning and implementation, such as that illustrated by the Beaver Creek watershed, are needed in developing countries to demonstrate the viability of this approach to achieve environmentally sound and sustainable resource management.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1989	The role of multiple use in integrated watershed management watershed management	Journal of Science and Techniques of Soil and Water Conservation in Shanxi Province 1989 2:43-47. (Chinese)	The concept of multiple use and its importance to the development of sustainable and integrated watershed management are described. Multiple use strategies rather than multiple use methodologies are stressed.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1976	Watershed managements' effects on many resources	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 19:39-42.	Effects of watershed management practices on natural resources is illustrated through a review of water yield improvement experiments in mixed conifer forests, ponderosa pine forests, and chaparral shrublands. Water yield improvement experiments are discussed with particular reference to response functions for water, timber, livestock, wildlife, and soil resources.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1977	Water resources and multiple use forestry in the Southwest	Journal of Forestry 75(8):469-472.	Research indicates that modifications of vegetation on upstream watersheds can increase water yields. Other resource values are also obtained and sometimes enhanced by these modifications.
Ffolliott, P. F., W. P. Clary, and W. H. Kruse	1978	Effects of grazing on multiple use values of a cleared ponderosa pine watershed	In: Abstract of papers. The 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, San Antonio, Texas, February 7-9, 1978, p. 46. (Abstract)	The impact of 5 years of spring-fall grazing by cattle on a 188-acre watershed is described in terms of multiple use values. Herbage production was maintained, although composition varied from year to year. There was no change in water yield or sediment production that could be attributed to grazing. Deer and elk use declined following introduction of cattle.
Fox, K. and L.D. Garrett	1989	Beaver Creek and multiresource management forestry	In: Tecle, A., W.W. Covington, and R.H. Hamre, Technical Coordinators. 1989. Multiresource management of ponderosa pine forests. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-185. pp. 1-5.	The emergence of multiresource forest management in the Southwest is related to the efforts of researchers on the Beaver Creek project and later teaching and research efforts at the NAU School of Forestry. A brief history is provided on the Beaver Creek project and its contributions to multiresource managemnt science and practice in the Southwest.
Garrett, L.D.	1986	Understanding multiresource options on Arizona's national forest system lands	Arizona Water Symposium Procedings 30:39-47.	Increasing demands by the ever expanding population in Arizona for commodity and amenities on forest lands are currently hampered by lack of information on integrated multiresource impacts from management practices. Research programs designed to assist managers in developing improved management decisions are discussed.
Pearson, H.A., and D.A. Jameson	1967	Relationship between timber and cattle production on ponderosa pine range: The Wild Bill Range	USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.	A relationship between herbage production and ponderosa pine overstory density is graphically illustrated for a study area in north central Arizona.
Pollisco, R.R.A.	1987	Management of pinyon-juniper woodlands for the sustained yield of wood and water	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Updated inventory of woodlands on the Beaver Creek watershed is presented. Use of the inventory information in management decisionmaking is discussed.
Smith, J.H.G.	1980	The conference tours: A synthesis of obervations on multiple-use research and application in northern Arizona	In: IUFRO/MAB Conference: Research on multiple use of forest resources. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-25. pp. 155-158.	Multiple-use research on the Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserve was reviewed as part of the field tour.
Tecle, A. and W.W. Covington, Technical editors	1991	Multiresource management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests: The status of knowledge	USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region Report	This is a synthesis of research-based knowledge concerning multiresource management conditions in southwestern pine forests. The current status and trends of individual resource conditions, and their interactions under natural and various vegetation management regimes have been explored and reviewed in a multiresource management context and presented as separate chapters. Major topics discussed include forest overstory/understory relationships, tree growth and yield, forest hydrology and watershed management, forest water quality, recreation and esthetics, and forest wildlife management. The contributions derived from the Beaver Creek project and their significance is readily apparent throughout the compilation.
Tecle, A., W.W. Covington, and R.H. Hamre, Technical Coordinators	1989	Multiresource management of ponderosa pine forests	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-185.	Objectives of this conference was to bring resource managers and specialists, academicians, agency researchers, and concerned public together to focus on improving integrated ecosystem management of forest lands. The link between multiresource forest management in the Southwest and Beaver Creek project is made.
Tecle, A., W.W. Covington, J.P. McTague, M.T. Richards, and D.R. Patton	1991	Field guide for multiresource management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests	USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region Report.	The purpose of this guide is to provide field personnel with an overview and brief description of scientific, technical, and quantative aspect of the relevant published material on southwestern pine forests. Resource response functions and techniques for estimating biphysical trends in forest systems are summarized.

Outdoor Recreation
Richards, M. T.	1974	An activity topology for outdoor recreation in the Mogollon Rim area	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Develops a technique for aggregating conceptually linked activities and relating them to recreation visitor characteristics in a manner that will permit quantification of activity preferences. Patterns of visitors' activity preferences and the factors that constrain these preferences are described.
Richards, M.T., and D.A. King	1977	Six recreation demand source populations in Arizona	USDC National Technical Information Service, PB-268-129.	Results of a general population survey of potential outdoor recreationists from six demand source populations in Arizona are presented. Respondent's social and economic characteristics are presented and the structure of their recreational activity participation at each of five National Forest areas is provided. These data were collected as an information base for land managers, researchers, and others interested in the ecoomics demand and consumption of natural resources for recreational purposes.
Richards, M.T., D.A. King, and W.B. Kurtz.	1977	Recreational visitors to the Mogollon Rim area of Arizona	USDC National Technical Information Service, PB-268-128.
Sublette, W.J., and W.E. Martin	1975	Outdoor recreation in the Salt-Verde Basin of central Arizona: Demand and values	University of Arizona Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 218.	Higher net values and larger expenditures are associated with sites that have water-based recreation, considerable development, and easy access.

Planning
Burford, C.L., J.D. Mertes, and T.W. Jones	1976	Technological and environmental planning consideration to minimize the environmental impact of transporting people and products through wildland areas: An overview	Department of Industrial Engineering and Park Administration, Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Texas Technical University, Lubbock, Texas.	Identifies, investigates, and evaluates the economic, environmental and social implications of those technicalle feasible mass conveyance systems which could be utilized as a means of solving specific visitor conveyance problems at recreational developments in forest wildland areas.
Burford, C.L., L.E. Page, and J.D. Mertes	1978	Development, trial application and evaluation of a transportation mode alternative analysis and specification selection procedure for use in wildland transportation planning	Texas Technical University, Lubbock, Texas, Final Report.	Identifies, investigates, and evaluates the economic, environmental and social implications of those technicalle feasible mass conveyance systems which could be utilized as a means of solving specific visitor conveyance problems at recreational developments in forest wildland areas.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1995	Computer simulation techniques for planning and analysis of natural resource management	In: Wang, L., and K. N. Brooks, eds. 1995. Soil and water conservation and environmental protection on the upper and middle reaches of the Changjiang River Basin. Chinese Forestry Press, Beijing, China, pp. 161-168. (Chinese)	Applications of computer multiple-resource simulation techniques in planning for environmentally sound and economically viable natural resource management are described. Data sets representing the conditions on the Beaver Creek watershed provided the required inputs in sample exercises.
Johnson, C.M.	1980	Computer techniques for land management planning	USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-387	A system for storage and retrieval of about 200 land management planning techniques for the Rocky Mountain and Southwestern Regions of the Forest Service is described. An abstract of each technique can be retrieved from remote terminals via telephone.
Eagan, D.E. and F.R. Larson	1972	Proposed principles and standards for planning water and related land resources	In: Dynamics of Forest Policy Symposium, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. pp. 70-78.	A discussion of the principles and standards that were published in the Federal Register and their implications for management planning on public lands is presented.
Levi, D.	1977	Managing resources in a simulated commons situation: The effects of goal conditions, orientation and experience	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	A simulated cattle ranching game is used to examine the 'common' situation. Three variables were examined: goal conditions, orientation, and experience. The results demonstrate some of the problems with trying to generalize from commons games to the real world commons situation and suggests ways in which commons games could be improved.
McKee, M.	1979	Index utilization in natural resources planning: A review and evaluation of techniques	In: ________ Proceedings of a workshop on Index Construction for Use in High Mountain Watershed Management, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UWRL/C-79/01, Logan, pp. __.	Evaluation of natural resource planning techniques is presented. Evaluations based on suitability of technique to a particular situation.
McKee, M., and R. Simmons	1979	A preliminary test and demonstration of the indifference-scaled factor profile technique in Forest Service regional planning	Utah State University Final Report, Logan, Utah. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, AZ.	Applicability of the technique is determined with the framework of regional planning requirements.
Rasmussen, W. O., P. F. Ffolliott, T. R. Verma, and J. L. Thames	1980	Environmental analysis for land use planning in the arid zones	In: Mann, H.S., ed. Arid zone research and development. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, pp. 69-73.	An environmental analysis approach, using ecosystem simulation models as a component, is presented as a means for effective land use planning. Physical, biological, and climatic parameters are analyzed to determine the potential productivity levels of an area. Agriculture, livestock grazing, mining, and urban development are assessed as land use practices.
Suhr, J., and D.R. Carder	1979	A comparison of three index techniques in use in Forest Service planning	In: ______ Proceedings of a Workshop on Index Construction for Use in High Mountain Watershed Management, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State University, UWRL/G-79/01, Logan, pp. __.	Planning techniques are evaluated in terms of data requirements, availability of data, and the sequence of planned activities.
Weisz, R.N., and D.R. Carder	1975a	Development of land use planning and transportation planning systems for National Forest Management: A status overview	In: Meadows, _________ eds. Systems Analysis and Forest Resource Management, Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD. pp. 87-104.	Describes how emerging computer-aided planning support systems can be made operational. Some existing systems, linkages and interfaces between systems, and the USDA Forest Service planning and decisionmaking process are examined.
Weisz, R.N., and D.R. Carder	1975b	Development of land use planning and transportation planning systems for National Forests	In: ______ Man, leisure, and wildlands: A complex interaction. Proceedings of First Eisenhower Consortium Research Symposium, Bulletin 1:143-156.	Describes how emerging computer-aided planning support systems can be made operational. Some existing systems, linkages and interfaces between systems, and the USDA Forest Service planning and decisionmaking process are examined.

Policy
Clary, W. P.	1981	Grazing, natural resource policy, and biosphere reserves	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 21-23.	The concept of biosphere reserves involves a broader philosophy of conservation than contained in earlier policies for livestock grazing in the western United States. Biosphere reserves provide those who set natural resource policy or use the land with a better understanding of the long-term dangers of improper grazing management.
Cortner, H.J. and M.P. Berry	1977	The Arizona Water Resources Committee: An historical perspective	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 21:5-15	An examination of the Arizona Water Resources Committee (AWRC) is presented. This committee was predominately formed in 1956 to seek ways to increase water yields from watersheds in Arizona. Changes in committee membership, organizational resources, relations with other private groups, and public agencies and program objectives are discussed.
Ffolliott, P. F.	1981	Integration of wildlife and other natural resources policies	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 24-25.	Fundamental considerations upon which the management of wildlife resources should be based are outlined. Impacts of wildlife policies on other natural resources, and impacts of other natural resources policies on wildlife are discussed.
Ffolliott, P. F.	1983	Implications of snag policies on management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests	In: Davis, J.W., G.A. Goodwin, and R.A. Ockenfels, technical coordinators. Snag habitat managenent: Proceedings of the symposium. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-99, pp. 28-32.	Whether or not the snag retention policies of the USDA Forest Service could be met soley through natural mortality is discussed. Also, whether or not timber would be lost and revenues foregone if snags are artificially created is considered.
Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators	1981	Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88.	The objective of the papers presented in this seminar was to promote cooperation among natural resources polcy makers, scientists, and educators within the framework of the international Man and the Bisphere (MAB) program. Included are 20 invited and volunteer papers and a summary of visits to La Michilia and Mapimi Bioshere Reserves.
Halffter, G.	1981	Biosphere reserves: A new method of natural protection	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 3-6.	Roles of the biosphere reserves created by the Institute of Ecology in Mexico in the policies of the rational use and protection of natural resources are presented. Development of these reserves requires willing cooperation of the public, research and teaching of the highest quality, and international cooperation.
Nowakowski, N.A.	1980	Assessment of snag policies and their effects on timber harvests	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	In forest stands where natural mortality does not provide enough snags to meet policy requirements, artificial creation of snags is necessary. A methodology is developed to illustrate timber volumes lost and associated revenues foregome under various snag retention options.
Stairs, G. R.	1981a	Evaluation of natural resources policy alternatives	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 37-40.	The importance of evaluating natural resources policy by developing accurate data bases, and then quantitatively evaluating the data through systems and simulation models is stressed as a necessary preclude to policy formulation. It is at the interface between quantification and more integrated socio-economic decisions that major opportunities are available to define policy alternatives for presentation to the public and their elected officials.
Stairs, G. R.	1981b	Impacts of policies on specific natural resources: Forest resources	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 7-9.	A heirarchy of policy needs is identified. Included are needs to recognize the importance of conservation and restoration of forest resources, select a policy that will provide the mix of goods and services desried, and consideration for domestic consumption, and local use or export and industrial production.
Stairs, G. R.	1981c	Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 1-2.	Primary concerns facing policy decisionmakers are discussed. These concerns include the completeness of a matrix of broad issues and a need to bring comtemporary technical and scientific competency to bear upon more specific issues. A time table for action is also outlined.

