This publication is volume 2 in a 3-volume series on the effects of fertilizing and acidifying air pollutants on forest and grassland vegetation. Volume 2 explains the interacting responses to deposition, soil pH, and climate for 198 individual herbaceous species; 70 species are featured with photos and ecological and ecosystem services information.

Some forest species support or rely heavily on particular forest structures, patterns, associations, and processes and can therefore be used to describe the status of genetic diversity in forests. This indicator report, tiered to the 2030 National Report on Sustainable Forests, provides information on the population status of selected forest-associated species that reflect the genetic diversity present in forest ecosystems.

Forest-associated species and infraspecies are increasingly vulnerable to genetic erosion as their geographic ranges shrink. A reduction in genetic variation makes species less adaptable to environmental change, increases the risk of extinction, and lowers the overall resilience of forest ecosystems. This indicator report, tiered to the 2030 National Report on Sustainable Forests, evaluates the number and distribution of such taxa by comparing their current ranges with historical baselines.

In the United States, subsistence rights are codified through Federal laws, State constitutions, and Federal treaties with Tribal Nations and Canada. These bodies of legislation protect subsistence rights in Alaska, the Pacific Northwest (States of Washington and Oregon), Hawaii, and the Great Lakes region (States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan). This indicator report, tiered to the 2030 National Report on Sustainable Forests, summarizes the area and percentage of forests in these States used for subsistence activities and describes changes since 2010.