Range Management
Bojorquez Tapia, L.A., P.F. Ffolliott, and D.P. Guertin	1990	Herbage production-forest overstory relationships in two ponderosa pine forests	Journal of Range Management 43:25-28.	A set of regression equations were developed and statistically analyzed in terms of coefficients of determination and standard errors of estimate. Hyperbolic, logarithmic, and exponential transformations meet the specified acceptance criteria.
Clary, W.P.	1970	The relationship of herbage production on Springerville soils to Utah juniper overstory and precipitation	American Society of Range Management, Abstract of Papers 23:69.	Herbage and perennial grass yields associated with intact Utah juniper overstory and overstory removed by cabling are described for a study area in north central Arizona.
Clary, W.P.	1971	Effects of Utah juniper removal on herbage yields from Springerville soils	Journal of Range Management 24:373-378.	Yields of understory vegetation increased from 223 lb./acre, including 50 lb. of perennial grasses, to 981 lb., including 193 lb. of perennial grasses, after overstory removal in northern Arizona. Successional trends did not follow a smooth sequence; many areas remained in an annual forb-half shrub stage for several years.
Clary, W.P.	1972	Phenology, production, and water use of ecotypes of Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith	PhD Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.	Deals with ecotypic differentiation in Stanion hystrix grass as a response to climatic conditions. Plant collections were obtained from seven states and observations and measurements were made on plant materials grown under uniform conditions in a transplant garden and in a growth chamber.
Clary, W.P.	1974	Response of herbaceous vegetation to felling of alligator juniper	Journal of Range Management 27:387-389.	Felling 13% of the alligator juniper cover in north central Arizona increased total herbage production 38% and forage plant production 45%. These increases were highly variable. There was little or no apparent response in 3 of 7 postfelling years.
Clary, W.P.	1975a	Range management and its ecological basis in the ponderosa pine type of Arizona: The status-of-our-knowledge	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-158.	Summarizes and evaluates available information about pine-bunchgrass ranges. It covers physical-biological characteristics, factors influencing livestock production, grazing allotment conditions, and economics, and correlates grazing with other uses. Several knowledge gaps are also identified.
Clary, W.P.	1975b	Ecotypic adaptation in Sitanion hystrix	Ecology 56:1407-1415.	The plant population studied adapted to different climatic conditions primarily through variations in timing of phenological development and in rate of growth. No differences in water use efficiency were found. The primary factors which influence morphological and production characteristics may be more numerous or complex than those which influence phenology.
Clary, W.P.	1978a	Arizona fescue mountain rangelands	Abstract of Papers, 1st International Rangeland Congress, Denver, Colorado, p. 22.	Characteristics of Arizona fescue mountain rangelands are described including herbage productions rates, protein availability, and potential for beef production.
Clary, W.P.	1978b	Arizona fescue mountain rangelands	In: Hyder, D.N., editor. Proceedings of the first international rangeland congress, Denver, Colorado, August 14-18, Society of Range Management. p. 205-207.	Arizona fescue rangelands occur in the mountains of Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. Brief descriptions of their botanical, climatic, and edaphic characteristics are given followed by discussions of successful patterns, forage nutritional values, understory-overstory relationships, plant and animal biomass, and uses by humans.
Clary, W.P.	1979	Variation in leaf anatomy and CO2 assimilation in Sitanion hystrix ecotypes	Great Basin Naturalist 39:427-432.	Collections of Sitanion hystrix known to differ in phenological development, height, dry matter production, and total water use were examined for possible differences in leaf anatomy and in CO2 assimilation rates. Collections originating in warm, dry habitats produced the narrowest leaves with the lfewest veins. CO2 assimilation rates were similar on per-unit weight basic, therefore, total assimilation varied as a function of plant size.
Clary, W.P., and P.F. Ffolliott	1966	Differences in herbage-timber relationships between thinned and unthinned ponderosa pine stands	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-74.	Herbage production under thinned-and-unthinned ponderosa pine stands are compared by logarithmic equations for a study area in north central Arizona.
Clary, W.P., and P.F. Ffolliott	1972	A selected and annotated bibliography of understory-overstory relationships	Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 198.	A summary of selected literature on understory-overstory relationships published through 1971 is provided. The bibliography is organized relative to coniferous, deciduous, mixed coniferous-deciduous, and shrub overstories.
Clary, W.P., P.F. Ffolliott, and D.A. Jameson	1968	Relationship of different forest floor layers to herbage production	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-123.	Herbage production decreases as individual layers and total depth of the forest floor increases. The H layer or total depth of the forest floor accounts for more variation in herbage production than the L or F layers. Management practices which remove only the L and F layers cannot be expected to increase herbage production appreciably.
Clary, W.P., P.F. Ffolliott, and D.A. Jameson	1968	Some characteristics of the forest floor under ponderosa pine in Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-127.	In north central Arizona, logarithmic equations describe relationships between herbage production and individual layers and total depth of ponderosa pine forest floor.
Clary, W.P., P.F. Ffolliott, and F.R. Larson	1978	Factors affecting forage consumption by cattle in Arizona ponderosa pine forests	Journal of Range Management 31:9-10.	Forage consumption was significantly correlated with forage production and tree density, but not with steepness of slope, rockiness of soil, or distance from water. This suggests that good range management practices can effectively distribute livestock use.
Clary, W.P., P.F. Ffolliott, and A.D. Zander	1966	Grouping sites by soil management areas and topography	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-60.	Relationships between herbage production and ponderosa pine overstory density for different productivity strata are graphically illustrated for a study area in north central Arizona.
Clary, W.P. and H.E. Grelen	1978a	A comparison of beef gain potentials on cool semiarid and subtropical pine forest ranges	Abstracts of Papers. 1st International Rangeland Congress, Denver, Colorado, p. 55.	Similarities and differences in ponderosa pine ranges in central Arizona and in longleaf-slash pine ranges in central Louisiana are presented including a comparison of beef gain potentials.
Clary, W.P. and H.E. Grelen	1978b	A comparison of beef gain potentials on cool semiarid and subtropical pine forest ranges	In: Hyder, D.N., editor. Proceedings of the first international rangeland congress, Denver, Colorado, August 14-18, Society of Range Management. p. 600-602.	Despite the climatic and ecological differences between cool semiarid and subtropical pine forested ranges, available data suggest that their potentials for beef production are similar. Better forage quality in the semiarid region tends to compensate for more forage in the subtropical region. Longleaf-slash pine forest ranges have greater potential for the production of beef in combination with timber than ponderosa pine ranges.
Clary, W.P. and D.A. Jameson	1980	Understory response after tree removal, herbicide application, and protection from grazing in Arizona pinyon-juniper	Abstracts of Papers. 33rd Annual Meeting, Society for Range Management, San Diego, California, p. 39.	Herbage production following overstory removal from different pinyon-juniper sites is evaluated. Average annual production increased from 216 to 1,440 kg/ha. Prediction equations that accounted for up to three-fourths of the variation in post treatment production are determined.
Clary, W.P., and D.A. Jameson	1981	Herbage production following tree and shrub removal in the pinyon-juniper type of Arizona	Journal of Range Management 34:109-113.	Grasses increased in composition from 46 to 73 percent, while forbs decreased from 21 to 19 percent, and half-shrubs and shrubs decreased from 33 to 8 percent.
Clary, W.P., and W.W. Kruse	1979	Phenology and rate of height growth of some forbs in the Southwest ponderosa pine type	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-376.	In a 3-year study, two of six primary forb species had possible value as range readiness indicators. Species varied between seasons and sites as available sources of deer forage. Twenty-four secondary forb species showed a diversity of palatable green forage becoming available throughout the growing season.
Clary, W.P., and D.C. Morrison	1973	Large alligator junipers benefit early-spring forage	Journal of Range Management 26:70-71.	Production of early-spring grasses in central Arizona was 4 to 5 times higher under crowns of large alligator junipers than away from tress. Because virtually all green forage grazed by animals at this time of year grew under these trees, they should be protected during control operations.
Clary, W.P., and H.A. Pearson	1969	Cattle preferences for forage species in northern Arizona	Journal of Range Management 22:114-116.	Preference ratings--by comparisons with bottlebush squirreltail--shows Kentucky bluegrass, Arizona fescue, and mountain muhly are preferred in ponderosa pine in summer, while prairie junegrass is most preferred in spring-fall in the pinyon-juniper type.
Clary, W.P., and H.A. Pearson	1976	Herbage changes following thinning and grazing of a southwestern ponderosa pine stand	Society of Range Management 29:37.(Abstract)	After pine stands are thinned, herbage yields usually increase rapidly to levels considerable higher than under unthinned stands of similar basal area, then slowly decline. Grazing accelerates the decline. Plant composition, seeded versus native, is not necessarily an important factor.
Ffolliott, P. F.	1983	Overstory-understory relationships: Southwestern ponderosa pine	In: Bartlett, E. T., and D. R. Betters, eds. Overstory-understory relationships in western forests. Western Regional Research Publication 1:13-18.	Empirical equations relating understory composition and production to overstory density and other characteristics on the Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserve and elsewhere are presented. Alternative mathematical models have been used.
Ffolliott, P.F., and W.P. Clary	1972	A selected and annotated bibliography of understory-overstory vegetation relationships	Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 198, 33 p.	Summarizes selected literature on understory-overstory relationships published through 1971.
Ffolliott, P.F., and W.P. Clary	1974	Predicting herbage production from forest growth in Arizona ponderosa pine	Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 26:3-5.	Annual herbage production decreased as annual forest growth increased, in an unexpected linear relationship. Herbage prediction was improved by developing families of curves that added precipitation and elevation strata to timber growth.
Ffolliott, P.F., and W.P. Clary	1975	Differences in herbage-timber relationships on sedimentary and igneous soils in Arizona ponderosa pine stands	Progressive Agriculture in Arizona, 27:6-7.	Significant differences in herbage-timber relationships on sedimentary and igneous soils indicate that herbage production predictions that do not account for soil differences may not be sufficiently accurate for use in land use planning or stratification.
Ffolliott, P. F., and W. P. Clary	1982	Understory-overstory vegetation relationships: An annotated bibliography	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-136.	A working tool for natural resources specialists and land-use planners attempting to describe understory production, density, or composition with specified oversotires, or changes in understory characteristics resulting from conversion or modification of the overstories is provided.
Gallina, S., and P. F. Ffolliott	1993	Overstory-understory relationships: Oak-pine forests of Sierra Madre Occidentalis, Mexico	In: Bartlett, E.T., and D.R. Betters, editors. Overstory-understory relationships in western forests. Western Regional Research Publication 1:13-20.	Empirical equations relating understory composition and production to overstory density and other characteristics on the La Michilia Biosphere Reserve are presented. Alternative mathematical models have been used.
Jameson, D.A.	1965	Phenology of grasses of the northern Arizona pinyon-juniper type	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-47.	Phenology of several cool- and warm-season forage plants in the pinyon-juniper type in north central Arizona are presented. With a good mixture of grasses, this pinyon-juniper range should supply ample green forage from April 1 to September 30, and some green feed all winter.
Jameson, D.A.	1966	Competition in a blue grama broom snakeweed actinea community and responses to selective herbicides	Journal of Range Management 19:121-124.	Table of correlation coefficients is given to illustrate the association among plant yields, including perennial grasses, broom snakeweed, and Cooper actinea, on a study area in north central Arizona.
Jameson, D.A.	1966	Pinyon-juniper litter reduces growth of blue grama	Journal of Range Management 19:214-217.	Pinyon and juniper litter is reported to be the major overstory factor associated with the reduction of blue grama on a study area in north central Arizona.
Jameson, D.A.	1967	Relationship of tree overstory and herbaceous understory vegetation	Journal of Range Management 20:247-249.	The use of a 5-parameter transition sigmoid growth curve to express the relationship between herbaceous understory and tree overstory is described and illustrated with data from north central Arizona. Overstories considered are pinyon, juniper, and ponderosa pine.
Jameson, D.A.	1970	Juniper root competition reduces basal area of blue grama	Journal of Range Management 23:217-218.	A table of blue grama basal area with-and-without one-seed juniper root competition is presented for a study area in north central Arizona.
Jameson, D.A.	1971	Optimum stand selection for juniper control on southwestern woodland ranges	Journal of Range Management 24:94-99.	Equations describe relationships between herbage production and pinyon-juniper overstory with different grass growth-forms and soils. The equation model used is a 5-parameter transition sigmoid growth curve.
Jameson, D.A., and J.D. Dodd	1969	Herbage production differs with soil in the pinyon-juniper type of Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-131	Production on Springerville soils is similar to production on Gem and Tortugas soils when few trees are present, but Springerville soils produce much less with appreciable tree cover. Differences in soils is not due to soil moisture, nitrogen, or phosphorus.
Kruse, W.H.	1970	Temperature and moisture stress affect germination of Gutierrezia sarothrae	Journal of Range Management 23:143-144.	Germination of broom snakeweed seed was found best at 60-70 o F temperature and was inversely related to moisture stress.
Kruse, W.H.	1983	Herbage repsonse to strip-cutting a ponderosa pine watershed in central Arizona	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Effects of strip-cutting pine overstory on understory plant productivity is evaluated. Relationships of two soil types and two aspects on productivity and how these relationships affected recovery of the understory plant community is also determined.
Lavin, F., and T.N. Johnsen, Jr.	1975	Forage shrub adaption trials at three pinyon-juniper sites	USDA Agriculture Research Service, Publication W-29.	Intial growing season results of an adaptation study entailing greenhouse, nursery, and field investigations on 40 accessions of 15 forage shrub species are reported. Accessions transplanted varied in germination speed, initial vigor, field growth, grazing proness, and frost tolerance.
Pearson, H.A.	1964	Studies of forage digestibility under ponderosa pine stands	Society of American Foresters Proceedings 1964:71-73.	A logarithmic equation describing herbage production as a function of ponderosa pine overstory density is given for experimental range units in north central Arizona.
Pearson, H.A.	1965	Low-cost constant-temperature water bath	Journal of Range Management 18:149-150.	A low-cost constant-temperature water bath used as an incubating system for determining in vitro digestability of range forage is described.
Pearson, H.A.	1967a	Effects of delays in inoculum collection on artificial rumen digestibilities	Journal of Range Management 20:332-333.	Results of artificial rumen digestion studies of range forage with different delays in inoculum collection are presented.
Pearson, H.A.	1967b	Cattle diet digestibilities determined from components	Journal of Range Management 20:405-406.	In vitro digestibility analyses of individual forage species in the cattle diet, and their relationship to digestibility of the cattle diet mixture is presented.
Pearson, H.A.	1967c	Phenology of Arizona fescue and mountain muhly in the northern Arizona ponderosa pine type	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-89.	Growth rates of Arizona fescue leaves as related to percent ponderosa pine canopy cover is presented in tabular form.
Pearson, H.A.	1967d	Range animal nutrition	In: Proceeding of the 5th West Texas Range Management Conference, Texas Technical College, Lubbock, Special Report 3, pp. 66-82.	Nutrients available for livestock production differ according to forage species, season of growth, plant parts, and location. These differences to a great extent determine animal intake. Digestible forage consumed can be used to estimate animal production more efficiently than forage utilization alone.
Pearson, H.A.	1970	Digestibility trials: In vitro techniques	In: Range and wildlife habitat evaluation--a research symposium, May, 1968, Flagstaff and Tempe, Arizona. USDA Miscellaneous Publication 1147, pp. 85-92.	In vitro fermentation methodology has been selected for estimating nutritive value of forage because of its simplicity, and ecomony. Procedures of technique are presented.
Pearson, H.A.	1972	Estimating cattle gains from consumption of digestible forage on ponderosa pine range	Journal of Range Management 25(1):18-20.	In vitro digestibility measurements reduce the variability in estimating cattle gains from forage intake measurements. The daily digestible forage intake requirements of range cattle appear similar to the requirements of cattle in feedlots.
Pearson, H.A.	1973	Calculating grazing intensity for maximum profit on ponderosa pine range in northern Arizona	Journal of Range Management 26(4):227-278.	The profit formula is based on forage production, digestibility and utilization, animal weight and daily gain, costs per animal day, and beef prices. Rangeland producing 500 to 1,000 pounds of forage per acre would produce maximum profit with moderate utilization.
Pearson, H.A., J.F. Mann, and D.A. Howard	1971	Timing use of cool- and warm-season grasses on pine ranges	Journal of Range Management 24:162-163.	A grazing system is designed to establish the earliest time when animals could enter the range without undue damage to Arizona fescue; provide periods of nonuse for growth and development of both Arizona fescue and mountain muhly; obtain more balanced utilization between the two forage species; and maintain beef production.
Reid, E.H.	1964	Forage production in ponderosa pine forests	Society of American Foresters Proceedings 1964:61-64.	A discussion of forage values in pine forests and how they are influenced by tree overstory, logging, and seeding of logged and burned areas are presented.
Reynolds, H.G.	1962	Some characteristics and uses of Arizona's major plant communities	Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 2:62-71.	A literature review, including a description of relationships between herbage production and tree overstory, is presented for different vegetation types in Arizona.

Silviculture
Avery, C.C., F.R. Larson, and G.H. Schubert	1976	Fifty-year records of virgin stand development in southwestern ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-22.	Ten periodic inventories of an unburned virgin tract of more than 3,000 trees are documented by individual tree records; 2.5-acre subplot summaries of basal area and tree census data; and composite stand tables which display census data, mortality data and causes, net periodic basal area, volume, and diameter growth.
Biondi, F.	1987	Influence of Gambel oak on radial growth of southwestern ponderosa pine: A dendrochronological study	Master's Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Radial growth of sampled trees fluctuated around a relatively constant level during the prior 50 years (1936-1985). Differences in this level were related to differences in competition, presence of oak, age of ponderosa pine trees, and site index. Pine growth increased with increasing oak presence and decreasing intraspecific competition.
Biondi, F., J. O. Klemmedson, and R. O. Kuehl	1992a	Dendrochronological analysis of single-tree interactions in mixed pine-oak stands of central Arizona, U.S.A	Forest Ecology and Management 48:321-333.	Interactions between ponderosa pine and Gambel oak trees are described. Diameter growth of dominant young-growth pine increased with increasing Gambel oak presence. Pine radial growth was negatively related to intraspecific competition, but not to interspecific competition between pines and oaks.
Biondi, F., J. O. Klemmedson, and R. O. Kuehl	1992b	Tree-ring analysis of pine-oak interactions in central Arizona	In:__________ . Proceedings of the International Dendrochronological Symposium, Lund, LUNDQUA Report 34, Sweden, pp. ____.	Dendrochronological techniques revealed that radial growth of sampled pine and oak trees fluctuated around a relatively constant level between 1936 and 1985. Observed differences were attrributed to competition, oak presence, pine age, and site index.
Clary, W.P.	1987	Selection of silvicultural systems for forage production	In: Ponderosa pine: the species and its management. (Abstracts). September29-October 1987, Spokane, Washington, United States Forest Service, Washington State University, University of Idaho, and Society of American Foresters. p. 30.	Ponderosa pine is the most widespread western United States forest type and encounters a diversity of environmental conditions. A discussion of how to manage the forest for both timber and other values such as forage production is presented.
Clary, W.P.	1988	Silvicultural systems for forage production in ponderosa pine forests	In: Baumgartner, D.M. and J.E. Lotan, compilers. Ponderosa pine the species and its management: symposium proceedings, September 29-October 1, 1987, Spokane, Washington, United States Forest Service, Washington State University, University of Idaho, and Society of American Foresters. pp.185-191.	Ponderosa pine is the most widespread western United States forest type and encounters a diversity of environmental conditions. A discussion of how to manage the forest for both timber and other values such as forage production is presented.
Clary, W.P. and A.R. Tiedemann	1992	Ecology and values of Gambel oak woodlands	In: Ffolliott, P.F., G.J. Gottfried, D.A. Bennet, C. Hernandez, V. M. Hernandez C., A. Ortega-Rubio, and R.H. Hamre, Technical Coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. April 27-30, 1992. Sierra Vista, Arizona, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-218. pp. 87-95.	Gambel oak is an important component in the vegetative cover of the western United States. It provides watershed stability, wildlife habitat, fuelwood, and a variety of other values. The species has considerable economic, conservation, and esthetic values when managed in place.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1981	Forest ecosystems in southwestern United States	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and S. Gallina, eds. Deer biology, habitat requirements, and management in western North America. Instituto de Ecologia, A. C., Mexico, D. F., Publication 9, pp. 57-76.	Descriptions of mixed conifer forests, ponderosa pine forests, and pinyon-juniper woodlands, including overstroy species compositions, lesser vegetation, wildlife and fishery resources, and recreational use, are presented. The Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserve contains representative areas in the latter two ecosystems.
Ffolliott, P.F., and M.B. Baker, Jr.	1977	Characteristics of Arizona ponderosa pine stands on sandstone soils	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-44.	Limited information from stands in north central Arizona indicates that annual water yield is about 25 percent of that from stands on volcanic soils; herbage production is lower even though forest densities are less, and forest site index is higher.
Ffolliott, P. F., and G. J. Gottfried	1991	Natural tree regeneration after clearcutting in Arizona's ponderosa pine forests: Two long-term case studies	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-507.	It was found that clearcutting resulted in limited natural regeneration after the treatments. Therefore, the clearcuts must be planted soon after treatment when the objective of management is maintaining a forest structure.
Ffolliott, P.F., and R.M. Solomon	1976	Distributions of ponderosa pine forest densities on the Salt-Verde River Basin	Agriculture Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 227, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	The proportions of forested areas that support given minimum timber densities which (in turn) can affect the yield of natural resources products and uses are presented. This information supplements the available descriptions of ponderosa pine forests to assist in the assessment of potential productivities of natural resources. Applications of the survey information are also given.
Ffolliott, P.F., and J.R. Thompson	1976	Snow damage in Arizona ponderosa pine stands	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-322.	Snow damage in three cutover ponderosa pine stands was evaluated following a year of record snowfall. Susceptibility to bending decreased as dbh increased. Dense sapling stands suffered significantly more damage than thinned stands. Thinning early in the sapling stage is recommended to reduce the snow damage potential.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.P. Worley	1973	Forest stocking equations: Their development and application	USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-102, 8 p.	Equations relating proportions of a forest stocked to minimum basal area levels can be defined by regression analysis. Equations can be used to help evaluate land treatment potential, determine treatment feasibility, and set operating priorities.
Gottfried, G. J., and P. F. Ffolliott	1993	Silvicultural prescriptions for sustained productivity of the southwestern pinyon-juniper and encinal woodlands	In: Manzanilla, D. Shaw, C. Aguirre-Bravo, L. Iglesias Gutierrez, and R.H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Making sustainability operational: Fourth Mexico/U.S. symposium. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-240, pp. 185-192.	Charactersitcis and uses of the woodland types are described, and sivicultural methods to enhance and sustain productivity for multiple benefits are discussed. Silvicultural prescriptions can benefit fuelwood production, forage production, wildlife habitats, watershed protection, and recreation.
Gottfried, G. J., and P. F. Ffolliott	1995	Stand dynamics on upper elevation pinon-juniper watersheds at Beaver Creek, Arizona	In: Shaw, D.W., E.F. Aldon, and C. LoSapio, tech. coords. 1995. Desired future conditions for pinyon-juniper ecosystems. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-258, pp. 38-45.	Repeated inventories spanning a 24-year period in north central Arizona provide information about stand dynamics over time in terms of the distribution of trees by diameter class and volume growth. Stand denstiy is increasing but at a slow rate.
Heidmann, L.J., F.R. Larson, and W.J. Reidveld	1977	Evaluation of ponderosa pine reforestation techniques in central Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-190.	Regeneration studies--seeding, planting, and natural--over the past 15 years on several areas indicate that direct seeding offers little hope of success. Failure is attributed to seasonal drought intensified by clay soils and competing vegetation. Tree planting has been consistently more successful.
Jameson, D.A., and T.N. Johnsen, Jr.	1964	Ecology and control of alligator juniper	Weeds 12(2):140-142.	Alligator juniper is considered a weed tree on range and timber areas in Arizona and New Mexico. It sprouts from stems, roots, and from buds on the root crown when the top is destroyed. Mechanical control requires the root crown be removed from the soil and chemical control by treating the stumps shows promise.
Johnsen, T.N., Jr., W.P. Clary, and P.F. Ffolliott	1969	Gambel oak control on the Beaver Creek pilot watershed in Arizona	USDA Agriculture Research Service, ARS 34-104.	Dormant-basal applications of 12 pounds of an ester of 2,4,5-T in diesel oil killed many plant parts and repressed sprouts. Applications of pelleted fenuron also reduced Gambel oak sprouts. Other herbicides tested had little effect.
Larson, F.R.	1980	Pinyon-juniper	In: Eyre, F.H., editor. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington D.C., Society of American Foresters, p. 116-117.	Definition and composition, geographic distribution, ecological relationships, and variants and associated vegetation of type is presented.
Larson, F.R., P.F. Ffolliott, and W.P. Clary.	1970	Distribution of dwarf mistletoe in ponderosa pine stands on the Beaver Creek watershed	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-175.	Frequency of dwarf mistletoe infection was highest on upper slopes and areas of intermediate site index. Frequency was not related to aspect, slope steepness, or tree diameter.
McCulloch, C.Y., O.C. Wallmo, and P.F. Ffolliott	1965	Acorn yield of Gambel oak in northern Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-48.	Acorn production of 94 trees in a 6-year period indicate three years of heavy production, two years of low production, and one year of no production. Acorn yield was related to diameter classes within three vigor classes. Gambel oak with 80 percent or more of their crown alive up to 15 inches in dbh should be retained for maximum acorn production.
McMurtray, M.	1979	Effects of silvicultural practices on Arizona ponderosa pine stem quality	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Changes in the occurrences of sweep, crook, forking, log knots, and other stem quality features are described in relation to seed tree, shelterwood, group selection, and uniform thinning treatments on the Beaver Creek watersheds. Rates of tree mortality following these silvicultural practices are comparably low relative to observed mortality in the region.
Myers, C.A.	1962	Twenty-year growth of Utah juniper in Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-71.	Growth of Utah juniper on a 4-acre plot in north central Arizona are reported by stump diameter class.

Simulation Techniques
Carder, D. R.	1976	Development and trial application of a prototype family of ecosystem component simulation models for land and water management	In: ______ Earth Sciences Symposium Proceedings, Fresno, California, November 11, 1976, pp. 1-44.	Working to improve methods for manageers to use in predicting biophysical and social-economic effects of forest management alternative, and in evaluating the tradeoffs among these alternatives.
Carder, D.R., F.R. Larson, J.J. Rogers, W.O. Rasmussen, and P.F. Ffolliott	1977	Ecosystem analysis for watershed management	Arizona Watershed Symposium 21:22-25.	The basic purpose of the multiresource management research program on Beaver Creeks is explained in relation to advance knowledge and technology for multiple-use management of forest watersheds.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1990	Multiple resource simulation models	In: Wang, L. editor. Lecture notes for international training course on forest hydrology modeling. UNESCO, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China, pp. 37-41. (Chinese)	Synthesis of multiple resource simulation models is outlined. Data sets obtained on the Beaver Creek watershed are used as inputs to the models. How this approach might be applied in China is described.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1993	Hydrological and multi-resource simulation models: Applications in mountainous areas	In: ___________ Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydrology of Mountainous Areas. National Institute of Hydrology, Shilma, India, May 28-30, 1992, pp. 315-329.	A group of computer simulation models developed in the montane forests of the suthwestern United States is described to illustrate the use of the models in simulating effects of land management modifications in mountainous areas. The framework of the models can also be applied in other regions of the world.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.P. Guertin	1988	YIELD II: An interactive computer model to simulate water yield in southwestern ecosystems	In: Proceedings of the 1988 International Symposium on Modeling Agriculture, Forest, and Rangeland Hydrology. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, December 12-13, 1988, pp. 72-78.	Formulation, applications, and specifications of an updated version is presented. The model is comprised of compontents to simulate water yield from rainfall events, snowmelt, or combinations of the two processes.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.P. Guertin	1990	Applications of forest hydrology and multiple-resource simulation models	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and D.P. Guertin, eds. Proceedings of a workshop: Forest hydrological resources in China - An analytical assessment. U.S. Department of State, Publication 9829, pp. 77-88.	A system of simulation models is described in terms of its applications in planning and evaluation of land management practices potentially impacting forest hydrology and multiple-resource management. Illustrative input requirements are derived from data sets obtain on the Beaver Creek watershed. Procedures to localize the technical coefficients in the models for applications in China are presented.
Ffolliott, P.F., D.P. Guertin, and M.M. Fogel	1990	An interactive computer model to simulate water quality of streamflow from forested watersheds in Arizona	In: Riggins, R.E., E.B. Jones, R. Singh, and P.A. Richard editors, Proceedings of the symposium on watershed planning and analysis in action. American Society of Civil Engineers, Durango, Colorado, July 9-11, 1990, pp. 285-292.	A model that simulates concentrations of dissolved chemicals in snowmelt-runoff is presented. Model applications include simulation of effects of watershed management practices on dissolved chemical concentrations, identifying practices that are 'safe' in terms of adherence to water quality standards, and estimating magnitudes of nutrient flows from watersheds of specified conditions.
Ffolliott, P.F., D.P. Guertin, and W.O. Rasmussen	1988a	A model of snowpack dynamics in forest openings	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 18:1-6.	A simulation model is developed to analyze snowpack dynamics in forested conditions. The model allows managers to estimate impacts of alternative forest practices on snowpack accumulation and melt patterns.
Ffolliott, P.F., D.P. Guertin, and W.O. Rasmussen	1988b	Simulating the impacts of fire: A computer program. Environmental Management 12:809-814	Formulation, application, and specifications of the simulation model are presented. Vegetative, wildlife, and hydrologic components are considered.	Formulation, application, and specifications of the simulation model are presented. Vegetative, wildlife, and hydrologic componenents are considered.
Ffolliott, P.F., and W.O. Rasmussen	1979a	An interactive model of snowpack accumulation and melt dynamics in forest conditions	In: Colbeck, S. editor, Proceedings of a meeting on modeling snow cover runoff. U.S. Army Corps of Engineering, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, September 25-28, 1978, pp. 359-368.	The simulation model considers snowpack conditions prior to a management change, and following either a thinning practice or clearing. Input requirements are generated from readily available data sets.
Ffolliott, P.F., and W.O. Rasmussen	1979b	Use of remote sensing data to interactively simulate wildlife habitat quality	In: Berger, M. E., D. W. Carneggie, M. Felcher, A. Marmelstein, G. A. Thorley, and G. Watson, eds. Application of remote sensing data to wildlife Management. The PECORA IV Symposium, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, October 10-12, 1978, National Wildlife Federation, Scientific and Technical Series 3: 294-299.	A prototype simulation model, called HABRAN (HABitat RANking), is described. Using inputs of crown closure obtained from aerial imagery, ranked response predictions are synthesized, summarized, and arrayed as pattern recognition models.
Ffolliott, P. F., and W. O. Rasmussen	1983	Measurement and simulation of changes in timber quality features	In: Bell, J. F., and T. Atterbury. Proceedings of an international conference on renewable resources inventories for monitoring changes and trends. Society of American Foresters, Corvallis, Oregon, August 15-19, 1983, pp. 197-201.	Through evaluations of probability functions, changes in timber quality features are simultated. Although applicable to southwestern ponderosa pine, the framework of the simulator can be useful elsewhere.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.O. Rasmussen, and D.P. Guertin	1987	Simulating the impacts of fire: A hydrologic component	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 17:23-28.	Formulation, application, and future development of a simulation model to estimate the benefits and detrimental impacts of fire are described. Changes in annual streamflow and water quality parameters are considered.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.O. Rasmussen, and D.P. Guertin	1988	STAND: An interactive model to simulate the growth and yield of woodlands in the Southwest	In: Ek, A.R., S.R. Shifley, and T.E. Burk, tech. Coords. Forest growth and modeling prediction. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-120, pp. 968-975.	The simulation model predicts the impacts of land management practices on pinyon-juniper and oak woodlands. Predictions can be obtained for initial conditions, at some point in the future under the initial land management practice, or after the impplementation of alternative management practices.
Jeton, A.E.	1990	Vegetation management and water yield in a southwestern ponderosa pine watershed: An evaluation of three hydrologic simulation models	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Addresses the problem of evaluating the reliability of different hydrologic simulation models in assessing the impact of vegetation management on water yield and uses data from pine watershed in north central Arizona for testing the three models.
Larson, F.R.	1975	Simulating growth and management of ponderosa pine stands	PhD Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.	A growth and management simulator for ponderosa pine stands is developed in a computer-user interactive framework. The model is capable of estimating growth over the range of pure pine stands with a minimum amount of input.
Larson, F.R.	1975	Simulating growth and management of ponderosa pine stands	In: Meadows, J., B. Bare, K. Ware, and C. Row, editors. Systems Analysis and Forest Resources. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD., pp. 211-221.	A growth and management model for ponderosa pine stands is developed which is capable of estimating growth over the range of pure ponderosa pine stands with a minimum amount of input.
Larson, F.R.	1976	Simulator model use in determining outpust by alternatives	USDA Forest Service, Region 3 Land Use Planning Symposium, Albuquerque, MN. 28 p.	An improved version of the PIPO model is presented and its use for predicting outcomes using various management schemes is discussed. This model has equations for predicting herbage production, water runoff, and sediment production from watersheds on basalt-derived soils.
Larson, F.R. and C.O. Minor	1983	AZPIPO: A simulator for growth and yield of ponderosa pine in Arizona	Arizona Forestry Notes No. 20, School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University.	A simulator is developed from review of the literature on pine growth and development. Field data collected from National Forests and Indian Reservations in Arizona were used to verify and improve the literature-derived functions. The simulator is designed to assist forest managers when growth and yield predictions are necessary.
Larson, F.R., P.F. Ffolliott, W.O. Rasmussen, and D.R. Carder	1979	Estimating impacts of silvicultural management practices on forest ecosystems	In: ________ Best Management Practices for Agriculture and Silviculture, Proceedings of the 1978 Cornell Agriculture Waste Management Conference, pp. 281-294.	A prototype family of computer simulation models, called ECOSIM, is being developed to help forest managers and land-use planners estimate the impact of silvicultural management practices on forest ecosystems.
Mattern, D. E.	1989	Hydrologic simulation of pinyon-juniper woodlands in Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	A physically-based, user-friendly computer simulation model to predict surface runoff from cleared and uncleared watersheds on Beaver Creek is described. The simulator outputs runoff on a daily basis from knowledge of the woodland overstory conditions, soil survey information, and daily values for precipitation and temperature. No significant differences were found between predicted and observed values.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1979	An interactive model of suspended sediment yield on forested watersheds in central Arizona	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 9:43-47.	Suspended sediment concentrations following summer rainfall events are simulated. Outputs include total weight of sediments and maximum sediment concentration for the event simulated.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1980	Prediction of the chemical quality of streamflow by an interactive computer model	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 10:93-98.	Predictions of instantaneous concentrations of 11 dissolved chemical constituents, total soluble salts, and conductivity of streamflow from snowmelt are obtained. Daily yields of constituents are also generated obtained in terms of total weight.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1981a	Computer simulation problems for resource management instruction	Journal of Forestry 79:612.	A problem set for use by upper-level undergraduate and graduate students is described. The probelm set is supplemented by by the presentations of information that acquaint students with available computer simulation models.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1981b	Prediction of water yield using satellite imagery and a snowmelt simulation model	In: Deutsch, M., D. R. Wiesnet, and A. Rango, eds. Satellite hydrology. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 193-196.	A computer model described uses satellite imagery to delineate the areal extent to the snow-covered area near peak seasonal snowpack accumulation. A degree-day snowmelt technique is used to predict daily melt, with daily streamflow being computed from recession analysis.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1981c	Simulation of consequences of implementing alternative natural resources policies	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, tech. coords. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on Biosphere Reserves: Proceedings of the international seminar. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 41-43.	A group of computer simulation models to aid natural resources policy makers in estimating the consequences of implementing alternative policies is described. An example of the use of these modles is also presented.
Rasmussen, W.O., and P.F. Ffolliott	1983	A model to predict snag development	The Wildlife Society Bulletin 11:291-292.	The model, called SNAG, operates in linkage with a timber growth and yield model to predict the annual rate of tree mortality from natural causes. The length of time that dead trees (snags) remain standing is then simulated.
Reich, B.M.	1971	Feasibility study of conceptual models for Beaver Creek hydrology	Unpublished Report, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A review of conceptual models is presented to provide familiarity with some specifics of these models and also provide a level of understanding of their applications particularly to the hydrologic regimes on Beaver Creek in north central Arizona.
Rogers, J.J.	1973	Design of a system for predicting effects of vegetation manipulation on water yield in the Salt-Verde Basin	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	The methodology of a mathematical system to develop, implement, and test a model of the hydrologic behavior of managed ecosystems in ponderosa pine forests Is outlined. Data sets from the Beaver Creek watershed were used to study the effects of vegetation manipulations on water yields.
Rogers, J.J., M.B. Baker, Jr., J.M. Prosser, and B. Kulongowski	1979	ECOSIM II-A system for simulating onsite effects of silvicultural management alternatives	A final report to the Southeastern Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	An interactive model called ECOSIM is presented that simulates the effects of silvicultural prescriptions on forest growth, mortality, yield, stand structure, herbage production, forest floor accumulation and decomposition, fuel bed description, water and sediment yield, wildlife habitat, and near-view quality. Calibration, testing, and evaluation of the model is currently being done.
Rogers, J.J., J.M. Prosser, and L.D. Garrett	1981	Modeling onsite multiresource effects of silvicultural management prescriptions	In: Vodak, M.C., W.A. Leuschner, and D.I. Navon, eds.Proceedings of IUFRO Forest Management Symposium, [Blacksburg, VA., August 18-20, 1980]. Publ. FWS-1-81, January, pp. __.	An interactive prototype system to estimate multiresource outputs from southwestern forests and woodlands under alternative management regimes is described. The system simulates forest growth and yield, including mortality, herbage yield, water yiel, soil loss, forest floor accumulation, and decomposition of snags, logs and debris, wildlife habitat, and near-view scenic quality.
Rogers, J.J., J.M. Prosser, and L.D. Garrett	1982	ECOSIM: A prototype system for estimating multiresource outputs under alternative forest management regimes	In: Corcoran, T. and W. Heij, co-editors, Proceedings IVII IUFRO World Congress, Working Party Planning and Control of Forest Operations S3.04.01. [Kyoto, Japan, Sept. 6-17, 1981]. Life Sci. and Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. of Maine, Orono. Misc. Rep. 264. pp. 122-127.	An interactive prototype system to estimate multiresources outputs from southwestern forests and woodlands under alternative management regimes is presented. The system simulates forest growht and yield, including mortality, herbage yield, water yield, soil loss, forest floor accumulation, and decomposition of snags, logs and debris, wildlife habitat, and near-view scenic quality.
Rupp, D.E.	1995	Spatially-varied, stochastic water yield modeling of an upland watershed	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.	A water yield model is developed as a function of time-variant climatic and spatially-variant terrestrial features of a given watershed. Because the two types of variables require different methods of modeling them, the model, is split into two components: climate and terrestrial.
Simons, D.B., L.Y. Shiao, R.M. Li, and K.G. Eggert	1977	Storm water and sediment runoff simulation for upland watersheds using analytical routing techniques. Vol. II, Sediment Yield	Colorado State University, Report CER77-78DBS-RML-KGE17 Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	This model requires a watershed to be represented by a channel and two contributing planes or a combination of two-planes and single plane watersheds connected by a channel system. This simpler representation of the watershed provides for easier application, but may create problems if the watershed is extremely nonhomogeneous or anisotropic.
Solomon, R.M., P.F. Ffolliott, M.B. Baker, Jr., and J.R. Thompson	1976	Computer simulation of snowmelt	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-174.	A modification of a previously developed computer model of snowmelt provides for simulating intermittent snowpack conditions, and is believed to be a more generalized model. Simulated snowmelt depends on four daily input variables: maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, and shortwave radiation or percent cloud cover.
Tecle, A. and D.E. Rupp	1995	Stochastic, event-based, and spatial modelling of cold-season preciptation	In: Guy, B.T. and J. Barnard, editors. Mountain Hydrology, Peaks and Valleys in Research and Applications, May 16-19, 1995, Vancouver, B.C. Canada. pp. 171-182.	An event-based water yield model that takes advantage of current GIS technology is developed for use on upland watersheds in Arizona. A cold-season precipitation model is developed to be used to generate inputs into the water model. The precipitation model includes both the temporal and spatial characterisitics of the precipitation in an area.
Trotta, P.D., J.J. Rogers, and W.B. Vandivere	1979	Impact of development on streamflows	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 9:109-118.	A simulation model (ECOWAT) is used to quantified the impacts of development on stream flows and to determine how the regulating effect of the watershed on stream flow is influenced by changes in land use.

Snow
Aul, J.S.	1975	Use of areal snow cover measurements to develop snowmelt-runoff relationships for Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Snow cover measurements obtained from ERTS-1 imagery are used to predict subsequent snowmelt-runoff. Alternative methods of interpreting the imagery are also discussed.
Aul, J.S., and P.F. Ffolliott	1975	Use of areal snow cover measurements from ERTS-1 imagery in snowmelt-runoff relationships in Arizona	In: Rango, A., editor. Operational applications of satellite snowcover observations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA SP-391, pp. 103-112.	An analysis of methods for interpreting ERTS-1 imagery to measure areal snow cover, and the relationships between areal snow cover and runoff is presented. Forecasting snowmelt-runoff relationships is also discussed.
Bohren, C. F.	1973	Theory of radiation heat transfer between forest canopy and snowpack	In: _______ Proceedings of Symposium on the Role of Snow and Ice on Hydrology, Banff, Alberta, Canada, June 1972, pp. 165-173.	Theoretical study of short- and long-wave solar radiation exchanges between snowpacks and forest canopies. Short- and long-wave radiation impringing on a snowpack vary as functions of a forest canopy structure. Models developed describe the effects of manipulating forest canopies on the radiation components, and consequently, on the buildup, physical conditions, and ablation of snowpacks.
Bohren, C. F., and B. R. Barkstrom	1974	Theory of the optical properties of snow	Journal of Geophysical Research 79:4527-4535.	One of a series of reports on the theoretical study of the interactions of snowpack conditions and forest overstories. Optical properties of a snowpack are calculated. These predictions agree well with available experimental data.
Delk, R.	1969	Snow distribution patterns under various stand densities of ponderosa pine	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Snow depths, water equivalents, and densities are related to overstory density conditions expressed in terms of number of trees and basal area per acre. Management implications are also presented.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1970	Characterization of Arizona snowpack dynamics for prediction and management purposes	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Inventory-prediction equations describing snowpack content as functions of readily available or easily obtained inventory variables are presented. Variables to index interception of snowfall, obstruction of direct beam solar radiation, and re-radiation from trees onto snowpacks are included. Snowpack management guidelines to meet a range of specified objectives are also presented.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1983	Time-space effects of openings in Arizona forests on snowpacks	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 13:17-20.	Effects of openings are described in terms of readily available variables. Empirically dervied relationships are presented to assist watershed managers in determining spatial and temporal effects of forest openings on snowpack regimes.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1985	Snowpack density: An index of snowpack condition	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 15:1-6.	Snowpack density is a useful index of the stage of snowpack ripening. A reveiw of studies previously conducted to evaluate the usefulness of snowpack density for this purpose is presented.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1986	Twenty-five years of snow research in Arizona: A preliminary report	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 16:95-103.	The review describes some of the possibilities for increasing snowmelt water yields. These research efforts have been aimed at the development of snow management guidelines to increase the amount of recoverable water from snowpacks on forested watersheds.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1993	Snowpack dynamics in mountainous areas: Research findings in the southwestern United States	In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydrology of Mountainous Areas. National Institute of Hydrology, Shilma, India, May 28-30, 1992, pp. 129-139.	A review of snow research is presented to describe the possibilities for increasing snowmelt water yields. Studies have been concerned with basic snow hydrology, forest-snow relationships, and techniques of predicting effects of management on snowpack water yields.
Ffolliott, P.F., and E.A. Hansen	1968	Observations of snowpack accumulation, melt, and runoff on a small Arizona watershed	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-124.	Intensive measurements of snow and streamflow on a 425-acre watershed indicated that more than 90 percent of the snowpack left the watershed as runoff. Snow accumulation was inversely related to forest density, suggesting a possible opportunity for increasing snow accumulation through more intensive forest management.
Ffolliott, P.F., G.J. Gottfried, and M.B. Baker, Jr.	1989	Water yield from forest snowpack management: Research findings in Arizona and New Mexico	Water Resources Research 25:1999-2007.	Snow in high-elevation forests is an important source of water for much of the arid Southwest. Review of snow management research over the past 25 years indicate some of the possibilities of increasing snowmelt water yields through forest management activities.
Ffolliott, P.F., E.A. Hansen, and A.D. Zander	1965	Snow in natural openings and adjacent ponderosa pine stands on the Beaver Creek watersheds	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-53.	Relationships between snow accumulation and melt patterns, and forest overstory density conditions are presented in the exploratory study. Slope and aspect were eliminated as much as possible to avoid confounding effects. Comparisons between measurements obtained with a snow tube and scale, and precipitation collected in standard gages were also made to describe the changes in snow accumulation in relation to distances from the edge of the tree canopies.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1969	Snowpack density, water content, and runoff on a small Arizona watershed	Western Snow Conference 37:12-18.	An average density of 0.37 gm cm[-3] represents ripe snowpack conditions for the watershed measured. The snowpack density measurements appeared to be normally distributed, while snowpack water content measurements were not. Relationships between snowpack density and water content, and forest densities, elevation, and potential insolation were weak.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1972	Use of forest attributes in snowpack inventory-prediction relationships for Arizona ponderosa pine	Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 27:109-111.	Inventory-prediction equations describing snowpack accumulation as functions of readily available or easily obtained measurements of forest density and land form are presented. These equations include measurements assumed to index interception of precipitation, obstruction of direct-beam solar radiation, and radiation from trees onto the snowpack. Land form factors index the quantity of direct-beam solar radiation.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1973	Describing Arizona snowpacks in forested condition with storage duration index	Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 25:6-7.	The storage-duration index is developed for arbitrarily selected time periods by adding together snowpack water equivalent measurements made in successive surveys for the period. It was found that maximum index values were obtained with large initial storage followed by slow melting, while low initial storage followed by rapid melt provided minimum index values.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1974a	A technique to evaluate snowpack profiles in and adjacent to forest openings	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 4:10-17.	A technique for evaluating snowpack profiles in and adjacent to forest openings (strips) is presented. Application of the technique allows estimates of whether an increase or a decrease in snowpack water equivalents has occurred at a point in time, and defines the trade-offs between the estimated change and the forest removed in creating the opening.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1974b	Development of forest management guidelines for increasing snowpack water yields in Arizona	Arizona Water Resources Project Information, Project Bulletin 7.	Development of operational forest management guidelines for increasing water yields from snowpacks on the Salt-Verde River Basin is discussed. However, the anticipated results to be obtained should also apply to comparable forest, physiographic, and climatic conditions found elsewhere in Arizona.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1977	The Southwest frozen assets: Snowpack management	Western Snow Conference 45:12-18.	A review of snow research is presented to illustrate some of the possibilities for enhancing snowmelt water yield through vegetative management. Guidelines for managing high elevation, forested watersheds for water yield improvement and multiple use values are provided.
Ffolliott, P.F., D.B. Thorud, and R.W. Enz	1972	An analysis of yearly differences in snowpack inventory- prediction relationships	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 2:31-42.	Inventory-prediction relationships developed from long-term Snow Survey records are presented. While snowpack water equivalent changes as a function of precipitation input, the trade-off between snowpack water equivalent and forest density frequently remains unchanged.
Garn, H.S.	1969	Factors affecting snow accumulation, melt, and runoff on an Arizona watershed	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson.	Factors affecting snow accumulation and melt in ponderosa pine forests in north central Arizona are investigated using regression analysis. Sunlight factor, elevation, canopy coverage, and canopy coverage to the north are important variables in predicting snow depth and water content.
Gopen, S.R.	1974	A time-space technique to analyze snowpacks in and adjacent to openings in the forest	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	A mathematical model of snowpack water equivalents related to forest opneings is presented. While two-dimensional in its sturcutre, the model can easily be extrapolated to three-dimensions.
Gottfried, G.J., and P.F. Ffolliott	1981	Evaluation of the use of Soil Conservation Service snow course data in describing local snow condition in Arizona forests	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 11:55-62.	The Soil Conservation Service (the Natural Resources Conservation Service) maintains a system of snow courses to provide an index of snow conditions. Experimental watersheds are located near these snow courses. Comparisons are made between data from the two types of snow courses to determine whether the SCS courses adequately represent conditions in surroundig areas.
Hansen, E.A., and P.F. Ffolliott	1968	Observations of snow accumulation and melt in demonstration cuttings of ponderosa pine in central Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-111.	A clearcut block on a north aspect and strips with widths of one and one-and-one-half times tree height on an east aspect increased snow accumulation, and rates of melt and daily water loss. A strip three-fourths as wide as tree height on a west aspect increased snow accumulation. None of the strips cut on south and southwest aspects affected snowpacks measurably.
Jackson, P.L.	1972	Predicting degree day snow melt factors with crown closure in Arizona ponderosa pine	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Crown closure measurements from canopy photographs are related to snow melt through a degree day model. Relationships are relatively weak statistically, however.
Kingdon, L.B.	1987	Harvesting snow in water shy Arizona	Arizona Land and People 37(4):10-15.	Potentials to augment limited water supplies through management of snowpacks on upland watersheds is discussed. Relevant research is summarized.
Larson, F.R., P.F. Ffolliott, and K.E. Moessner	1974	Using aerial measurements of forest overstory and topography to estimate peak snowpack	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-267.	Where slope steepness and aspect vary widely and forest overstory size and density classes are intermixed, only topographic attributes need to be measured. On nearly level sites with homogeneous size and density classes, forest overstory attributes must be measured. All tested photo scales were satisfactory.
Lejcher, T.R.	1969	Snow accumulation and melt under various densities of ponderosa pine in Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Snow accumulation and melt patterns under several densities of pine in north central Arizona are analyzed using three statistical methods. Different stocking levels did not influence snow accumulation but snow did melt more rapidly in stands of low density than in stands of high density.
Nibler, G.J.	1973	The use of upper air data in the estimation of snow melt	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	A snowmelt model is developed using rawinsonde observations of temperature, dewpoint, and wind speed as input variables; and the snow surface energy balance, with the energy budget components structured to accommodate the upper air data. Some physical characteristics of the watershed in north-central Arizona are incorporated as parameters of the model.
Solomon, R.M.	1974	An assessment of snowpack depletion-surface runoff relationships on forested watersheds	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Results of studies into the understanding and prediction of runoff efficiencies from snowmelt in ponderosa pine watersheds in north central Arizona are presented. A technique for determining daily values of runoff efficiencies by coupling a computer model for simulating snowmelt with graphical techniques of runoff hydrograph separation is also outlined.
Solomon, R.M., P.F. Ffolliott, M.B. Baker, Jr., G.J. Gottfried, and J.R. Thompson	1975	Snowmelt runoff efficiencies on Arizona watersheds	Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Report 274.	Reports efficiencies for several experimental watersheds in different vegetation types. Tentative regression equations were developed relating snowpack runoff efficiencies to inventory-prediction variables. Timing of precipitation during the accumulation-melt period is of prime significance.
Solomon, R.M., P.F. Ffolliott, M.B. Baker, Jr., and J.R. Thompson	1976	Computer simulation of snowmelt	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-174.	A modification of a previously developed computer model of snowmelt provides for simulating intermittent snowpack conditions, and is believed to be a more generalized model. Simulated snowmelt depends on four daily input variables: maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, and shortwave radiation or percent cloud cover.
Solomon, R.M., P.F. Ffolliott, and D.B. Thorud	1975	Characterization of snowmelt runoff efficiencies	In: Proceedings, Watershed Management Symposium, ASCE, Irrigation and Drainage Division [Logan, UT., Aug. 11-13, 1975], pp. 306-326.	Assessment and evaluation of snowmelt runoff efficiencies, e.g., that portion of a snowpack that is converted into recoverable water, are described. This information facilitates the identification of comparative hydrologic potentials and, thereby, provides insight on the watersheds on which forest management practices could be implemented for water yield improvement.
Thorud, D.B., and P.F. Ffolliott	1971	Progress in developing forest management guidelines for increasing snowpack water yields	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 1:291-300.	A research project to develop forest management guidelines for increasing water yields from snowpacks in the ponderosa pine forests on the Salt-Verde River Basins is outlined. A PERT network of the investigative framework for the project is presented to illustrate the study activities involved.
Thorud, D.B., and P.F. Ffolliott	1972	Development of management guidelines for increasing snowpack water yields from ponderosa pine forests in Arizona	In: _______ National symposium on watershed in transition. American Water Resources Association and Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, June 19-21, 1971, pp. 171-173.	Initial work in the development of forest management guidelines for increasing snowpack water yields in the Salt-Verde River Basin is described. These guidelines consider constraints imposed by management objectives involving timber, forage, wildlife, and recreational opportunities.
Thorud, D.B., and P.F. Ffolliott	1976	Arizona's frozen assets: Snowpack management	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 19:31-34.	A review of snow research efforts in the previous 10 years is presented to show some of the possibilities for enhancing snowmelt water yield. These efforts have been aimed at the development of snow management guidelines to increase the amount of recoverable water from snowpacks on forested watersheds.
Timmer. M.J.	1980	Snowpack dynamics of southwestern aspen forests	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Snowpack accumulation and melt patterns in aspen stands of differing densities are described. Comparisons are also made with adjacent ponderosa pine stands.
Timmer, M.J., P.F. Ffolliott, and M.B. Baker, Jr.	1984	Snowpack dynamics in aspen stands near the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 14:51-55.	Empirical information describing snowpack accumulation and melt in aspen stands is presented and compared to information from adjacent ponderosa pine stands in north central Arizona.
Tunnicliff, B.M.	1975	The historical potential of snowfall as a water resources in Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	The use of dendrochronologies in describing the historical patterns of snow accumulations on upland watersheds ia discussed. A perspective on the role of snow in supply water is also presented.
Welch, B.W.	1975	Validation of snowpack inventory-prediction relationships in Arizona ponderosa pine forests	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Snowpack inventory-prediction equations are applied to winter conditions on three study sites located along the Mogollon Rim in Arizona to validate them as potential management tools. The equations used indicate the trade off potential between water and wood.

Soils
Aldon, E.F.	1968	Moisture loss and weight of the forest floor under pole-size ponderosa pine stands	Journal of Forestry 66:70-71.	From 7 to 27 percent of the gross precipitation is lost from the forest floor of pine stands in north central Arizona during a 30-day sampling period in the summer.
Anderson, T.C., Jr., J.A. Williams, and D.B. Crezee	1960	Soil management report for Beaver Creek Watershed	USDA Forest Service, Region 3, Coconino National Forest, 66 p.	Presents soil survey information obtained on the Beaver Creek Watershed in north central Arizona. Factors mapped are kinds of soils, degree and extent of surface and gully erosion, and other physical factors associated with soils, such as rock types, slope, relief, aspect, and vegetative cover.
Blecker, R.F.	1969	Saturated flow of water through clay loam subsoil material of the Brolliar and Springerville soil series	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils. Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.	Water transmission characteristics of the subsoils of two typical Beaver Creek soil series in north central Arizona are presented. Two significant features of these soils are the low permeabilities of the materials and the departure from proportional flow theory they exhibit. In absence of cracks, root or other channels only about 8 gallons of water a day would actually pass through a 3 foot depth per acre if a 1 cm depth of water were maintained at the surface.
Clary, W.P., and P.F. Ffolliott	1969	Water holding capacity of ponderosa pine forest floor layers	Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 24:22-23.	Water holding capacity and total water retention of the forest floor under pine in north central Arizona are presented. Results indicate that if the ability of the forest floor to intercept and hold precipitation is to be reduced, the H-layer of the floor must be removed or modified.
Clary, W.P., P.F. Ffolliott, and A.D. Zander	1966	Grouping sites by soil management areas and topography	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-60.	Land strata related to herbage production on areas cleared of timber, and to site index on areas supporting timber, are described.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.P. Clary, and M.B. Baker, Jr.	1976	Characteristics of the forest floor on sandstone and alluvial soils in Arizona's ponderosa pine type	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-308.	Forest floor depths and weights under ponderosa pine stands on soils developed from sedimentary parent materials are presented. These characteristics are largely similar to those reported in soils developed from volcanic parent materials.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.P. Clary, and J.R. Davis	1968	Some characteristics of the forest floor under ponderosa pine in Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-127.	The forest floor affects the hydrologic cycle, herbage production, tree regeneration, and fire behavior. Forest floor depths and weights under pine stands on soils developed from basalt and volcanic cinders are described. Frequency distributions of depths were developed to be used as a management tool when critical ranges of depths affecting wildland products are defined.
Ffolliott, P.F., F.R. Larson, and R.E. Thill	1977	Some characteristics of Arizona's mixed conifer forest floor	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-342.	The forest floor affects the hydrologic cycle, herbage production, tree regeneration, and fire behavior. Forest floor depths and weights under mixed conifer stands on soils developed from basalt and volcanic cinders are described. Frequency distributions of depths were developed to be used as a management tool.
Garn H.S.	1969	The volume-water content relationship of two Beaver Creek soils	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils. Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.	One of the most hydrologically significant features of the soils in the Beaver Creek area of north central Arizona is their pronounced shrinking and swelling as the are dried and wetted. Some estimates of this phenomena and its probable causes are presented.
Klemmedson, J.O.	1987	Influence of oak in pine forests of central Arizona on selected nutrients of forest floor and soil	Soil Science Society of America 51:1623-1628.	The effect of Gambel oak on selected nutrients properties of the ponderosa pine forest floor and underlying soil in north central Arizona are presented.
Klemmedson, J.O., C.E. Meier, and R.E. Campbell	1985	Needle decomposition and nutrient release in ponderosa pine ecosystems	Forest Science 31:647-660.	The influence of several forest stand conditions on rate of dry matter loss and net nutrient release from a uniform substrate of decomposing pine needles are presented. Needles declined steadily in mass and without treatment differences for the first 10 months. Differences among treatments began to increase, thereafter.
Klemmedson, J.O., C.E. Meier, and R.E. Campbell	1990	Litter fall transfers of dry matter and nutrients in ponderosa pine stands	Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:1105-1115.	The effects of stand type on amount, rate, and periodicity of dry matter and nutrient transfer via litter fall are reported for pine stands in north-central Arizona.
Lefevre, R.E.	1974	Effects of Gambel oak on the characteristics of litter in a ponderosa pine forest	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Significant changes in weight, density, and thickness of L, F, and H litter layers in north-central Arizona with increased oak density are believed to be associated with more rapid decay of oak-dominated litter. Nitrogen and C levels in the forest floor and soil were higher with increased amounts of oak.
Lefevre, R.E., and J.O. Klemmedson	1980	Effect of Gambel oak on forest floor of a ponderosa pine forest	Soil Science Society of America 44:842-846.	Significant changes in weight, density, and thickness of L, F, and H litter layers in north-central Arizona with increased oak density are believed to be associated with more rapid decay of oak-dominated litter. Nitrogen and C levels in the forest floor and soil were higher with increased amounts of oak.
Rector, J.R.	1969a	Infiltration characteristics of soils in the Beaver Creek area of north central Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Infiltration characteristics of several major soil series in north central Arizona are measured and found to conform to infiltration theory. Equations of the functional relationships between infiltration and the physical properties of these soils are presented to estimate the maximum capacity of the soils to absorb water.
Rector, J.R.	1969b	Infiltration characteristics of soils in the Beaver Creek area of north central Arizona	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils	Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.
Ryan, J.A.	1969a	Sampling study of the physical properties of several soil types in northern Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Variance of seven soil physical properties are evaluated within and between watersheds in north central Arizona to determine adequacy of a soil sampling scheme. Variance did not usually increase with watershed size and simple random sampling was found just as effective for the majority of measurements as stratification by soil mapping units.
Ryan, J.A.	1969b	Sampling study of the physical properties of several soil types in northern Arizona	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils. Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.	Important features of the soils studied on Beaver Creek are similarity between soil series, homogeneity of variances between soil series of soil properties measures, and 'macrouniformity' phenomena (variation between adjacent points is greater than between widely separated points).
Santa Cruz, R.M.	1969	Analysis of soil profile descriptions	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils. Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330p.	Analysis of soil physical properties are made of the soil profiles sampled on Beaver Creek in north central Arizona. Subjective differences exist between soil series but from an objective or descriptive point these differenecs are not clearly defined.
Scholl, D.G.	1971	Soil wettability in Utah juniper stands	Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 35:344-345.	Wettability varied widely between three ground-cover zones and three soil horizons in north-central Arizona. Resistance to wetting in the surface soil increased from completely wettable in open areas to highly nonwettable in the litter under the tree canopy. Wetting decreased with depth into the soil and increased with increasing organic matter.
Skau. C.M.	1964	Soil water storage under natural and cleared stands of alligator and Utah juniper in northern Arizona	USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-24.	Investigations of the influence of clearing juniper on soil water storage indicate that considerably more water may be available for forage production but clearing will have little effect on water yield.
Storey, G.E.	1968	A mycological study of some soils of the Arizona pinyon-juniper type	Arizona Forestry Notes No. 3, School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Population differences of micro-organisms exits between two major soil series in the pinyon-juniper type in north central Arizona. Differences can be attributed to physical differences in the soils and possibly to inhibiting chemicals produced by the juniper trees.
Story, M.T.	1974	Nitrogen fixation by Ceanothus fenderi and Lupinus argenteus as a function of parent material and vegetal cover	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	The importance of symbiotic relationships between nitrogen fixing organisms and Lupinus argenteus and Ceanothus fendleri in ponderosa pine forest in north central Arizona are determined. Information on the ecological role of nitrogen fixing plants and their possible uses in forest and range management are discussed.
Thames, J.L.	1969a	A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils*	Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.	Describes the physical properties and hydrologic characteristics of several soils on the watershed located in north central Arizona and the variation within and between the soil types. Develops a sampling model to guide for soils in the area and develops methods for characterizing the hydraulic behavior of the soils.
Thames, J.L.	1969b	The size distribution of surface rocks on several Beaver Creek watersheds	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils. Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.	A means of describing the size distribution of rock cover on soils in north central Arizona are presented. Such information is useful in development of mathematical models of surface runoff, in erosion studies, or to explain possible hydrograph abnormalities.
Thames, J.L.	1969c	A watershed soil sampling guide	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils. Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.	A slide rule device for estimating the optimum number of soil sample points or subsamples to take for a given precision or for fixed cost for soils in north central Arizona are presented.
Welch, T.G.	1973	Distribution of nitrogen and carbon in ponderosa pine ecosystems as a function of parent material	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Distribution of nitrogen and carbon in soils developed from four parent material and supporting pine vegetation in north central Arizona are discussed.
Williams, J.A.	1969	Soil profile descriptions	In Thames, J.L. 1969. A study to determine the hydrologic and physical properties of some Beaver Creek soils. Department of Watershed Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 330 p.	Soil profiles, as described by Forest Service soil scientists, of all pits sampled on five watersheds on Beaver Creek in north central Arizona are presented.
Williams, J.A., and T.C. Anderson, Jr.	1967	Soil survey of Beaver Creek area	Arizona. USDA Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, and Arizona Agriculture Experiment Station.	This survey contains information that can be applied in managing forests, watersheds, and range; in selecting sites for roads, ponds, buildings, or other structures; and in appraising the value of tracts of land for recreation purposes and as a habitat for wildlife.

Visual Resources
Arthur, L.M.	1977	Predicting scenic beauty of forest environments: Some empirical tests	Forest Science 23(2):151-160.	Three landscape description techniques--scaling of physical features, inventories of visual features, and timber cruises--were compared for predicting scenic beauty. The timber cruise model seems to provide the most efficient and effective tool for predicting public preferences and managing forests for increased esthetics benefits.
Daniel, T.C., L. Wheeler, R.S. Boster, and P.R. Best, Jr.	1973	Quantitative evaluation of landscapes: An application of signal detection analysis to forest management alternatives	Management-Environment Systems 3:330-344.	Six ponderosa pine forest areas, each representing a different vegetative treatment, were presented in a series of color slides to individuals for detection and esthetics judgment of treatments. Signal detection analyses gave systematic and reliable indices of observers' reactions to different forest landscapes.
Schroeder, H.W.	1977a	Predicting aesthetic evaluations for forest roads	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Schroeder, H.W.	1977b	Predicting the aesthetic quality of forest roads	In: __________ Proceedings, Environmental Psychology: Arid, Forest and Urban Regions. Reprint of papers read at Amer. Assoc. for Advance. of Sci., Denver, CO. Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, pp. _____.
Simpson, C.J., T.L. Rosenthal, T.C. Daniel, and G.M. White	1976	Social influence variations in evaluating managed and unmanaged forest areas	Journal of Applied Psychology 61:759-765.
Thompson, A.E.	1972	Research in landscape architecture	Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 24:8-11, 16.

Water Quality
Avery, C.C.	1981	Water quality constrains on the use of recreational impoundment in northern Arizona	Eisenhower Consortium Grant 262.	Assessment of Ashurst Lake, a small recreational lake in north central Arizona, is presented including a historical review and hydrologic setting of the lake and a physical and chemical description.
Brown, C.C.	1978	Nutrient analysis of precipitation on two sites in northern Arizona	MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Measurements of atmospheric rainfall deposition, nitrate-nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, potassium calcium, sodium, and magnesium are used to determine if input differences of nutrients exist between forested sites with different degrees of disturbance.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1989	Water quality of streamflow from forested southwestern watersheds	In: Preconference Proceedings of the Advances in Management of Southwestern Watersheds. American Water Resources Association, New Mexico Section, Socorro, New Mexico, September 14-15, 1989, p. 4. (Abstract)	Baseline information on the dissolved chemical constituients of streamflow is presented. This information helps to quantify the hydrologic propoerties of forested watersheds.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1990	Water quality of streamflow from selected forested watershed in Arizona	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 19:1-5.	Dissolved chemical constituents of streamflow from the Beaver Creek, Heber, and Thomas Creek watersheds are presented. Comparions with water quality criteria proposed the the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Environmental Quality are made.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1993	Acidity of Arizona's snowpacks	Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. Proceedings Supplement 28:48. (Abstract)	Results of sampling in the winter of 1991-92 showed little evidence of widespread acidity problems. The pH values observed clustered around 5.98, with the normal frequency distribution pf these values being similar to those found elsewhere in the western United States.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1994	Concentrations of chemical constituents of Arizona's snowpack and snowmelt streamflow: A comparison	Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Proceedings Supplement 29. (Abstract)	Concentrations of selected chemical constituents in snowpacks are lower than those reported in snowmelt streamflow from forested watersheds. The concentrations detected are too low to provide helpful insight to the atmposheric interactions of the constituents.
Ffolliott, P.F., and V.L. Lopes	1993	Acidity and chemistry of Arizona's snowpacks	In: _________ Proceedings of the National Conference on Management of Irrigation and Drainage Systems: Integrated perspectives. American Society of Civil Engineers, Park City, Utah, July 21-23, 1993, pp. 305-310.	Results of sampling of snowpack acidity in the winter of 1991-92 are reported. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, F, Cl, NO3, and SO4 were low. No 'hot spots' were observed.
Gosz, J.R.	1975	Stream chemistry as a tool in evaluating ski area development	Eisenhower Consortium Bulletin No. 1, Man, Leisure and Wildlands: A complex interaction. First Eisenhower Consortium Resarch Symposium, Vail, Colorado, pp. 183-194.	The influence of ski area development is examined in north central New Mexico. The major factor influencing water quality is application of road salt; sewage disposal affected inorganic water quality to a minor degree.
Gosz, J.R., C.S. White, and P.F. Ffolliott	1980	Nutrient and heavy metal transport capabilities of sediment	Water Resources Bulletin 16:927-933.	Geology and vegetation of a watershed are predictors of the nutrient and heavy metal transporting capacity of its suspended sediment. Analyses of acid-digestible and extractable nutrients showed differences for sediments dervied from ponderosa pine forests on different geologies. These differences were similar for soil, streambank, and stream channel material for a site. Different vegetation on a specified geology affected the organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, total P, and levels of extractable nutrients in sediment.
Gregory, P.W.	1976	The water quality of streamflow from ponderosa pine forests on sedimentary soils	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Baseline chemical, physical, and bacteriological characteristics are presented. Inferences are drawn between water quality of streamflow from watersheds on sedimentary and volcanic soils.
Gregory, P.W., and P.F. Ffolliott	1976	Water quality of streamflow from forested watersheds on sedimentary soils	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 6:93-95.	Information is presented on chemical, physical, and bacteriological water quality parameters from ponderosa pine watersheds in north-central Arizona. This information is also compared to EPA water quality criteria available.
Johnsen, T.N., Jr.	1980	Picloram in water and soil from a semiarid pinyon-juniper watershed	Journal of Environmental Quality 9:601-605.	The herbicide was applied to the study area in north-central Arizona and residues in runoff and soil were monitored. A total of 1.1% of the picloram applied left the area in runoff. The herbicide was detected in the soils for 44 months after application, mainly below the 45-cm depth.
Klemmedson, J.O., C.E. Meier, R.E. Campbell, and D.B. Marx.	1983	Effect of stand composition and season on chemistry of throughfall and streamflow of ponderosa pine forests	Forest Science 29:871-887.	Results of the influence of forest stand conditions on input and cycling of seven major nutrients by precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow in north central Arizona are presented. Patterns for amount of nutrients transferred was strongly seasonal with the largest amount delivered in midsummer.
Oakley, S.M., B.A. Segal, and R.M. Johnson	1977	Chemical and microbiological characteristics of two recreation oriented, oligotrophic mountain lakes	Journal of Arizona Academy of Science 12:36-46.	Microbiological and chemical limnological propeties that characterize relatively pristine or oligotrophic lakes are identified to facilitate detection of water quality change before gross pollution occurs.
US Environmental Protection Agency	1977	Non-point water quality modeling in wildland management: A state-of-the-art assessment	USDA Forest Service, Interagency Agreement No. EPA-1AG-D5-0660, Ecological Research Series No. EPA-600/3-77-036 Washington, D.C.	Main objective of this report is to define the relationship between wildland management practices and non-point sources of pollution. A discussion of prediction techniques related to forest management activities and an inventory of monitored watersheds having data suitable for model development and testing is included. J.J. Rogers and D.R. Carder participated in assembling the information in this document.

Water Yield
Affleck, R. S.	1975	Potential for water yield improvement in Arizona through riparian vegetation management	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Comprehsive review of potentials is presented in the framework of multiple use management. Role of riparian communities in watershed management is stressed.
Arizona Water Resources Committee	1965	The Arizona watershed program of the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service	Arizona Water Resources Committee, Phoenix, Arizona.	Water is the most vital resource of watersheds in Arizona. Results of this program will be the basis for determining future management practices and must consider the needs and relative importance of all watershed resources and uses.
Arizona Water Resources Committee	1974	More water for Arizona	Arizona Water Resources Committee, Phoenix, Arizona.	Potentials for water yield improvement through vegetative management practices on Arizona's upland watersheds are presented. Estimates of contributions from the vegetative types are also made.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1982	Changes in streamflow in an herbicide-treated pinyon-juniper watershed in Arizona	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 12:19-25.	Documents results of the 8-year period following the application of herbicides on water yield.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1983	Influence of slash windrows on streamflow	Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 13:21-25.	Removal of slash windrows has apparently caused some reduction in annual water yield response from a cleared ponderosa pine watershed in north-central Arizona.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1984	Changes in streamflow in an herbicide-treated pinyon-juniper watershed in Arizona	Water Resources Research 20:1639-1642.	The herbicide treatment induced an increase in annual streamflow of about 157%. There is an indication that after the dead trees were removed, streamflow was reduced to near-pretreatment levels.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1986a	Effects of ponderosa pine treatments on water yield in Arizona	Water Resources Research 22: 67-73.	Annual water yields are determined for a combination of three levels of overstory removal and thinning applied on pine watersheds. Water yield increases from a completely cleared watershed are significant for 7 years, only losing significance after recovery and growth of Gambel oak and herbaceous vegetation. Longest response in water yield (10 years) is from a heavily thinned watershed and is attributed to the inherent runoff efficiency of the basin.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1986b	Water yield from treatment of ponderosa pine	In: 30th Annual Arizona Water Symposium Proceedings 30:27-38.	A resume of Water Resources Research (22:67-73) paper by M.B.Baker, Jr. is presented (see above). Effects of ponderosa pine treatments on water yield in Arizona are considered.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1987	Diversity in streamflow response from upland basins in Arizona	In: Troendle, C.A., Merrill R. Kaufmann, R.H. Hamre, and R.P. Winokur, Technical Coordinators. Management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of research. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-149, pp. 211-215.	Although water yield from a basin is a function of a number of factors, soil depth is foremost in explaining hydrograph differences from the study area. The most attenuated hydrograph is in the chaparral vegetation type, which has the greatest soil depth, while the most responsive or peaked hydrographs are in the pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine types, which have soil depths of 3 feet or less.
Baker, M.B., Jr.	1988	Selection of silvicultural systems for water	In: Baumgartner, D.M., and J.E. Lotan, editors. Ponderosa pine: The species and its management. Symposium proceedings, Spokane, Washington, September 29-October 1, pp. 201-211.	Water yields from the ponderosa pine type in the United States averages from 3 to 5 inches per year. Opportunities to increase yields exist, but because of its situation in lower elevations and precipitation zones, the potential is not as great as it is in the higher subalpine zone.
Brown, H.E.	1970	Status of pilot watershed studies in Arizona	American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division 96(IR1):11-23.	Hydrologic research is reviewed and shows how these results are being tested on small watersheds before being applied on a broad management scale. Results have application to the southwestern United States.
Brown, T.C., and M.M. Fogel	1987	Use of streamflow increases from vegetation management in the Verde River Basin	Water Resources Bulletin 23:1149-1160.	Proportion of increased water yields from upland watersheds that reach downstream reservoirs are estimated through simulation techniques. Ownership of increased water is also discussed.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1974a	Potentials for water yield improvement by vegetation management in Arizona	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 18:47-51.	Estimates of potential water yield improvement by vegetative management in operational programs are presented in two evaluation levels. First, research information is extrapolated from experimental watershed studies to predict water yield increases from vegetative management practices. Second, areas appearing to have increased water yield potential, as constrained when possible and if appropriate by vegetation, physiography, climate, and social, institutional, and economic factors are determined.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1974b	Water yield improvement opportunities on Arizona's grassland and desert shrub ranges	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 18:37-39.	Consideration should be given to the grassland and desert shrub vegetative zones to provide a complete assessment of the opportunities for water yield improvement by vegetative management. Although the water yielding characteristics are relatively low in these zones, their inclusion in water resources planning might be necessary because of their large coverage in the state.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1985	Vegetation management and water yields - possibilities and limitations	In: Kaul, O.N., S.P. Banerjee, and A.C. Gupta, editors. Proceedings of National Seminar on Watershed Management. National Institute of Hydrology, New Forest, Dehradun, India, pp. 43-49.	Studies from Switzerland, Japan, Kenya, South Africa, Chile, Australia, and the southwestern United States are reviewed. Significant results obtained from the Arizona Watershed Program are highlighted.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1988	Opportunities for enhancing water yield, quality, and distribution in the Mountain West	In: Schmidt, W.C., compiler. Proceedings - future forests of the Mountain West. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-243, pp. 55-60.	The existing knowledge relating to these important hydrologic topics is highlighted. Increases in high quality water are possible from many forest types. The magnitude and duration of the water yield increases vary with species compositions, stand structure, and management precscriptions.
Ffolliott, P.F., and M.F. Fogel	1986	Evaluation of water yield improvement programs: A methodology	First Water Resources Research Conference, Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, p. 1. (Abstract)	The evaluation method presented requires a delineation of watersheds and net treatable areas, prescription of treatments and their implementation in time and space, calculation of unit and total volumes of increased streamflows resulting from the treatments, development of a time series to determine frequencies of increased flows, and optimum allocation of resources.
Ffolliott, P.F., and M.M. Fogel	1987	Potential for increasing water yields to active management areas through vegetation management	Arizona Water Symposium 30:73-79.	Alternative models of water yield improvement are presented. A generalized procedure for determining the capability of a watershed for augmenting water yields is proposed.
Ffolliott, P.F., and V.L. Lopes	1993	Opportunities for water yield improvement in dryland regions: A review of catchment experiments	In: Castillo, G.J., M. Tiscareno L., and I. Sanchez C., editors. Proceedings of the First International Seminar of Watershed Management. University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico, pp. 24-29.	An overview of worldwide process studies and catchment experiments is presented. Findings of the Arizona Watershed Program are included in the review.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1974	Vegetation management for increased water yield in Arizona	Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 215.	Potentials for increasing water yields from watersheds is presented by vegetative types. These potentials represent gross estimates to be modified through consideration given to other natural resources and values. The study was essentially a review of documents published from 1956 through 1974.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1975	Vegetation management for water and range management	In: Proceedings, Watershed Management Symposium, ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Division Logan, Utah, pp. 249-266.	An overview of water yield improvement research in Arizona is presented in the context of water and range management. Seven vegetative types are considered in a multiple use framework.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1975b	Water yield improvement by vegetation management focus in Arizona. NTIS PB-246 056	Separate summaries of research on the potentials for increasing water yields by means of vegetative management are presented for alpine, mixed conifer, aspen, ponderosa pine, pinyon-juniper, chaparral, grassland, desert shrub, and riparian types. Some of the characteristics covered for each vegetative type include silviculture, plant growth, overstroy species composition, climate, hydrology, physiography, recreation, and wildlife and fisheries. Treatment effects on water yield and quality, timber, and forage are also discussed.	Separate summaries of research on the potentials for increasing water yields by means of vegetative management are presetned for alpine, mixedd conifer, aspen, ponderosa pine, pinyon-juniper, chaparral, grassland, desert shrub, and riparian types. Some of the characteristics covered for each vegetative type include sliviculture, plant growth, overstory soecies composition, climate, hydrology, physiography, recreation, and wildlife and fisheries. Treatment efffects on watr yield and quality, timber, and forage are also discussed.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1976	Water yield improvement: State-of-the-art	In: Proceedings of the Earth Science Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Region Five, Fresno, California, pp. 1-12.	A review of water yield improvement experiments is presented to identify the vegetative zones in which water yield has potential, and to describe the vegetative practices that have increased water yield. While the information generated from these experiments is strictly applicable only to Arizona, the concepts have application elsewhere.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1977	Water yield improvement by vegetation management	Water Resources Bulletin 13:563-571.	An overview of water yield improvement experiments is presented to identify the vegetative zones in which water yield has potential, and to describe the vegetative practices that have increased water yield. Constraints to treatment implementation must be considered to determine treatable areas.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.B. Thorud	1984	Water yield by vegetation management in the southwestern United States	In: Proceedings of the Eighth World Forestry Congress, Forestry for Food, Jakarta, Indonesia, October 16-28, 1978, 3:299-308.	An assessment of water yield improvement opportunities indicates that modification of the structure and compopsition of watershed vegetation can increase streamflow runoff. Evidence also suggests that treatments which improve water yield can be compatible with, and sometimes complimentary to, other natural resources.
Ffolliott, P.F., M.M. Fogel, and A. Sikka	1988	Impacts of upstream vegetative management on water yield	In: Proceedings of Seminar on Environmental Considerations in Planning of Water Resources Projects. National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, U.P., India, pp. III-9-III-19.	Concepts of upstream vegetative management for water yield improvement are presented. Brief summaries of worldwide studies, including those in the Arizona Water Program.
Hurst, W.D.	1974	The application of water yield research to the National Forests of the southwest	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 18:43-46.	Results of potential water yields in the report Vegetative Management for Water Yield in Arizona are believed to be too optimistic. This is primarily because each type is treated as a homogenous complex, and because multiple use constraints have not been woven into the prediction calculation.
Price, R.	1967	Possibilities of increasing streamflow from forest and range watersheds by manipulating the vegetative cover - the Beaver Creek Pilot Watershed Evaluation Study	In: Proceedings of the International Union of Forestry Research Organization XIV. IUFRO-Congress, Vol. I, Section 01-02-11, pp. 487-504.	The potential of increasing water supplies from upstream watersheds through manipulation of vegetative cover in north-central Arizona is discussed. In evaluating such projects the effects on other values and uses of the land, such as timber, forage, wildlife habitat, and recreational opportunities need to be considered.
Reynolds, H.G.	1961	Vegetation management for water yield in the Southwest	New Mexico Water Conference Proceedings 5:21-33.	Analyzes some of the principles of vegetation management in relation to water yields, and some of the possibilities for favoring water yields on watersheds in Arizona and New Mexico.

Watershed Management
Aldon, E.F.	1960	Research in the ponderosa pine type	In: Watershed management research in Arizona, progress report, 1959. USDA Forest Service. pp. 17-24.	Basic field data on canopy interception, weight of the forest floor, and moisture content of the forest floor are presented for three pole-sized pine areas in Arizona. Streamflow periods and sediment measurements taken on Beaver Creek are also presented.
Arizona State Land Department and the Arizona Water Resources Committee	1965	The Arizona watershed program (brochure)	Examples of projects being conducted under the watershed program are explained.	Examples of projects being conducted under the watershed program are explained.
Brooks, K.N., P.F. Ffolliott, and J.L. Thames	1983	Principles and concepts of watershed management	In: Proceedings of a National Symposium on Soil and Water Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand, June 23-27, 1982, pp. 226- 234. (Thai)	Princples and concepts of watershed management are presented. Watershed problems in tropical forest areas, steep and mountainous lands, and drylands throughout the world, including central Arizona are discussed.
Brown, H.E.	1971	Evaluating watershed management alternatives	American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division 97(IR1):93-100.	Multiple use results of watershed treatments on the Beaver Creek Pilot Project are summarized, and plans for economic evaluations are briefly outlined.
Carder, D.R.	1976	Woods Canyon: A large scale watershed management experiment: An explanation and interim report	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 19:43-46.	Wood Canyon could become more of a demonstration of methods for improving multiple-use planning and management than for improving water yields. Improved models will be used to predict yield changes after various treatment alternatives. Existing gaging stations and other field measurements will show accuracy of model predictions.
Carder, D.R.	1977	Multiresource management research in the Southwest--The Beaver Creek Program	Journal of Forestry 75:582-584.	Conversion of pinyon-juniper to grass will increase livestock forage, but will increase streamflow only if trees are killed with herbicides and left inplace. Thinning dense stands of ponderosa pine increases yields of water, forage, and wood. Research has recently been expanded to provide decisionmaking procedures helpful in multiresource management.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1980	UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program: Interdisciplinary and international collaboration on environmental research in temperate forests	In: Abstracts of papers. The 140th National Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco, California, AAAS Publication 80-2, p. 33. (Abstract)	MAB Project 2 is concerned internationally with the study of ecological and socioeconomic effects of alternative uses and managerial practices in temperate, mediterranean, and boreal forests. The directorate in the United States has identified specific areas of interdisciplinary collaboration, including environmental impacts of wildfire and fuel management policies, effects of forests on energy development, and accumulation, analysis, and transfer of information about forest.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1981a	Integrated upland watershed management in the southwestern United States	Journal of Indian Association of Hydrologists 5:8-13.	Management of vegetation on upland watersheds can increase water yield while benefiting other natural resources. Results of experiments in the southwestern United States are described for seven vegetative zones. Results from the ponderosa pine type on Beaver Creek are included.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1983a	Moderator's comments: Research on biosphere reserves	In: Patton, D.R., J. de la Puente-E., P.F. Ffolliott, S. Gallina, and E.T. Bartlett, tech. coords. Wildlife and range research needs in northern Mexico and southwestern United States: Workshop proceedings. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-36, pp. 32-33.	The objectives, characteristics and types of Biosphere Researces are briefly reviewed, and several desired kinds of research and monitoring activities to be undertaken on the researves are described.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1983b	Multiresource management on the Beaver Creek Biosphere Reserve	United States. Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), Newsletter for Project 2 5:11-15.	Historical background of the Beaver Creek program, designation as a MAB Biosphere Reserve, and program results are presented. Although application of results best suited to southwestern Unitied States, many of the results and planning methods developed on Beaver Creek can be applied throughout the United States and elsewhere.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1985	Multiple use implications of watershed management	In: Easter, K.W., and M.M. Hufschmidt, eds. Integrated watershed management research for developing countries: Workshop report. Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 26-27. (Abstract)	Basic objectives and problems with the application of multiple use management are discussed. Reference to issues in the southwestern United States is made.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1995	The Salt River Project: A case study of river basin development and management in the United States	In: Papers for the Seminar on Chiangjiang Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China, pp. 94-60. (Chinese)	The role of the Arizona Watershed Program is discussed within the framework of the project. Evaluations of vegetative management practices shows that water yields can often be increased in a multiple use framework.
Ffolliott, P.F., and K.N. Brooks	1985a	Current research trends in watershed management in the United States and several other countries	In: Kaul, O.N., S.P. Banerjee, and A.C. Gupta, eds. Proceedings of National Seminar on Watershed Management. National Institute of Hydrology, New Forest, Dehradun, India, pp. 217-223.	Examples of watershed research show the importance being placed on land and water management. Results from work on the Beaver Creek watershed are presented.
Kennedy, F.H.	1959	National Forest watershed projects in Arizona	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 3:51-62.	Pilot tests and research projects are being designed to develop methods of optimum forest land management with intelligent coordination of uses. Accomplishments obtained during the first three years of the projects are included.
Lloyd, R.D.	1966	Beaver Creek pilot watershed evaluation project	USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Report	Describes the first and only organized effort designed to measure, and to determine what man can do to increase water yield from National Forest lands; and analyze the results in terms of all forest land values.
Piatt, J.R., and P.D. Kruse	1974	Road and site characteristics that influence road salt distribution and damage to roadside Aspen trees. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 3:301-304		Extensive necrosis of aspen leaves appeared on downhill side of a paved road in New Mexico. Chloride concentrations in leaf tissues were significantly correlated with leaf damage.
Price, R. and M.D. Hoover	1957	Watershed management researach in Arizona conducted by the Forest Service. Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 1:5-10		watershed management
Reynolds, H.G.	1960a	Current watershed management research by the U.S. Forest Service in Arizona	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 3:63-93.	Sumaries of watershed management research that is currently being conducted in Arizona are reported. Initial work in the pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine type on Beaver Creek are included.
Reynolds, H.G.	1960b	Scope of current watershed management research in Arizona	In: Watershed management research in Arizona, progress report, 1959, pp. 1-4.	General characteristics and locations of the five major vegetational types and experimental areas for watershed management research in Arizona are outlined by maps and tabulations.
Reynolds, H.G.	1960c	Watershed management research in Arizona and New Mexico	Journal of Forestry 58:275-278.	Research by the Forest Service in Arizona and New Mexico is emphasizing water yields at the higher elevations, coordinating watershed with timber and range management at intermediate elevations, and reducing flood flow and sedimentation at the lower elevations. More intensive watershed management practices should result in a greater supply of water, timber, livestock grazing, game, and recreation for an expanding population.
Skau, C.M.	1960	Watershed management research in the pinyon-juniper type	In: Watershed management research in Arizona, progress report, 1959, p. 25-29.	Summarizes relationship of interception and surface runoff to three stand-density classes of pinyon-juniper.
Thorud, D. B., and P. F. Ffolliott	1972	Development of management guidelines for increasing snowpack water yields from ponderosa pine forests in Arizona	In: _______ National symposium on watershed in transition. American Water Resources Association and Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, June 19-21, 1971, pp. 171-173.	Operational forest management guidelines for increasing water yields form snowpacks in ponderosa pine are presented. These guidelines should apply to comparable forest, physiographic, and climatic conditions found in Arizona and may be applicable to forest regions outside the state.
USDA Forest Service	1977a	The Beaver Creek Program. Advancing forest and range resource management	USDA Forest Service, Brochure--English and Spanish Version.	Describes the program of watershed management research in the Beaver Creek area of the Coconino National Forest in north central Arizona.

Wildlife Resources
Balda, R.P.	1975	Vegetation structure and breeding bird diversity	In: Smith, D. R., technical coordinator. Proceedings of Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds. Tucson, Arizona. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-1. pp. 59-80.	Relationships between breeding bird diversity and vegetation structure are examined. Foliage height diversity appears to be the most important factor but percent cover, foliage volume, and plant species diversity are also useful measures.
Clary, W.P.	1972	A treatment prescription for improving big game habitat in ponderosa pine forests	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 16:25-28.	Treatments are designed to determine possible differences in wildlife responses to created openings in managed and unmanaged forests. One-fifth of the managed timber area will be in permanent openings of 1 to 10 acres; one-third of unmanaged forest will be in such openings.
Clary, W.P.	1990	Overview of ponderosa pine-bunchgrass ecology and wildlife enhancement with emphasis on southwestern United States	In: Fisser, H.G., editor. Proceedings of the sixteenth Wyoming Shrub Ecology Workshop, May 26-27, 1987, Sundance, Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming: Division of Range Management and University of Wyoming. pp. 11-21.	Guidelines for maintaining or improving habitats have been developed for many individual wildlife species but actions that benefit one species may cause damage to habitat conditions for other species. Generally, the very early and very late pine forest successional stages are most beneficial for wildlife and guidelines for southwestern logging treatments proved to be generally successful as measured by wildlife response.
Clary, W.P., and F.R. Larson	1971	Elk and deer use are related to food sources in Arizona ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-202.	Herbage production associated with alligator juniper and ponderosa pine overstories is discussed.
Costa, R.	1976	Cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni) response to ponderosa pine management	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson.	The effects of silvicultural treatments on cottontail populations is reported. Clearcutting and windrowing of slash provided the necessary food and cover to increase cottontail numbers.
Costa, R., P.F. Ffolliott, and D.R. Patton	1976	Cottontail response to forest management in southwestern ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-330.	Cottontail populations increased only in a clearcut area, where ponderosa pine regeneration provided sufficient food and cover. Windrowing slash and encouraging dense tree regeneration or shrubby and herbaceous undergrowth should improve cottontail habitat under shelterwood and group selection systems.
Cunningham, J.B., R.P. Balda, and W.S. Gaud	1980	Selection and use of snags by secondary cavity-nesting birds of the ponderosa pine forest	USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-222	One factor limiting the population size of cavity-nesting birds in ponderosa pine is the number of suitable nesting cavities. Study of snags in north central Arizona show that pine forest provide a large number of species with nesting and roosting sites. Maintaining cavity nesters at natural population levels, requires a density of 5.2 snags per ha in mature pine stands.
Ezcurra, E., S. Gallina, and P. F. Ffolliott	1980	Manejo combinado del venado y el ganado en el norte de Mexico	Rangelands 2:208-209. (Spanish)	Little dietary overlap between deer and cattle exist in the dry temperate pine-oak forests on the Biosphere Reserve of La Michilia in northern Mexico. Furthermore, these animals have different preferences for grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Increases in deer populations on areas similar to La Michilia should have little or no effect on the availability of forage for cattle.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1976	An assessment of abert squirrel and cottontail activities on Beaver Creek Watersheds*	Final Report Prepared by University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, Submitted to the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Responses of squirrel and cottontail to specific land management practices uder evaluation on the Beaver Creek watersheds are presented. Knowledge of cottontail activities in ponderosa pine forests in the Southwest is essentially non-existent, although use of the adjacent pinyon-juniper woodlands has been described. Relative habitat use of Abert squirrels and cottontail are determined and information as to how and to what degree squirrel and cottontail habitat is affected by land management practices are indicated.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1981	Integrating deer management with the multiple use concept	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and S. Gallina, eds. Deer biology, habitat requirements, and management in western North America. Instituto de Ecologia, A. C., Mexico, D. F., Publication 9, pp. 181-192.	Wildlife managers must be aware of the associated multiple use management potentials to effectively practice deer management or, more generally, wildlife management of any species. The problems of integrating deer management into multiple use management practices are discussed.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1990	Small game habitat use in southwestern ponderosa pine forests	In: Krausman, P., and N.S. Smith, eds. Managing wildlife in the southwest: Proceedings of the symposium, Tucson, Arizona, October 16-18, 1990, Arizona Chapter, The Wildlife Society, Phoenix, Arizona, pp. 107-117.	A long-term study of Abert squirrel and cottontail habitat use is described. Management implications suggest a variety of forest management practices for maintaining or enhancing habitats for both big and small game species.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.P. Clary, and F.R. Larson	1976	Observations of beaver activity in an extreme environment	The Southwestern Naturalist 21:131-133.	Beaver were observed near small perennial pools formed in normally dry drainages dissecting desert scrub and riparian hardwood vegetation types on Dry Beaver drainage in north-central Arizona.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.R. Patton	1975	Production-rating functions for Abert squirrels in southwestern ponderosa pine	Wildlife Society Bulletin 3:162-165.	Functions for Abert squirrel food and nest trees and for pine tree volume were plotted against one another to form decision-making models for identifying conflicts between use. The graphs show competitive stages, where the value of one improves while the other declines.
Ffolliott, P.F., and D.R. Patton	1978	Abert squirrel use of ponderosa pine as feed trees	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-362, 4 p.	Twigs under pine trees were counted to determine Abert squirrel feed tree patterns and preferences on five Arizona watersheds. No pattern of feed tree selection was found; squirrels preferred trees 14 to 22 inches in diameter, located in sites having 100 to 150 square feet of basal area per acre. Silvicultural treatments had little effect upon feed tree selection.
Ffolliott, P.F., R.E. Thill, W.P. Clary, and F.R. Larson	1977	Animal use of ponderosa pine forest openings	Journal of Wildlife Management 41:782-784.	Time-lapse photography indicated elk and cattle preferred openings where slash was piled and burned, rather than piled and left. Deer preferences were similar but not as strong. Turkeys preferred openings where slash was piled and left. Deer and elk moved freely through the center of 3.5-ha openings.
Gallina, S., and E. Ezcurra	1981	Wildlife management: White-tailed deer in La Michila Biosphere Reservice	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and G. Halffter, technical coordinators. Social and environmental consequences of natural resources policies, with special emphasis on biosphere reserves. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-88, pp. 26-28.	White-tailed deer population behavior on the biosphere reserve is described. A general mathematical model to predict changes in the population and, as a consequence, devise bettern management practices is also presented.
Goodwin, J.G.	1975	Population densities and food selection of small rodents in Arizona ponderosa pine forests	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	The effects of silvicultural treatments on small rodent populations are discussed. Clearcutting and other treatments consisting of significant modifications in overstory conditions had the greatest impacts on population densities and availability of preferred foods.
Goodwin, J.G., and C.R. Hungerford	1979	Rodent population densities and food habitats in Arizona ponderosa pine forests	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-214.	Habitat preference, effect of timber harvesting on population densities, and food habits were determined for small rodents inhabiting ponderosa pine forests in north-central Arizona. Peromyscus maniculatus was the major species, with a density of 1 to 11 per acre. Forbs were the primary summer food item for all rodent species. Seeds and flowers comprised 75% of the vegetative diet, and leaves and stems 25%. Approximately 85% of the total diet was vegetation and 15% was insects.
Hungerford, C.R., M.D. Burke, and P.F. Ffolliott	1981	Biology and population dynamics of mule deer in southwestern United States	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and S. Gallina, eds. Deer biology, habitat requirements, and management in western North America. Instituto de Ecologia, A. C., Mexico, D. F., Publication 9, pp. 109-132.	Basic information necessary to manage this big game species is presented. A mathematical model of mule deer population dynamics is also described. This model is based largely upon knowledge of energy transfer.
Kruse, W.H.	1972	Effects of wildfire on elk and deer use of a ponderosa pine forest	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-226.	Elk use shifted from an old seeded clearcut to a newly seeded burn for the first 2 years after burning. The third year showed an equalizing trend of elk use between the two habitat conditions. The trend of decreasing deer use on thinned areas continued, but use increased substantially on the wildfire area.
Kruse, W.H., R.P. Balda, M.J. Simon, A.M. Macrander, and C.D. Johnson	1979	Community development in two adjacent pinyon-juniper eradication areas twenty-five years after treatment	Journal of Environmental Management 8:237-247.	As a range improvement project, 26-year-old pinyon-juniper trees in north-central Arizona were bulldozed to release forage and grasses. Most tests showed that a transmission line corridor in the same habitat was generally different from the native woodland, while the range improvement area was not significantly different from either the corridor or the native condition, suggesting that it was in an intermediate stage of development. Bird and mammal populations appeared to develop and change with the vegetation changes, leading to a climax pinyon-juniper woodland.
Larson, F.R., P.F. Ffolliott, and W.P. Clary	1986	Managing wildlife habitat - in southwestern ponderosa pine forests, diverse treatments are the key	Journal of Forestry 84(3):40-41.	University and government researchers cooperated on studies of six pine watersheds in Arizona. Changes in wildlife habitat resulting from removing various proportions of the pine overstory were determined. Guidelines were developed to enhance wildlife habitat while managing stands to meet silviculture, range, or other objectives.
McCulloch, C.Y.	1962	Watershed and game management	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 6:25-27.	Initial results of investigations by the Arizona Game and Fish Department on effects of watershed treatments on big game, particularly deer are presented. Although initial changes in vegetation will be obvious, long term changes reulting from ecological succession and continuing efforts to control the vegetation may also have a significant influenced on wildlife species.
McCulloch, C.Y.	1978	Statewide deer food preferences*	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Completion Report, Arizona Federal Aid Project W-78-R; WP4, J15, Phoenix, Arizona.	Summaries of unpublished Arizona deer rumen data collected from 1925 to 1967 are presented. In woodlands on Beaver Creek, 1959-1960, browse is mostly juniper and the heavily eaten forb clubflower, a species sometimes abundant but perhaps not much used by deer on other ranges.
Neff, D.J.	1968	Habitat manipulation on pine and juniper watersheds	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Completion Report, Arizona Federal Aid Project W-78-R-12; WP4, J14, Phoenix, Arizona.	Estimates of deer and elk population densities on ponderosa pine forest and pinyon-juniper woodland watersheds are presented. Effects of pinyon-juniper woodland conversion treatments are summarized.
Neff, D.J.	1972	Responses of deer and elk to Beaver Creek watershed treatments	Arizona Watershed Symposium 16:18-24.	Trends and distribution of elk and deer range use in north-central Arizona are present as indicated by pellet group counts. There have been no strong negative reaction to any of the primary vegetation treatments on the watersheds. There have been strong positive reactions to several treatments as a result of an increase in palatable, understory forage production.
Neff, D.J.	1973	Effect of watershed treatment on deer and elk use	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Final Report, Arizona Federal Aid Project W-78-R-18; WP4, J5, Phoenix, Arizona, 9 pp.	Estimates of deer and elk populations on ponderosa pine forest and pinyon-juniper woodland watersheds are summarized. Effects of pinyon-juniper woodland conversions and silvicultural treatments are presented.
Neff, D.J.	1974	Behavior of deer and elk in relation to watershed treatments*	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Final Report, Arizona Federal Aid Project W-78-R-18; WP4, J14, Phoenix, Arizona, 22 pp.	Winter and summer habitat use behavior of deer and elk are observed on treated and untreated watersheds in north-central Arizona (Beaver Creek Watershed).
Neff, D.J.	1974	Forage preferences of trained mule deer on the Beaver Creek watersheds	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Special Report No 4. Arizona Federal Aid Project W-78-R, 61 pp.	Deer forage preferences in relation to vegetation treatments in ponderosa pine and pinyon-juniper are determined in north central Arizona using tamed and trained mule deer.
Neff, D.J.	1980a	Effects of watershed treatments on deer and elk range use*	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Final Report. Arizona Federal Aid Project W-78-R; WP4, J5, Phoenix, Arizona, 37 pp.	Summaries of deer and elk responses to vegetation treatments on Beaver Creek as determined by pellet group counts over a 22 year period are presented. There are no significant negative responses by deer or elk to any vegetation treatment on the watersheds. There are definite positive reactions by deer on the cleared watershed; by elk on the timber cleared and reseeded watershed; and by both deer and elk on four other treated watersheds.
Neff, D.J.	1980b	Occurrence of game forage plants on experimental watersheds*	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Final Report. Arizona Federal Aid Project W-78-R, Work Plan 4, J13. 41 pp.	Aggressive annual forbs and grasses are strongly favored by overstory removal and soil disturbance in north-central Arizona (Beaver Creek Watershed). Some perennial species are also released by overstory removal. A marked increase in species diversity and forage production is observed where the soil was disturbed by treatment activity.
Neff, D.J., O.C. Wallmo, and D.C. Morrison	1965	A determination of defecation rate of elk	Journal of Wildlife Management 29:406-407.	Defecation rate of elk held in captivity is determined. Knowledge of this rate allows managers to predict changes in population size.
Neff, D. J., C. Y. McCulloch, D. E. Brown, C. H. Lowe, and J. F. Barstad	1979	Forest, range, and watershed management for enhanced wildlife habitat in Arizona	Arizona Game and Fish Department, Special Report No. 7.	Thie report examines past and current land management practices and proposes future policies which will enhance wildlife habitat values while producing high yields of water, wood, forage and recreational opportunity.
Patton, D.R.	1974a	Characteristics of ponderosa pine stands selected by the Abert's squirrel for cover	PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	A small watershed in north-central Arizona was stratified into three crown density (CD) classes to compare nest tree density with CD of pine. Stands with less than 35 percent CD has 1 nest per 9 acres; those with 36 to 70 percent CD contained 1 nest for each 4.5 acres. Highest density (1 per 2.1 acres) was in stands with over 70 percent CD.
Patton, D.R.	1974b	Estimating food consumption from twigs clipped by the Abert squirrel	USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-272.	Abert squirrels consume the inner bark of ponderosa pine twigs. Mean length, diameter, and dry weight of peeled twigs was 88 mm, 5.9 mm, and 1.3 g, respectively. A table gives dry weight of inner bark from dry weight of peeled twigs. Nutrient content of inner bark is low.
Patton, D.R.	1975a	Nest use and home range of three Abert squirrels as determined by radio tracking	USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-281.	Abert squirrels have and use more than one nest in their home range. Three squirrels used 2 ,5, and 6 nests in areas of 30, 10, and 85 acres, respectively.
Patton, D.R.	1975b	Abert squirrel cover requirements in southwestern ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-145.	Describes characteristics of ponderosa pine trees and stands selected by Abert squirrels for cover, including basal area, tree density and size, tree vigor, dominance and age class, nest location, and nest tree density.
Patton, D.R.	1977	Managing southwestern ponderosa pine for the Abert squirrel	Journal of Forestry 25(5):265-268.	Abert squirrels prefer all-aged stands of ponderosa pine. Nests are built in groups of trees with interlocking crowns. Habitat can be assured if trees are regenerated by the group selection method.
Patton, D.R.	1984	A model to evaluate Abert squirrel habitat in uneven-aged ponderosa pine	Wildlife Society Bulletin 12(4):408-414.	Tree size, density, and sociability were used to develop a model for evaluating Abert squirrel habitat quality. Habitat capability was determined for 5 quality classes by using an exponential regression model.
Patton, D.R., and P.F. Ffolliott	1975	Selected bibliography of wildlife and habitats for the Southwest	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-16.	Contains 390 selected references on research and management of important wildlife and habitats in Arizona and New Mexico, covering a period from 1913 to early 1975. A subject index is keyed to an alphabetical list of authors.
Patton, D.R., H.G., Hudak, and T.D. Ratcliff	1976	Trapping, anesthetizing and marking the Abert squirrel	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-307.	Folding live traps placed at 250-foot intervals on a 1,000-foot grid provide a density of approximately two traps per acre for capturing the Abert squirrel. Procedures are described for anesthetizing squirrels for physical examination. Squirrels are marked with ear tags and colored collars.
Patton, D.R., T.D. Ratcliff, and K.J. Rodgers	1976	Weight and temperature of the Abert and Kaibab squirrels	The Southwestern Naturalist 21(2):236-238.	Weights of both male and female squirrels seem to increase from spring until fall. In October, average males weigh about 715 g; females about 690 g. The range in body temperature (38.5oC to 42.7oC) indicates the Abert squirrel may be heterothermic.
Pearson, H.A.	1968	Thinning, clearcutting, and reseeding affect deer and elk use of ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-119.	Logging and slash disposal after thinning may decrease deer but increase elk populations. Deer and elk did not significantly affect forage utilization measurements.
Reynolds, H.G.	1972	Wildlife habitat improvement in relation to watershed management in the Southwest	Arizona Watershed Symposium Proceedings 16:10-17.	Describes treatment impacts on habitat, and wildlife responses in ponderosa pine, pinyon-juniper, chaparral, and riparian habitats. We can now recommend some constraints of watershed treatments that will improve wildlife habitat.
Reynolds, H.G., W.P. Clary, and P.F. Ffolliott	1970	Gambel oak for southwestern wildlife	Journal of Forestry 68:545-547.	Browse, mast, and cover produced by Gambel oak contribute substantially to wildlife sustainability. Gambel oak should be maintained in multiple-use ponderosa pine forests by management compromises with timber, water, and livestock interests.
Szaro, R.C.	1976	Population densities, habitat selection, and foliage use by the birds of selected ponderosa pine forest areas in the Beaver Creek Watershed, Arizona	PhD Dissertation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.	Measurements and evaluations of the effects of differing foliage volumes, foliage patterns, and densities of trees on the diversity, density, and behavior patterns of breeding birds of the ponderosa pine forests in north central Arizona; the effects of climate on the wintering birds of the pine forest; and the standing crop biomass, consuming biomass, and existence energy requirements of the breeding birds on each plot are presented.
Szaro, R.C., and R.P. Balda	1975	The effects of seasonality on bird communities in the ponderosa pine forest	Proceedings, Cooper Ornithological Society Meeting, Montana State University, Bozeman. May.	Effects of seasonality and foliage configuration on breeding bird communities in north-central Arizona are presented.
Szaro, R.C., and R.P. Balda	1979a	Bird community dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest	Studies in Avian Biology 3:1-66.	The effects of habitat manipulation (changes in foliage volumes, foliage patterns, and tree density) on the diversity, density, and behavior patterns of breeding birds in pine stands is measured; and the standing crop biomass, consuming biomass, and existence energy requirements of breeding birds on each site is evaluated in north central Arizona.
Szaro, R.C., and R.P. Balda	1979b	Effects of harvesting ponderosa pine on nongame bird populations	USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-212.	Species diversity and richness were not significantly affected by forest cutting and logging except on the clearcut plot. Population densities were significantly increased on the silviculturally cut and irregular strip shelterwood plots and significantly decreased on the severely thinned and clearcut plots. Guidelines are recommended that will allow substantial logging while still maintaining bird density, diversity, and species richness.
Szaro, R.C., and R.P. Balda	1982	Selection and monitoring of avian indicator species: An example from a ponderosa pine forest in the Southwest	USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-89.	Factors involved in selecting an indicator bird species are highlighted by examination of a case study in north central Arizona. The pygmy nuthatch and violet-green swallow are suggested as indicator species for lightly cut to old growth southwestern ponderosa pine.
Szaro, R.C., and R.P. Balda	1986	Relationships among weather, habitat structure, and ponderosa pine forest birds	Journal of Wildlife Management 50(2):253-260.	Avian community structure during the breeding season in a pondeosa pine forest is influences by weather and a series of timber harvest treatments. Fewer birds and bid species are present after a winter with heavy snowfall and low temperatures than after milder winters.
Szaro, R.C., J.D. Brawn, and R.P. Balda	1990	Yearly variation in resource-use behavior by ponderosa pine forest birds	Studies in Avian Biology 13:226-236.	Information on foraging patterns of breeding birds in a pine forest in northern Arizona are presented. Significant differences occurred for many species in activity patterns, foraging mode, tree species selection, substrate use, foraging posture, horizontal tree positioning, and vertical tree positioning.
Turkowski, F. J.	1980	Carnivore food habits and habitat use in ponderosa pine forests	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-215.	Major food items of carnivores on the Beaver Creek watersheds (with percentages of scats in which each was found) were mammals 50%, birds 6%, reptiles 3%, arthropods 37%, and plants 60%. Although habitat manipulation influenced carnivore use of the treated watersheds, the modifications were not harmful to most carnivore species.
Urness, P.J., D.J. Neff, and J.R. Vahle	1975	Nutrient content of mule deer diets from ponderosa pine range	Journal of Wildlife Management 39(4):670-673.	Nutritional quality declined sharply from high levels in spring to moderate by late summer, but not enough to suggest deficiencies. Overall quality of summer diets was quite good. Very high values during late gestation should assure good milk production and optimum fawn production.
Urness, P.J., D.J. Neff, and R.K, Watkins	1975	Nutritive value of mule deer forages on ponderosa pine summer range in Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-304.	Chemical analyses and apparent in vitro dry matter digestibilities were obtained for monthly diets. Relative values were calculated based on nutrient contents and percentage composition in the diet. These data will help land managers assess impacts of vegetation management on mule deer habitat and in designing habitat improvements.
Urness, P.J., A.D. Smith, and R.K. Watkins	1977	Comparison of in vivo and in vitro dry matter digestibility of mule deer forages	Journal of Range Management 30(2):119-121.	In vivo digestibility percentages from digestion-balance trials were usually higher than in vitro determinations obtained from the same experimental forage species.
Wallmo, C.	1964	Arizona's 'educated' deer	Wildlife Views 11(6):4-9.	Some of the methodology needed and problems encountered in using pen-raised deer in north central Arizona to determine forage preferences is discussed.
Wallmo, C., and D.J. Neff.	1970	Direct observations of tamed deer to measure their consumption of natural forage	In: Range of wildlife habitat evaluation--a research symposium. USDA Miscellaneous Publication 1147, p. 105-110.	The advantages and disadvantages of using tamed deer in forage consumption studies are discussed.

Wood Product
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1964	Specific gravity of Arizona Gambel oak	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-19.Analytical procedures described by the USDA Forest Products Laboratory were used to estimate the specific gravity of 48 increment cores from sample trees 2.0 to over 11.0 inches in dbh. Mean specific gravity was 0.634, ranging from 0.706 to 0.569.	Analytical precedures described by the USDA Forest Products Laboratory were used to estimate the specific gravity of 48 increment cores from sample trees 2.0 to over 11.0 inches in dbh. Mean specific gravity was 0.634, ranging from 0.706 to 0.569.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1965	Specific gravity of alligator juniper in Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-40.	Analytical procedures described by the USDA Forest Products Laboratory were used to estimate the specific gravity of 46 increment cores from trees 2.0 to over 40.0 inches in dbh. Specific gravity ranged from 0.533 to 0.372.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1970	Evaluating product potential in standing timber	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-57.	An revision of USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-15 is presented. Modifications in analytical methods and interpretations are described.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1971a	Effects of extractives on specific gravity of southwestern ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-205.	Estimates of specific gravity from unextracted and extracted samples are compared. Forms of extractives obtained are described.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1971b	Prospects for cottonwood utilization in Arizona	Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 23(3):14-16.	Characteristics of the cottonwood resource and opportunities for utilizing cottonwood for a variety of products are described. Total acreage and volume of cottonwood in Arizona is not large, however. Major concentrations are found in the Verde, Little Colorado. and Gila River drainages.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1972	The physical characteristics and utilization of major woodland tree species in Arizona	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-83.	Woodland species in the Southwest, primarily Utah and alligator juniper, pinyon pine, and Gambel oak, represent a vast resource potentially useful for veneer, particleboard, charcoal, pulp, and chemical extractives.
Barger, R.L., and P.F. Ffolliott	1976	Factors affecting occurrence of compression wood in individual ponderosa pine trees	Wood Science 8(3):201-208.	Lean, either by itself or in combination with other visual tree characteristics, was an unreliable predictor of compression wood in northern Arizona. Release through thinning or partial cutting may substantially increase incidence of compression wood in trees that respond with increased growth rates.
Ffolliott, P.F.	1977	Product potential of pinyon-juniper woodlands	In: Aldon, E. F., and T. J. Loring, technical coordinators. Ecology, uses, and management of pinyon-juniper woodlands: Proceedings of the workshop. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-38, pp. 28-31.	Specific gravity, and strength and related properties of pinyon and juniper tree species are presented. The relationships of these properties to product potential are also given. Increased use of the woodlands is suggested.
Ffolliott, P.F., and R.L. Barger	1967	Occurrence of stem features affecting quality in cutover southwestern ponderosa pine	USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-28.	Much of the timber resource is the southwestern United States is cutover ponderosa pine. Data from 3,779 sample trees in north-central Arizona on occurrences of visual stem features (sweep, crook, lean, fork, scars, and knots) provide a method for appraising suitability of major timber types for various products, and to what extent stem defects reduce the product potential.
Ffolliott, P.F., and R.L. Barger	1976	Primary wood product recovery from cutover ponderosa pine timber in north-central Arizona	Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Report 1.	The volume and quality of primary products potentially recoverable from a clearcut stand are presented. The products considered include commercial poles, saw logs, veneer logs, stud logs, and pulpwood. Product alternatives for the timber in the stand are indicated.
Ffolliott, P.F., and W.P. Clary	1986	Pinyon-juniper woodlands in the Southwest	In: Ffolliott, P.F., and W.T. Swank, ed. Potentials of noncommercial forest biomass for energy. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 256, pp. 3-10.	Standing biomass, rate of biomass accumulation, residues, and opportunities for energy management are considered in this paper. A need to direct management toward environmental considerations is stressed.
Ffolliott, P.F., F.R. Larson, and R.L. Barger	1971	Predicting scaled volume recoverable from cutover southwestern ponderosa pine stands	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-195.	The volume actually recoverable from harvesting timber can vary from the amount estimated by a volume table because of differences between assumed volume table utilization and actual logging practices, differences in form of the timber, and differences between stick-scaled and equation-calculated volumes. Tables are presented to provide a means of predicting scale volume recoverable from cutover ponderosa pine stands on sites of low and intermediate quality.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.O. Rasmussen, and G.J. Gottfried	1983	Stem characteristic changes affect long-term planning for timber resource utilization	Forest Products Journal 33:57-60.	Data from southwestern ponderosa pine trees are used to illustrate how the occurrence and severity of stem characteristics change in time. Predicted changes in timber volumes suitable for various wood products, along with growth and yield information, can be used in optimization programs to make long-term timber resource decisions.
Ffolliott, P.F., W.O. Rasmussen, and J.G. Patterson	1980	Biomass for energy: Potentials in Arizona	Bioresources Digest 2:240-247.	Energy equivalents that characterize standing biomass and rate of biomass assimilation indicate that 5% of the energy needs in the state could be met by renewable biomass supplies. This contribution to the energy requirements might be increased through intensified vegetative management conducted in a multiple-use framework.
Fox, B.E.	1987	Fuelwood opportunities from Arizona pinyon-juniper stands	In: Everett, R.L., compiler. Proceedings of the Pinyon-Juniper Conference, Reno, Nevada, USDA Forest Service, General Technical INT-215, pp.173-176.	Economic opportunities of removing fuelwood to increase water yield from pinyon-juniper stands in north central Arizona following a herbicide treatment are presented.
Patterson, J.G.	1980	Potential energy equivalents of vegetation types in Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Results of calculations based largely upon inventories of vegetative types on the Beaver Creek watershed are presented. Conversions to alternative expressions of energy equivalents are made in the framework of multiple use management.
Schlund, S.S.	1982	Potential energy equivalents of biomass residues from land management practices in Arizona	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Quantifications of residues are summarized by vegetative types on the Beaver Creek watersheds and elsewhere. Conversions to alternative expressions are presented.
Senn, R.A., Jr.	1977	The effect of time on ponderosa pine stem form	MS Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.	Reinventories of inventory plots on the Beaver Creek watershed formed that basis for this analysis. Multiproduct potentials are presented and compared to inventory summaries obtained 10 years earlier.
Senn, R.A., M. McMurtray, P.F. Ffolliott, G.J. Gottfried, and F.R. Larson	1981	Effects of southwestern ponderosa pine mortality on potential wood product recovery	USDA Forest Service, Research Note RM-399.	No differences were found between the quality of trees killed by natural causes (primarily lightning) and surviving trees. Mortality was 18% of the annual cubic foot increment.

Managing Semi-Arid Watersheds: Bibliography

Climate

Economics

Erosion

Fire

GIS

Geology

Hydrology

Instrumentation

Inventory Methods

Modeling

Simulation Techniques

Multiresource Management

Outdoor Recreation

Planning

Policy

Range Management

Silviculture

Simulation Techniques

Snow

Soils

Visual Resources

Water Quality

Water Yield

Watershed Management

Wildlife Resources

Wood Product